Ultrasonic Microwave-assisted Extraction Research Articles

UPLC-qTOF-MS phytochemical profile of Commiphora gileadensis leaf extract via integrated ultrasonic-microwave-assisted technique and synthesis of silver nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial properties

The utilization of metallic nanoparticles in bio-nanofabrication holds significant potential in the field of applied research. The current study applied and compared integrated ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction (US/MICE), ultrasonic extraction (USE), microwave-assisted extraction (MICE), and maceration (MAE) to extract total phenolic content (TPC). In addition, the study examined the antioxidant activity of Commiphora gileadensis (Cg) leaf. The results demonstrated that the TPC of US/MICE exhibited the maximum value at 59.34 ± 0.007 mg GAE/g DM. Furthermore, at a concentration of 10 μg/mL, TPC displayed a significant scavenging effect on DPPH (56.69 %), with an EC50 (6.48 μg/mL). Comprehensive metabolite profiling of the extract using UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS was performed to identify active agents. A total of 64 chromatographic peaks were found, out of which 60 were annotated. The most prevalent classes of metabolites found were polyphenols (including flavonoids and lignans), organic compounds and their derivatives, amides and amines, terpenes, and fatty acid derivatives. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the aggregate size of the synthesized nanoparticles and the spherical shape of C. gileadensis-mediated silver nanoparticles (Cg-AgNPs). The nanoparticles had a particle size ranging from 7.7 to 42.9 nm. The Cg-AgNPs exhibited more inhibition zones against S. aureus and E. coli. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Cg-extract, AgNPs, and Cg-AgNPs were also tested. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using combined ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction to separate and extract chemicals from C. gileadensis on a large scale. These compounds have potential use in the pharmaceutical industry. Combining antibacterial and biocompatible properties in materials is vital for designing new materials for biomedical applications. Additionally, the results showed that the biocompatibility of the Ag-NPs using C. gileadensis extracts demonstrated outstanding antibacterial properties.

Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of β-Glucans from Highland Barley Obtained with Ultrasonic-Microwave-Assisted Extraction.

In order to efficiently extract β-glucan from highland barley (HBG) and study its structural characterization and antioxidant activity, ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction (UME) was optimized by the response surface method (RSM). Under the optimal extraction conditions of 25.05 mL/g liquid-solid ratio, 20 min ultrasonic time, and 480 W microwave intensity, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of HBG reached 25.67%. Two polysaccharide fractions were purified from HBG, namely HBG-1 and HBG-2. Structural characterization indicated that HBG-1 and HBG-2 had similar functional groups, glycosidic linkages, and linear and complex chain conformation. HBG-1 was mainly composed of glucose (98.97%), while HBG-2 primarily consisted of arabinose (38.23%), galactose (22.01%), and xylose (31.60%). The molecular weight of HBG-1 was much smaller than that of HBG-2. Both HBG-1 and HBG-2 exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity, and HBG-1 was more active. This study provided insights into the efficient extraction of HBG and further investigated the structure and antioxidant activities of purified components HBG-1 and HBG-2. Meanwhile, the results of this study imply that HBG has the potential to be an antioxidant in foods and cosmetics.

Extracting phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids from Codonopsis pilosula using green solvents

This research aimed to extract bioactive compounds from Codonopsis pilosula Franch using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) combined with single and combined extraction methods. This work also depicted the kinetics of single and combined extraction methods. Among the six different NADES formulations devised, it was determined that the most effective one for extracting phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids was the combination of lactic acid and glucose in a 2:1 M ratio. The study then examined the impact of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), and ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) using NADES on the extraction of flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolics. After that, the second-order model was used to describe the extraction kinetic of NADES-based UAE, MAE, and UMAE processes before the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of extracts were employed to evaluate the extraction efficiency of the three methods. UMAE showed the most effective extraction technique in exploiting the bioactive compounds from C. pilosula. At the favorable parameters of NADES-based UMAE, the levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids were 30.98 ± 1.1 mg GAE/g db, 24.36 ± 0.48 mg RE/g db, and 185.47 ± 4.39 mg UA/g db, respectively. This study gave a sustainable method for recovering phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids from C. pilosula and was the first step in developing pharmaceutical products.

Extraction and identification of anthocyanin from blueberries: effects of ultrasound-/microwave-assisted parameters

Purpose This study aims to develop a green, economical and efficient ultrasonic-/microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) process for the extraction of anthocyanins. Design/methodology/approach After optimizing the extraction conditions by response surface methodology, three assays including DPPH, ABTS·+, FRAP were applied to analyze the antioxidant activity of the extracted anthocyanins. The stability under different temperatures, reductant concentrations and pHs was also discussed. The components of anthocyanins in blueberry were analyzed by HPLC-QTOF-MS2. Findings The optimal extraction parameters were ultrasonic power of 300 W, microwave power of 365.28 W and solid–liquid ratio of 30 (g/mL). The possible structures can be speculated as Delphinidin-3-O-galactoside, Delphinidin, Petunidin, Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, Petunidin-3-O-glucoside, Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. The results demonstrated that the UMAE can improve the yield of anthocyanins in shorter extraction time with higher activity. Originality/value The present study may provide a promising and feasible route for extracting anthocyanins from blueberries and studying their physicochemical properties, ultimately promoting the utilization of blueberry anthocyanins.

Ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction for enhancing antioxidant activity of Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharides: The difference mechanisms between single and combined assisted extraction

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of different extraction methods (hot water-assisted extraction (HWE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), and ultrasonic-microwave- assisted extraction (UAME)) on the yield, chemical structures and antioxidant activity of Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharides (DPs). The research results showed that UMAE treatment had greater degree of damage to the cell wall of DPs and better comprehensive antioxidant capacity. Different extraction methods had no obvious effect on the types of glycosidic bonds and sugar rings, similar chemical composition and monosaccharide composition, with different absolute molecular weight (Mw) and molecular conformation. In particular, DPs for UMAE method had the highest polysaccharides yield, which was related to the conformational stretching and degradation avoidance of DPs in the higher molecular weight components under the simultaneous action of microwave and ultrasonic. These findings suggest that the UMAE technology has good potential for modification and application of DPs in the functional food industry.

Effects of ultrasonic‐microwave assisted extraction with green solvent on the chemical constituents, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic activities of Manchurian walnut oil

A fast and efficient extraction method, ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) with a new green solvent Dimethyl carbonate (DMC), was developed for the extraction of Manchurian walnut kernel oil (MWKO). Through Box–Behnken design and analysis, the optimum extraction conditions were obtained: extraction time 28 min, liquid–solid ratio 7 ml/g, irradiation power 400 w, and the maximum extraction yield was 59.30%, which was 1.85-fold and 1.24-fold to that of ultrasonic-assisted extraction and Soxhlet extraction. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that the unsaturated fatty acid content of the MWKO extracted with all three solvents was higher than 90%. The MWKO possessed stronger antioxidant activity with the tests of DPPH free radical scavenging, ABTS free scavenging, and ferric ion reducing ability. The lipid-lowering activity of MWKO was tested, and it was found that MWKO extracted by UMAE-DMC significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, UMAE-DMC is a perfect extraction method for selective extracting seed oil from plants. Practical applications In the present study, compared with the traditional method SE and UAE, UMAE-DMC has the advantages of shorter extraction time, higher extraction efficiency, and lower energy consumption. UMAE-DMC is a green and alternative extraction method for selective extracting of seed oil from plants. In addition, the MWKO possesses higher nutritional value and should be used as special edible oil for human health.

Optimization of water-based ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) of bioactive compounds from Garcinia mangostana pericarp.

Garcinia mangostana (GM) pericarp extract recognizes for relieving skin disorders. It becomes a household fruit juice due to its high concentration of antioxidant compounds, including phenolic and α-mangostin. The purpose of this study was to optimize the conditions of Ultrasonic-Microwave Assisted Extraction (UMAE) of GM pericarp. GM pericarp was extracted by UMAE and conventional decoction extraction. UMAE was created in nine different individuals and combined ultrasonic and microwave power. The amount of phenolic compound, "caffeic acid, ferulic acid", α-mangostin, and total phenolic content (TPC) were compared. The optimized parameters were particle size of grounded raw material, microwave power, and ultrasonic power during water extraction. The optimized UMAE conditions combined 200W microwave power and 200W ultrasonic power to extract raw material grounded to 22.6μm diameter particles (p≤0.05). The synergistic effect of ultrasonic and microwave-assisted extraction significantly (p≤0.05) impacted on the TPC, the yield of caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and α-mangostin. Overall, the synergistic effect of ultrasonic and microwave extraction resulted in a significantly higher amount of bioactive compounds when compared to conventional decoction extraction (p≤0.001). These results demonstrated the advantages of UMAE for preparing GM pericarp extract for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Enzyme pretreatment combined with ultrasonic-microwave-assisted surfactant for simultaneous extraction of essential oil and flavonoids from Baeckea frutescens

This work was designed to develop an integrated method of ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction with enzyme pre-treatment and surfactant aqueous (ES-UME) for the simultaneous extraction of essential oil and flavonoids from Baeckea frutescens. The optimal parameters confirmed by single factor optimization combined with Box-Behnken Design were as follows: Cellulase and Hemicellulase concentration 10% (w/v), Triton X-114 concentration 2% (w/v), extraction time 1.5 h, ultrasonic power 478 W, microwave power 535 W, and liquid/solid ratio 16 mL/g. Under the optimal parameters, the extraction yields of essential oil and main five representative flavonoids epicatechin, rutin, isoquercitrin, myricetin, and quercetin reached 6.38, 0.53, 18.58, 10.72, 1.68, and 2.11 mg/g, respectively. Compositional analysis revealed α-Pinene (16.13%), Linalool (15.00%), 4-Carvomenthenol (10.98%), β-Caryophyllene (6.52%), and α-Terpineol (5.43%) were the most prominent components of essential oil. Furthermore, the essential oil exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against 7 tested strains and excellent antioxidant activity through DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2, 2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and antibacterial assays. Moreover, flavonoids extracts were preconcentrated by 9.70-fold compared with the original extracts using the cloud-point property of surfactants. Overall, the developed method was a potential and desirable alternative that can simultaneously extract volatile and non-volatile bioactive constituents from plant materials in food, healthy, and pharmaceutical industries.

Comparison of the effect of extraction methods on the quality of green coffee oil from Arabica coffee beans: Lipid yield, fatty acid composition, bioactive components, and antioxidant activity

In this study, ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE), microwave-assisted extraction (UAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were applied to extract green coffee oil (GCO), and the physicochemical indexes, fatty acids, tocopherols, diterpenes, and total phenols as well as antioxidant activity of GCO were investigated and compared. The results indicated that the extraction yield of UMAE was the highest (10.58 ± 0.32%), while that of PLE was the lowest (6.34 ± 0.65%), and linoleic acid and palmitic acid were the major fatty acids in the GCO, ranging from 40.67% to 43.77% and 36.57% to 38.71%, respectively. A large proportion of fatty acids and phytosterols were not significantly influenced by the four extraction techniques. However, tocopherols, diterpenes, total phenols, and the free radical scavenging activity were significantly different among these four GCOs. Moreover, structural changes in the coffee residues were explored by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Overall, the high antioxidant activity of GCO demonstrated that it can be used as a highly economical natural product in the food and agricultural industries.

Total Saponins Isolated from Corni Fructus via Ultrasonic Microwave-Assisted Extraction Attenuate Diabetes in Mice.

Saponins have been extensively used in the food and pharmaceutical industries because of their potent bioactive and pharmacological functions including hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, antiulcer and androgenic properties. A lot of saponins-containing foods are recommended as nutritional supplements for diabetic patients. As a medicine and food homologous material, Corni Fructus (CF) contains various active ingredients and has the effect of treating diabetes. However, whether and how CF saponins attenuate diabetes is still largely unknown. Here, we isolated total saponins from CF (TSCF) using ultrasonic microwave-assisted extraction combined with response surface methodology. The extract was further purified by a nonpolar copolymer styrene type macroporous resin (HPD-300), with the yield of TSCF elevated to 13.96 mg/g compared to 10.87 mg/g obtained via unassisted extraction. When used to treat high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, TSCF significantly improved the glucose and lipid metabolisms of T2DM mice. Additionally, TSCF clearly ameliorated inflammation and oxidative stress as well as pancreas and liver damages in the diabetic mice. Mechanistically, TSCF potently regulated insulin receptor (INSR)-, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4)-, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-, and protein kinase B (PKB/AKT)-associated signaling pathways. Thus, our data collectively demonstrated that TSCF could be a promising functional food ingredient for diabetes improvement.

Optimization ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Clinacanthus nutans using response surface methodology.

ABSTRACTClinacanthus nutans (C. nutans) is an edible profitable herb with high phenolic content that recognized herb relieves skin disorder, antityrosinase, and anticancer. Along with these health benefits C. nutans, however, there is no study on the factors that influence the phenolic content of C. nutans extraction by water-based ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE). The aim of this study evaluates UMAE conditions (ultrasonic power, microwave power, and extraction time) on responses using response surface Box–Behnken design and compared with the hydrothermal extraction. The findings found that the caffeic acid and ferulic acid content decrease with increasing the microwave power and long extraction time (P<0.05). The combination factors significant impact on the phenolic compound are microwave power with a time of extract and ultrasonic with microwave power (P<0.05). The optimization UMAE of C. nutans was ultrasonic power 150 W, microwave power 50 W, and time of extraction 3 min (P < 0.05), and final temperature after extraction should be <60°C. UMAE was a four-fold greater target response and a sixty-fold lower extraction time compared to conventional hydrothermal extraction. The synergistic of ultrasonic and microwave power encourages extraction efficiency, which is advantageous to prepare the high-quality C. nutans extracted raw materials to apply in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry.

Chemical composition analysis of pomegranate seeds based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry

Pomegranate fruit has shown a variety of pharmacological effects, however, the bioactive constituents in pomegranate seeds have not been fully identified. To this end, the chemical compositions of pomegranate seeds were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (Q-Orbitrap HRMS). Prior to analysis, pomegranate seed samples were treated by ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE). A total of 88 chemical compounds were tentatively identified based on accurate-mass measurements for precursor and fragment ions, including flavonoids, coumarins, phenolic acids, amino acids, and nucleosides. Their mass spectrometric fragmentation pathways were investigated. The study has revealed the nutritional value of pomegranate seeds, paving the way for future further applications of pomegranate seeds in nutrition and health care industry.

Combining integrated ultrasonic-microwave technique with ethanol to maximise extraction of green coffee oil from Arabica coffee beans

This study was designed to integrate ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) with ethanol, a green solvent, to extract green coffee oil (GCO) from green coffee beans. Response surface methodology was utilised to maximise the efficiency of GCO extraction. Structural changes occurring in the coffee residue were explored using scanning electron microscopy, and extraction kinetics was established. Results indicated that the yield of GCO obtained by UMAE under optimum conditions (microwave power 350 W; extraction time 10 min; and liquid-solid ratio 28:1 mL/g) was 10.58 ± 0.34%. Extraction kinetics revealed that UMAE exhibited higher efficiency and took less time (10 min vs 5 h with solvent extraction) compared with conventional process. The highest contents of kahweol and cafestol found in the UMAE extract were 12.00 and 22.28 mg/g oil, respectively. This study demonstrated that UMAE with ethanol is a rapid, efficient, and environmentally friendly green technique for the extraction of green coffee oil.

Ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extraction, simulated digestion, and fermentation in vitro by human intestinal flora of polysaccharides from Porphyra haitanensis

In this study, we employed a response surface methodology to optimize the ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) conditions of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides (PHP), and subjected it to a stimulated in vitro digestion and fermentation model in order to investigate the digestion properties of PHP and the effects on human intestinal flora. The optimum extraction conditions consisted of an extraction time of 29.64 min, extraction temperature of 79.94 °C, and solid–liquid ratio of 1:41.79 g/mL. Under these conditions, the maximum yield of PHP predicted was 20.98%. The ζ-potential and thermal properties analysis verified that PHP was a negatively charged polymer, and possessed good thermal stability. Meanwhile, PHP was not digested in vitro by human saliva, simulated gastric and small intestinal juice. Furthermore, PHP modulated the microbiome structure, mainly increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroides and decreasing in the Escherichia_Shigella group. LEfSe analysis illustrated that Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae_UCG_006 and Bacteroidales_S24_7_group could serve as potential biomarkers for the PHP supplement. This current study proved that the UMAE method was a highly efficient method to extract PHP to the maximum extent, and also provided insight concerning the stability performance of PHP and its prospects for application as a prebiotics candidate in the functional food industries.

Optimization of Ultrasonic/Microwave Assisted Extraction (UMAE) and Rheological Properties of Polysaccharides from Auricularia polytricha

Polysaccharides from Auricularia polytricha (APPS) were extracted using Ultrasonic/Microwave Assisted Extraction (UMAE) technology. UMAE conditions of APPS were optimized with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Rheological properties of APPS were investigated. The results suggested that the optimal UMAE conditions for APPS were ratio of water to raw material 22 (mL/g), extraction time 15.3 min and microwave power 59W. APPS solution exhibited Newtonian flow behavior at low concentration, formed entanglement network at lower concentration and established weak gel structures with solid-like properties at higher concentration. The viscosity of APPS solutions decreased when temperature increased. The viscosity, storage (G') and loss (G") modulus of APPS solution increased when sucrose concentration increased. Heating time and freeze-thaw changes had no significant effect on rheological properties of APPS. The results suggested that UMAE was a suitable and efficient method for APPS extraction and APPS had potential as a novel food additive hydrocolloid in food industry.

Ultrasonic microwave-assisted extraction coupled with macroporous resin chromatography for the purification of antioxidant phenolics from waste jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) peels.

An efficient ultrasonic microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) coupled with macroporous resin chromatography technique was successfully used for the extraction and purification of antioxidant phenolics from jackfruit by-products (peels). After optimization by single factor experiments and response surface methodology, the optimum extraction conditions for UMAE were: ethanol concentration 63%, solvent-to-solid ratio 34mL/g, microwave power 160W and irradiation time 20min. Under the optimal condition, the phenolics extraction yield was 8.14mg GAE/g DW. After the purification by macroporous resin AB-8, the purity of antioxidant phenolics from UMAE extracts improved from 13.59 to 49.07%. Furthermore, ABTS radical scavenging activities were also significantly increased from 35.95 ± 2.21 to 162.36 ± 10.26mg TE/g. HPLC analysis revealed that gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and catechin were three dominant antioxidant phenolics in jackfruit peels. All of the results demonstrated that waste jackfruit peels could be utilized as a good source of phenolics with strong antioxidant activities in food and pharmaceutical industry.

Enhancing bio-recovery of bioactive compounds extracted from Citrus medica L. Var. sarcodactylis: optimization performance of integrated of pulsed-ultrasonic/microwave technique

This study mainly aimed to optimize a sustainable and green process for extracting bioactive compounds from Foshou fruit by using an integrated technique based on ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction (UMAE). Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box–Behnken design was applied to determine optimal conditions. The following optimized UMAE processing parameters were obtained: sonication time (96.13 s), microwave power (305.28 W), and solid/solvent ratio (1:37). Based on a total phenolic compound extraction yield of 9.21 mg gallic acid (GA) equ/g dry weight (DW), a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 27.52 μg GA equ, and an antioxidant capacity detected by 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay of 8.79 mg trolox equ/g DW. The optimized UMAE extract was superior to those obtained using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) or conventional solvent extraction (CSE) methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the three extraction methods affected the sample tissue microstructure. Among them, UMAE caused the most marked structural disruption. UPLC-PDA-Q-TOF-MS analysis identified 67 phenolic compounds in the optimized UMAE extract of the Foshou fruit extract. This study indicated that the integrated UMAE technique is a suitable and safe technique to enhance the qualitative and quantitative extraction of phenolic compounds from Foshou fruit. These phenolic compounds can be used as a functional food ingredient in industrial production.Graphical abstract

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Microwave Assisted Extraction and Hepatoprotective Activities of Polysaccharides from Trametes orientalis.

Ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) of Trametes orientalis polysaccharides was optimized by response surface methodology. Hepatoprotective effects of a purified T. orientalis polysaccharide (TOP-2) were evaluated by alcohol-induced liver injury model mice. The optimal UMAE parameters were indicated as below: ratio of water to raw material 28 mL/g, microwave power 114 W, extraction time 11 min. The polysaccharides yield was 7.52 ± 0.12%, which was well consistent with the predicted value of 7.54%. Pre-treatment with TOP-2 effectively increased the liver index and spleen index in alcohol-treated mice. The elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels of mice after alcohol exposure were inhibited by TOP-2 administration. The liver tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels have decreased significantly as a result of alcohol exposure, while pre-treatment with TOP-2 could mitigate these consequences. Furthermore, pre-treatment with TOP-2 could efficiently boost the superoxidase dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, and observably constrain the malondialdehyde (MDA) level. The findings suggest that TOP-2 might be useful for alleviating the alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.

Ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Camptotheca acuminata fruits and its antitumor activity

In the present study, an efficient ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) procedure for the polysaccharides from the fruit of Camptotheca acuminata (CAFP) was investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions (ratio of liquid to raw material 30 mL/g, microwave irradiation time of 20 min, microwave irradiation power of 570 W and a fixed ultrasonic power of 50 W obtained by the response surface analysis with Box-Behnken design, satisfactory yields of CAFP (6.81 ± 0.04%) were achieved. The development UMAE technique produced higher yields in a shorter time than conventional hot water extraction (HWE): 20 vs. 120 min. In addition, in vivo CAFP at suitable dose is effective on H22 murine hepatoma strains, and CAFP significantly inhibited the proliferation of human oral carcinoma KB, pancreatic carcinoma BXCP-3 and gastric carcinoma SGC-7901 cells in vitro, indicating CAFP might be suitable for nature antitumor therapeutic agent development.

Extraction, purification, and characterization of polysaccharides from marine algae Gracilaria lemaneiformis with anti-tumor activity

Abstract Recently, rapid and effective extraction and purification methods have attracted considerable interest as alternative approaches to conventional methods. In this study, ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) was used to extract Gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharides, and the response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum extraction conditions. Subsequently, an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was applied to the purification of crude polysaccharides. The chemical structure and anti-tumor activities of three fractions of purified G. lemaneiformis polysaccharides were also investigated. We found that the optimal condition for UMAE was 50 W of ultrasonic power, 31.7 min, 87°C and at a solid-to-water ratio of 1.0:60.7 of extraction temperature. The extraction yield of polysaccharides reached 34.8% under optimum UMAE conditions. The crude polysaccharides were successfully partitioned in the intermediate phase with a recovery rate of 81.1% in an ethanol/ammonium sulfate system. After being fractionated by a DEAE Sephadex A-50 column, three polysaccharide fractions (GLP1, GLP2, and GLP3) were obtained, accounting for 14.3%, 65.2% and 20.6%, respectively. GLP1, GLP2 and GLP3 were mainly composed of galactose with molecular weights of 5.5 kDa, 85 kDa and 82 kDa, respectively. Those polysaccharides exhibited inhibition activity on MCF-7, HepG-2, and Hela cell proliferation in vitro, and GLP-3 exhibited the highest anti-tumor activities. These results indicated that UMAE and ATPS are rapid, efficient, and environmentally-friendly extraction and purification methods for marine algal polysaccharides. These G. lemaneiformis polysaccharides could potentially be used as anti-cancer adjuvants in conjunction with pharmaceutical therapies.