Ultrasound-assisted Aqueous Extraction Research Articles

Multi-Criteria Optimization Conditions for the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Levisticum officinale WDJ Koch Roots Using Green and Sustainable Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction

Given that ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction is gaining importance within “green technology” and to increase the efficiency of extracting bioactive compounds from Levisticum officinale root waste, optimization of its parameters was undertaken. Multi-objective (multi-criteria) optimization can be an extremely promising tool not only for designing and analyzing the extraction process, but also for making process-control decisions. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to develop and optimize an environmentally friendly ultrasound-assisted extraction methodology for the aqueous extraction of bioactive compounds from the roots of Levisticum officinale, which are considered a by-product. The focus was on determining the optimal extraction conditions of the independent variables, such as solid–liquid ratio, extraction time and ultrasound power, so that the optimized extracts present the highest bioactive potential expressed in terms of levels of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, sugars and antioxidant potential. Based on the Pareto-optimal solution sets, it was found that to maximize the criteria, aqueous extraction should be carried out at a Levisticum officinale biomass/solvent ratio of 0.0643 g/mL for a time of 8.1429 to 9.0000 min, with ultrasound assistance of 162.8571 to 201.4286 W. Among the compromise solutions, the so-called “best efficient solution” was indicated as the solution for which the Euclidean distance from the ideal point of Utopia was the smallest (among all analyzed points of the collection), which had coordinates x1comp = 0.0750 g/mL, x2comp = 9.0000 min and x3comp = 214.2857 W. The results obtained will provide a valuable tool to assist in the decision-making process of controlling such an extraction process.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted aqueous 2-phase extraction system of carotenoid-allelochemicals from sweet potato roots by response surface methodologymethodology

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted aqueous 2-phase extraction system of carotenoid-allelochemicals from sweet potato roots by response surface methodologymethodology

Effects of different aqueous extraction techniques on physicochemical quality and oil recovery of sesame oil

Sesame is the oldest oilseed crop in agriculture, and it produces more oil than any other crop on the planet. This research aimed to investigate the impact of different oil extraction procedures on sesame seed oil physicochemical quality and oil recovery. The oil was extracted from the clean and healthy seeds using four extraction methods: aqueous, enzyme-assisted aqueous, ultrasound-assisted aqueous and solvent extraction using the Soxhlet apparatus. It was observed that ultrasound-assisted aqueous extracted oil had maximum saponification value and minimum acid value, refractive index, and lower free fatty acid value, compared with aqueous extracted oil and enzyme-assisted aqueous extracted oil. Ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction method also yielded maximum oil, retrieval followed by enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction and aqueous extraction.

Ultrasound-assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction of gardenia fruits (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) oil: Optimization and quality evaluation

Ultrasound-assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction of gardenia fruits (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) oil: Optimization and quality evaluation

Optimization of ultrasound assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction of oil from Cinnamomum camphora seeds

Cinnamomum camphora seed oil was extracted via ultrasound assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction (UAAEE). Neutral protease was selected for the enzymolysis pretreatment. A Plackett–Burman design and Box–Behnken design were employed to obtain the optimal UAAEE conditions and predict maximum oil yield. The optimal UAAEE conditions, with an actual yield of 80.12 ± 1.35%, were as follows: 4 h incubation time, 400 rpm agitation rate, 10 mL/g water to solid ratio, 1.9% enzyme amount, 1.4 h ultrasound time, and 220 W ultrasound power. Analysis of fatty acid compositions demonstrated that C. camphora seed oil possessed high medium-chain triglyceride content. Analysis of physicochemical properties demonstrated that the oil extracted via UAAEE possessed a lower acid value in comparison with oil extracted using the Soxhlet extraction; furthermore, other indices showed no significant difference between the two methods. The nutritional properties analysis revealed that the oil obtained using UAAEE had remarkable antiatherogenic and hypocholesterolemic activities. These results clarified that UAAEE is an efficient and eco-benign method for extracting plant seed oil and also indicated that C. camphora seed oil is a medium-chain triglyceride oil, which can be used as an ingredient in milk formulae for infants or in other health-related food industry products.

Ultrasound-Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Chlorogenic Acid and Cynarin with the Impact of Inulin from Burdock (Arctium lappa L.) Roots.

The ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and cynarin with the impact of inulin from burdock (Arctium lappa L.) roots was investigated. Three extraction modes, ultrasound at 40 kHz/300 W (U-40), ultrasound at 120 kHz/300 W (U-120), and shaking at 120 rpm (S-120), were compared. The effects of process parameters on the extraction of polyphenols, CGA, cynarin, inulin, and antioxidant activity using U-40 were evaluated. In 10 min, 50 °C, and 1/30 (g/mL-water) of solid-to-liquid ratio, the order of CGA content in the dried burdock root powder (DBR) was U-40 (484.65 μg/g-DBR) > U-120 (369.93 μg/g-DBR) > S-120 (176.99 μg/g-DBR), while the order of cynarin content in DBR was U-120 (376.47 μg/g-DBR) > U-40 (341.54 μg/g-DBR) > S-120 (330.44 μg/g-DBR), showing the selective extraction of CGA and cynarin between using 40 and 120 kHz of ultrasound. The profiles of increase and then decrease in free CGA and cynarin concentrations against time revealed their degradation, including their interactions with the abundant inulin. The kinetic model, considering extraction followed by degradation, was proposed to describe the variations of free CGA and cynarin against time. This study provides an effective method using water to extract CGA, cynarin, and inulin from burdock roots.

Ultrasound-assisted intensified aqueous extraction of phenolics from waste Syzygium cumini leaves: Kinetic studies and evaluation of antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticancer potential

This is the first report illustrating the extraction of total phenolic compounds (TPC) using the ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction (USAE) technique from waste Syzygium cumini leaves (WSCL). A kinetic study indicated that Peleg's model was appropriately fitted to the experimental data when the effect of different parameters was checked on extraction with respect to time. Extraction yields of total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were 78.38 mg GAE/g, and 10.15 mg CE/g, respectively, at optimized parameters of 1:25 WSCL: water, 35 °C temperature, 134 W power, 50% duty cycle and in 9 min of sonication time. Cumulative yields of TPC and TFC obtained by 5 sequential stirred batch extraction were 79.36 mg GAE/g and 10 mg CE/g, respectively. The cost and energy requirement of the USAE process was around 3000 times less than that of the Soxhlet technique. SEM images showed the changes in the morphology of the WSCL surface area before and after ultrasonic extraction. FTIR analysis showed the presence of O-H, N-H, C-H, C=C, and halogenated functional groups. The obtained WSCL extract showed antioxidant potential with an IC50 value of 15.64 μg/mL. IC50 values of extract for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitions were 8.3 and 6.64 μg/mL. Antiproliferation activity against breast, cervical, and lung cancer showed the potential with GI50 values 252.8, 112.5, and 97.8 μg/mL, respectively. Aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini leaves can be used to treat oxidative stress, diabetes, and cancer.

Sonication Effect on Modified Ultrasound Assisted Aqueous Extraction (UAAE) of Rice Bran Oil Yield

Rice bran oil (RBO) is extracted using ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction (UAAE) with minor modifications to the separation process. Although conventional methods such as solvent extraction or mechanical pressing are more commonly used in the RBO industry, UAAE is one of intensification processes that can increase RBO productivity. In this study, sonication operating conditions such as time and temperature and solid/liquid to ratio were studied to obtain the optimum yield. The results indicated that the sonication time and temperature positively affected the yield increase, while SLR led to a decline after reaching 0.2 g / ml. The highest yield was obtained at the sonication time of 60 seconds, SLR 0.2 g / ml, and sonication temperature of 40°C, 17.6%. Besides, the relative energy consumption of UAAE at temperatures of 20 and 40°C, and aqueous extraction (AE) were also investigated. Besides producing the highest yield, UAAE at 40°C has a lower relative energy consumption than others, so it can be considered a prospective method of RBO extraction. Further development on UAAE and its combination with other methods are needed to fulfill economies of scale of the RBO industry.

Heat- and Ultrasound-Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Soluble Carbohydrates and Phenolics from Carob Kibbles of Variable Size and Source Material.

Aqueous extraction of carob kibbles is the fundamental step in the production of carob juice and carob molasses. Improving the theoretical yield in sugars during organic solvent-free aqueous extraction is of prime interest to the food industry. Collateral extraction of phenolics, however, must be monitored as it influences the sensory and functional profile of carob juice. We presently examined the impact of source material, kibble size, temperature, and duration on the efficiency of extracting sugars and phenolics aqueously by conventional heat-assisted (HAE) and ultrasound-assisted (UAE) methods. Source material was the most influential factor determining the concentration of phenolics extracted by either method. Source material also influenced the relative proportions of sucrose, glucose, and fructose, which may impact the perceived sweetness of the juice. Kibble size (medium size M = 9–13 mm; powder size P = 1–4 mm) was more influential with UAE than HAE for both sugars and phenolics but was rendered less influential with prolonged UAE duration. Increasing HAE temperature (from 25 °C to 75 °C) favored the extraction of phenolics over sugars; however, prolonging extraction at 25 °C improved sugar yield without excessive yield in phenolics. Disproportionate extraction of phenolics over sugars limits the use of heat-assisted extraction to improve sugar yield in carob juice production and may shift the product’s sensory profile toward astringency. Prolonged extraction at near ambient temperature can, however, improve sugar yield, keeping collateral extraction of phenolics low. Ultrasound agitation constitutes an effective means of extracting sugars from powder-size kibbles. Industrial application of both methodologies depends on the targeted functional and sensory properties of carob juice.

Quality parameters of ultrasound assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction of rice bran oil

The quality parameters like free fatty acids, peroxide value, colour and viscosity of conventional (Hexane) and ultrasound assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction of rice bran oil were examined. It was found that the ultrasound extracted oil had lower contents of free fatty acids, colouring matters and had higher contents of peroxide value, viscosity than conventional (Hexane) extracted oil. Hence, in conclusion, ultrasound assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction has the potential to replace the conventional solvent extraction.

Enhancement of ultrasound assisted aqueous extraction of polyphenols from waste fruit peel using dimethyl sulfoxide as surfactant: Assessment of kinetic models

Pomegranate peel, a major waste from the food processing industries containing biologically active compounds, could be converted into value-added products having medicinal properties. Present study deals with the ultrasound-assisted surfactant, namely dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) aided polyphenolics extraction from pomegranate peel waste using double distilled water (DDW) as a solvent. Maximum total yield of extraction and total polyphenolic content (TPC) were found respectively to be 43.58 ± 1.0 and 49.55 ± 0.8%, at optimized sonication parameters viz. temperature 50 °C, power density 1.2 W/mL and time 40 min followed by surfactant aided extraction under optimum conditions 0.6% DMSO, 50 °C and 150 rpm for 90 min. Kinetic models were developed to determine the polyphenolics concentration and validated. GC-MS analysis of the extract revealed 22 phenolic compounds. Thus, the acquired results have ensured the significance of ultrasound pre-treated surfactant aided extraction of polyphenolic compounds and this process can be developed for commercial production.

Release of Antioxidant Compounds of Zingiber officinale by Ultrasound-Assisted Aqueous Extraction and Evaluation of Their In Vitro Bioaccessibility

Ginger rhizome is widely used in culinary preparations and in traditional medicine. Its benefits are associated with its antioxidant properties related to phenolics and terpenoids compounds, which use to be thermolabile. Ultrasound-assisted extraction has been useful for enhancing the release of thermosensitive compounds present in vegetable tissues. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of ultrasound-assisted extraction on the release of antioxidants from ginger in aqueous media as well as their in vitro bioaccessibility. Central composite rotatable design was applied to obtain the optimal conditions for the extraction; the variables studied were amplitude (80–90%) and temperature (30–50 °C). Total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity (DPPH•, ABTS•+ and FRAP), and in vitro bioaccessibility were determined. Amplitude was the main parameter influencing the extraction of antioxidants. The ginger aqueous extracts showed a bioaccessibility of around 30%. The release of antioxidant compounds from ginger by ultrasound-assisted extraction avoids the use of high temperatures and solvents commonly used in conventional extraction methods.

Selective ultrasound‐assisted aqueous extraction of polyphenols from pomegranate peels and seeds

In this study, the optimization of ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of polyphenols from pomegranate peels and seeds was conducted. A 10-min sonication (tu) pre-treatment (≈60 W) accelerated the extraction kinetics and intensified the polyphenol recovery from peels and seeds. Ultrasound pre-treatment permitted the selective recovery of polyphenols from peels by maintaining a constant concentration of the total soluble matter (°Brix) before and after sonication. Two different near-linear correlations were found between soluble matter and polyphenol extraction for the peels’ and the seeds’ extracts. Luminescence emission spectra showed significant differences between peels and seeds extracts (tu = 10 min then diffusion for 200 min) below 450 nm and above 600 nm. Ultrasound pre-treatment enhanced the quantity of the extracted molecules from peels and seeds without affecting their diversity. The optimal ultrasound pre-treatment duration was 10 min, since it ameliorated the polyphenol extraction compared to 5 min, and gave the same yield as 20 min. Practical applications Pomegranate fruits are valuable sources of bioactive compounds (vitamins, antioxidants, flavonoids, and tannins). Their processing results in the formation of byproducts containing peels (78%) and seeds (22%), discarded as waste by the food industry. Pomegranate peels and seeds are rich sources of polyphenols that have high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antimutagenic, and anticancer properties. Ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of polyphenols from pomegranate peels and seeds can be used as a “green” technique to intensify the extraction of polyphenols from pomegranate byproducts. An optimized sonication time can prevent the degradation of the bioactive compounds and enhance the extraction of selective polyphenols from pomegranate peels and seeds. The extracts will then be spray dried to obtain highly bioactive powder with many industrial applications.

Ultrasound-Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Biocompounds from Orange Byproduct: Experimental Kinetics and Modeling.

Orange byproduct (flavedo and albedo) from juice extraction, was used as raw material for this study. Kinetics of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity was experimentally determined during both conventional (agitation at 80 rpm) and ultrasound assisted (at 520 and 790 W/L) aqueous extraction from orange byproduct at 5, 15, and 25 °C. An extraction mathematical model was also developed. Significant increase of biocompounds extraction yields was observed as temperature and acoustic power density increased. Ultrasound assistance allowed higher yields at lower temperatures and shorter times. Yields of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity obtained with ultrasound extraction (790 W/L, 25 °C, 3 min) were 29%, 39%, and 197% higher, respectively, than those obtained by conventional extraction. The extraction kinetics curves were properly represented by the Weibull model for both conventional and acoustic extraction (mean relative error lower than 5%). Naringin, neohesperidin, and hesperidin were the main phenolic compounds found in the extracts, followed by ferulic, sinapic, and cuomaric acids. Neohesperidin, hesperidin, coumaric acid, and sinapic acid presented the highest yields, especially when extraction was assisted by ultrasound. Meanwhile, naringin and ferulic acid were extracted in a lesser extent, most likely due to their lipophilic character.

Combination of ultrasound-assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction and cooking pretreatment for date seed oil recovery

Date seed oil is a good source of natural antioxidants due to the presence of phenols, tocopherols, and sterols. The present research is the first study on the extraction of date seed oil by combining the ultrasound-assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction method and the cooking pretreatment. In this study, the effects of two independent variables namely the sample to solvent ratio (at six levels of 1: 2, 1: 3, 1: 4, 1: 6, 1: 8 and 1:10) and the cooking time (at four levels of 0, 20, 40 and 60) were investigated on dependent variables namely the extraction yield, total phenolic compound, peroxide value, and acid value of date seed oil. The results indicated that optimum conditions for extraction of date seed oil were sample to solvent ratio of 1: 2 and the cooking time of 40 min. Furthermore, the Scanning Electron Microscopy images of date seed powder after selective treatments indicated the destruction and fragmentation of residual pulp structures by increasing the cooking time. In general, results of the present study indicated that it was important to select the appropriate sample to solvent ratio and implement the pretreatment of cooking to extract oil with high yield and quality. Combination of the ultrasound-assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction method and the cooking pretreatment can be proposed as a new extraction method in the oil industry. This new extraction method can improve the oil extraction efficiency and the quality of extracted oil.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel lyophilized extract delays lipid oxidation in tuscan sausages

ABSTRACT: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) contains a high concentration of antioxidant and phenolic compounds. Pomegranate peel extracts at different concentrations were used as natural antioxidant to increased the lipid stability of fresh Tuscan sausages, comparing with sodium erythorbate (SE). Peels were subjected to ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction and lyophilization. The extract was previously characterized throught phenol and flavonoids determination. The Tuscan Sausages were prepared, and color, pH, peroxides, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were assessed at 1, 15, and 30 days of storage, at a mean temperature of 5 ± 1 ºC and under a 12-hour light cycle/day. Sausages containing 0.05 and 0.1% of peel extract showed results similar to sodium erythorbate in lipid peroxidation. Sausages treated with pomegranate peel extracts showed an adequate global acceptability level in the sensory analysis. Pomegranate peel extracts are; therefore, a promising natural alternative for maintaining the lipid stability of Tuscan sausages, promoting the protection of the meat and in addition, being able to bring beneficial of the pomegranate to the human health.

Ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of total flavonoids and hydroxytyrosol from olive leaves optimized by response surface methodology

Olive leaves were often extracted with methanol or ethanol at different proportions. In this study, ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction was adopted for olive leaf extraction. The yields of total flavonoids (TF) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) were optimized by central composite experimental design. Two second-order polynomial equations were established to quantify the relationship between the responses and the processing parameters. Under the optimal condition of extracting at 60 °C for 60 min with the solvent-to-material ratio of 40, TF and HT amounted to 57.31 ± 0.35 and 1.80 ± 0.02 mg/g dry leaves (DL), respectively. The scavenging rate of all extracts against α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radicals was screened. The integrated scores, representing both active ingredients and antioxidant capacity of the extracts, were calculated by principle component analysis (PCA). The optimal extract gained the highest score in PCA. In addition, compared to the extracts from 80% methanol to 44% ethanol, the ultrasound-assisted aqueous extract was richer in TF, HT, and polyphenols, while it also presented stronger ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), but poorer strength to quench hydroxyl radicals. The study indicated that the aqueous extract of olive leaves may present broad potential opportunities in health-care sector.

Assessment of antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiobesity, and anti-inflammatory properties of a Tannat winemaking by-product

Winemaking industry produces large amounts of by-products (grape pomace or marc) every year, making necessary a sustainable management of such waste. Among red wines, Tannat variety possesses a unique polyphenolic profile. Consequently, the study of the bioactive properties of its by-product and the extraction optimization of its bioactive compounds is of great interest to state its health promoting potential. In this study, different extraction processes were tested: maceration with ethanol (95%), ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extraction optimization with surface methodology, ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction, and hydro-alcoholic-acid extraction (EHAA). Using this last extraction procedure, higher polyphenolic content (11.459 ± 1.048 g GAE/100 g of dry extract), monomeric anthocyanins (2.030 ± 0.085 g Cyd/100 g of dry extract), antioxidant capacity (0.474 ± 0.036 mg/mL for ABTS and 0.715 ± 0.063 µmol TE/mg of dry extract for ORAC-FL), α-glucosidase (IC50 888.5 ± 79.3 µg/mL), and pancreatic lipase inhibition capacity (IC50 2431.0 ± 79.9 µg/mL) were found on Tannat grape skin. Considering as a whole, these results may imply a great antidiabetic and antiobesity potential. Moreover, EHAA showed to have anti-inflammatory capacity (IC50 587 µg/mL) on RAW 264.7 cells. In summary, EHAA possesses great potential as a functional ingredient for prevention and/or treatment of chronic diseases.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of polyphenols from Psidium guajava leaves using response surface methodology

ABSTRACTThe ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of polyphenols from Psidium guajava leaves was investigated using response surface methodology. The total polyphenols yield was significantly affected by the process parameters (ultrasonic power, extraction time, and temperature) and the experimental polyphenols yield at optimal conditions (390.68 W, 38.38 min, 63.23°C) was well agreed with the predicted value (59.82 mg GAE/g). Meanwhile, the aqueous extracts had strong scavenging activity to DPPH. The HPLC analysis showed that gallic acid was the main phenolic component in guava leaves. It was also found that this ultrasound procedure could be successfully applied in industrial production.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted water extraction of flavonoids from Psidium guajava leaves by response surface analysis

Psidium guajava leaves are rich in health-promoting flavonoids compounds. For better utilization of the resource, the ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction was investigated using Box-Behnken design under response surface methodology. A high coefficient of determination (R2 = 97.8%) indicated good agreement between the experimental and predicted values of flavonoids yield. The optimal extraction parameters to obtain the highest total flavonoids yield were ultrasonic power of 407.41 W, extraction time of 35.15 min, and extraction temperature of 72.69 °C. The average extraction rate of flavonoids could reach 5.12% under the optimum conditions. Besides, HPLC analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy indicated that the ultrasonic treatment did not change the main component of flavonoids during extraction process and the higher flavonoids content was attributed by the disruption of the cell walls of guava particles. Thus, the extraction method could be applied successfully for large-scale extraction of total flavonoids from guava leaves.