Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Method Research Articles

Efficient removal of amoxicillin and methyl orange with antibacterial activity assessment via nanostructured ZnO coatings synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method

Our study explores the potential of ZnO nanostructured coatings synthesized through ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and focuses on the dual functionality of these coatings: efficiently removing amoxicillin and methyl orange, while also assessing their antibacterial activity. The characterization techniques used in this work include Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–visible spectroscopy. The degradation rates of amoxicillin and methyl orange were studied through the decrease in absorption bands at 228 nm and 436 nm, respectively, under UV irradiation. By closely analyzing the responses of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Bacillus Cereus and Bacillus Subtilis bacteria, zinc oxide thin films demonstrate antibacterial efficacy due to the attraction of opposite charges to the bacterial surface, which influences the oxidation process of the membrane, ultimately resulting in cellular death.

Investigation of MASnIxBr3−x (x = 3, 2, 1, 0) Perovskite Thin Films Produced by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Method

Investigation of MASnIxBr3−x (x = 3, 2, 1, 0) Perovskite Thin Films Produced by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Method

Scalable deposition of MASnI2Br-based perovskite solar cells via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis

All layers of MASnI2Br-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were deposited by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. The depositions of the layers were carried out in a large area. The perovskite thin film deposited on FTO/TiO2 had large grains. The crystallite size of the film was calculated as 90[Formula: see text]nm from the XRD pattern. The bandgap of 1.54[Formula: see text]eV was determined from the UV-visible measurement of MASnI2Br thin film. The PSCs with the different active areas (0.3[Formula: see text]cm2 and 3.18[Formula: see text]cm2) were fabricated. The champion cells’ power conversion efficiencies were recorded at 0.181% and 0.120% for 0.3[Formula: see text]cm2 and 3.18[Formula: see text]cm2, respectively.

Investigation of structural and photoluminescence properties of nanocrystalline tin oxide thin films grown by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method

Investigation of structural and photoluminescence properties of nanocrystalline tin oxide thin films grown by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method

Impact of solution flow-rate on the microstructure and optoelectronic properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films deposited via ultrasonic spray method

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films were synthesized on glass substrates via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method to investigate the influence of solution flow-rate on their physical properties. Solution flow-rate was varied in the range of 10–30 ml/h to analyse its impact on the films. XRD analysis revealed a kesterite phase with a preferred orientation along the (112) plane, which intensified with higher flow-rates. Additionally, structural investigations identified secondary phases of CuxS, Sn2S3, and Cu2SnS3 in the films prepared at a solution flow-rate of 25 ml/h. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the XRD analysis. SEM micrographs indicated compact growth with a slightly rough surface. UV–Vis spectroscopy demonstrated a significant decrease in transmittance, leading to a corresponding reduction in the bandgap value from 2.17 to 0.84 eV as the flow rate increased from 10 to 30 ml/h. The electrical conductivity analysis indicated p-type conductivity, with maximum conductivity value of 2.73 (Ω cm)−1 observed at a flow-rate of 20 ml/h.

Effect of Deposition Time on the Properties of Cu<sub>x</sub>Zn<sub>y</sub>S Thin Films Synthesized by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis

Copper Zinc Sulfide CuxZnyS (CZS) thin films with different thicknesses were prepared by the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method (USP). The influence of deposition time on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the thin films has been investigated. XRD styles revealed the formation of ternary CZS films. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed the presence of the two phases CuS and ZnS, which form the ternary compound CZS. Crystallite size increases from 75.29 nm to 105.46 nm as deposition time increases whereas the strain parameter decreases from 6.27*10-4 to 3.28*10-4. The obtained SEM images show that CZS thin films have a dense and rough surface topography. Spectrometric analysis of the deposited films confirmed the alloy nature of the elaborated films, whereas the corresponding values of band gaps were in the range of 3.28 to 3.17 eV. Results show that increasing the deposition time enhances the optical properties. Furthermore, the electrical properties of CZS films are influenced by the deposition time and phase transition. Significant improvements on these properties were obtained when the thin film thickness increased: the resistivity decreased from 95.10 to 0.12 Ω cm the carrier centration increased from 4.03×1021 to 14.07×1021 cm−3 and the mobility varied from 0.83 to 18.75 cm2 V−1 S−1.

Recovery of Magnetic Particles from Wastewater Formed through the Treatment of New Polycrystalline Diamond Blanks

Cobalt’s pivotal role in global development, especially in lithium-ion batteries, entails driving increased demand and strengthening global trading networks. The production of different waste solutions in metallurgical operations requires the development of an environmentally friendly research strategy. The ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and hydrogen reduction method were chosen to produce nanosized magnetic powders from waste solution based on iron and cobalt obtained during the purification process of used polycrystalline diamond blanks. With specific objectives focused on investigating the impact of reaction temperature and residence time on the morphology, chemical composition, and crystal structure of synthesized nanosized cobalt powders, our research involved 15 experimental runs using two reactors with varying residence times (7.19 s and 23 s) and distinct precursors (A, B, and C). Aerosol droplets were reduced at 600 to 900 °C with a flow rate of 3 L/min of argon and hydrogen (1:2). Characterization via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction revealed that higher temperatures influenced the spherical particle morphology. Altering cobalt concentration in the solution impacted the particle size, with higher concentrations yielding larger particles. A short residence time (7.9 s) at 900 °C proved optimal for cobalt submicron synthesis, producing spherical particles ranging from 191.1 nm to 1222 nm. This research addresses the environmental significance of recovering magnetic particles from waste solutions, contributing to sustainable nanomaterial applications.

Analyses of Cu impurity effects on the USP grown MgO thin films: Structural, optical and photocatalytic assessments

Unspoiled and copper (Cu) doped magnesium oxide (MgO) thin films were successfully grown via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method on soda lime glass substrates. Aftermath of the varied impurity presence in the host material were examined by conducting scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV) spectroscopy, and photocatalytic measurements. The structural observations unveiled that the grown films showed (101) plane orientations with no secondary phases such as Cu or copper oxide present. Also, the XRD data discovered that the grain size of pure MgO sample decreased owing to the fact that Cu impurities introduced into the host material lattice system. In addition to that, the SEM images revealed that the impurity addition into the MgO nanocrystallites switched molecular shapes from regular to spherical structures. Besides, the aimed elemental compositions in the synthesized thin films were verified by the XPS. Furthermore, the photocatalytic measurements uncovered that the right amount of the magnesium content in the host material can enhance and tune the photocatalytic performance of the MgO films as desired. In the optical measurements, it was observed that optical absorbance values increased in the presence of varied percentages although these increments followed a random trend in respect to the doping levels (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 8 wt.%). The PL spectra revealed that the intensity of luminescent emissions gradually decreased which can be ascribed to the imperfections as a result of the introduced Cu into MgO.

Room-temperature ppb-level NO2 sensor based on three-dimensional Mo2CTx nano-crumpled spheres

Achieving ppb-level nitrogen dioxide (NO2) detection is of great significance in environmental monitoring and human daily life. The construction of portable and high-performance NO2 sensor working at room temperature is the focus of attention. In this work, three-dimensional Mo2CTx nano-crumpled spheres (MS) sensitive material was designed and prepared via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method, and a room-temperature planar type MS-based NO2 sensor was successfully developed using drop-casting onto PI substrate with Au interdigital electrode. The sensor utilizing MS sensitive material exhibits the highest response value (−23.53%) to 5 ppm NO2 and a lowest detection limit of 30 ppb at room temperature, also the excellent selectivity. Characterization and density functional theory calculation prove that the excellent NO2 sensing properties are attributed to the increased specific surface area and more exposed edge-rich active sites which are caused by small size three-dimensional nano-crumpled spheres structure. This study provides a new strategy for improving the sensing performance of MXenes-based gas sensor and a new method for the construction of room temperature ppb-level NO2 sensor.

Fabrication and investigation of zinc oxide nanorods doped with molybdenum via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis

AbstractMolybdenum ions with high valence states (Mo6+) can contribute to electrical conductivity and optical transmittance. For this reason, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods doped with molybdenum metal were fabricated on a glass substrate by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. The doping concentrations were between 0–10 mol%. The crystallographic properties of the resulting ZnO samples were examined by the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) technique. According to the XRD analysis, it was found that the lattice structure of the samples belonged to the hexagonal (wurtzite) unit cell. The XRD results indicated that the crystals grow in the c‐axis (002) direction. The morphological features of the obtained thin films were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy results displayed that the Mo ions were in the ZnO lattice. Four point probe method was used to determine the electrical conductivity properties of the samples. The 10% mol doped sample has the highest conductivity with values of between 1.58 × 10−9 and 1.58 × 10−6 (ohm‐cm)−1. The optical transmittances of the samples were measured at wavelengths between 300 and 1000 nm. It was observed that the produced films had high optical transparency which was approximately 85%.

Experimental parameters for the preparation of Mn/TiO2 catalysts by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method for selective catalytic reduction of NOx at low temperature

Mn/TiO2 series selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts with regular spherical shape could be obtained by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. The investigation of experimental parameters, such as decomposition temperature and the type and flow rate of carrier gas, showed that a high and stable NOx conversion at 70% could be achieved at 180 °C when the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis temperature was 500 °C and N2 was used as a carrier gas with a flow rate of 2 L/min. The physical and chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, and H2-TPR, revealing that a regular spherical structure, a small amount of Mn2O3 crystals, and high redox ability were the important factors affecting the activity of the catalyst. With these properties, Mn(0.5)/TiO2 (500 °C, N2, 2 L/min) exhibited more than 90% conversion at 240 °C with N2 selectivity above 96%.

Study of Substrate Temperatures Effects on the Properties of Ultrasonically Sprayed SnS<sub>2</sub> Thin Films

Tin disulfide (SnS2) thin films have drawn worldwide attention because of their outstanding performance and earth-abundant constituents. However, problems such as coexistence of complex secondary phases (SnS, Sn2S3), the band tailing issue, and bulk defects need to be addressed for further efficiency improvement. In this regard, the present work is intended for the treatment of one of these problems. Herein, a single phase SnS2 has been obtained using an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. which is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-rays (EDXs) characterization techniques. The substrate temperatures (Ts) were increased from 250 °C to 450 °C, and this significantly improved the film's characteristics, which varied from an amorphous phase and a mixture of crystalline phases, SnS2 and SnS (for the films obtained at Ts = 250 and 300 °C) to a SnS2 pure phase with a hexagonal structure (for Ts ≥ 350 °C). The morphological, optical, and electrical properties of SnS2 films are greatly improved by temperature increases too, especially for the film obtained at 450 °C. This suggests that there are opportunities for further efficiency by using the as-deposited SnS2 thin film at 450 °C.

Structural, optical, and H2 gas sensing analyses of Cr doped CuO thin films grown by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis

Here, a specific metal oxide (CuO) and its impurity (Cr) added composites were grown onto glass substrates as nanostructured thin films by executing ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. The effects of the varied Cr dopant concentration on the morphological, structural, optical and H2 gas sensor properties of the synthesized CuO thin films were determined by conducting scanning electron microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and gas detection analyses. The X-Ray Diffraction analysis revealed the presence of CuO crystals with predominant (111) plane and it changed to (002) orientation for the doped samples, where crystallite sizes varied between 32 and 46 nm. The structural studies disclosed that the crystalline structure modified due to the added impurities. The scanning electron microscopy observations unveiled polyhedron-like shape formations of the synthesized nanostructures which also showed clear indications of changed morphology due to the impacts of different Cr doping percentages. Besides, the presence of copper, oxygen, and chromium was confirmed by EDX elemental analysis as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The optical examination concluded that absorbance values followed a random trend with respect to the increased impurity contents while bandgap decreased with the increase of doping concentration. And, it was also noted that the luminescent emission peaks decreased in the photoluminescence spectroscopy as a result of introduced impurity levels. Finally, H2 responsivity was detected for the grown films and found out that the impurity doping notably increased the sensitivity of the gas sensor based on the prepared CuO nanostructures.

The effect of illumination on p-n junction diodes based on Yb-doped CuO thin films produced by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method

The effect of illumination on p-n junction diodes based on Yb-doped CuO thin films produced by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method

Investigation of electrical properties of Al/LiCoO2/n-Si photodiode by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method

Investigation of electrical properties of Al/LiCoO2/n-Si photodiode by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method

The Attitude of ZnO/Al2O3 Film Produced by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Under Thermal Annealing

Impact of annealing on structural, morphological, elemental, and optical properties of bilayer ZnO/Al2O3 film has been investigated. Bilayer film has been deposited on microscope slides by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method at 350°C substrate temperature. Then, this film has been annealed at 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C under atmospheric conditions, respectively. Structural analyses have been revealed that bilayer films have polycrystalline with hexagonal wurtzite structures of ZnO. Also, there is no other structures have been found like Zn-Al etc. Morphological and elemental analyses have been presented that the alterations of surface, and diffusions of Al to ZnO layer. Cross-sectional images have been revealed the film thickness between 0,78-1.56 m. Optical method have been used for calculation of optical band gap values of the films which are found between 3.17-3.25 eV. The results revealed that annealing leads to diffusion from the bottom layer Al2O3 of the material to the upper layer, ZnO. In addition, it was determined that the as-deposited ZnO/Al2O3 film is still leading in terms of the investigated properties.

Investigating the influence of Ni doping on the CuO thin films deposited via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis: Structural, optical and H2 gas sensing analyses

Pure and nickel doped copper oxide thin films were successfully grown on a soda lime glass substrates including various amounts (1, 2, 4, and 8%) of nickel dopants via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. The effects of the different impurity doping concentrations on the structural, morphological, optical, and H2 gas sensing properties of the prepared samples were assessed by performing X-ray Diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, gas sensing measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The structural observations revealed that the grown films have polycrystalline nature with monoclinic cubic crystal structure of copper oxide with no secondary phases present, and grain sizes increased in general as the doping percentage increased except for the 4% nickel doped sample. The morphological analysis showed that the impurities clearly led to modifications in the shapes of the grown copper oxide nanocrystals. In the optical measurements, it was uncovered that the ideal impurity level can enhance the absorbance features of the copper oxide material, and a slight increase in bandgap occurred due to the first level of impurity doping, but then the bandgap decreased as the impurity contents increased. A gradual decrease in the intensity of luminescent emissions was observed in the photoluminescence spectra as the doping concentration increased, which may be associated with the defects caused by the added nickel ions into the copper oxide lattices. Gas sensor measurements disclosed that the produced films were responsive when exposed to H2 gas, and enhanced responsivity was realized by the nickel doping compared to that of pure copper oxide sample. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of aimed chemical compositions in the prepared thin films.

Selective production of ethylene from CO2 over CuAg tandem electrocatalysts

The electrochemical reduction reaction of CO2 (CO2RR) is desirable for decreasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and producing value-added chemicals. The development of advanced catalysts is a key challenge for the practical application of CO2RR. Recently, the bimetallic catalysts with two or more reaction sites acting synergistically are one of the most interesting catalysts. Herein, CuAg bimetallic catalysts with various Cu/Ag ratios are synthesized by the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) method for the selective production of ethylene (C2H4) via CO2RR. The electrocatalytic performances of the CuAg catalysts with different compositions are evaluated in a full flow single cell and the Cu90Ag10 exhibits 1.5 times the higher C2H4 Faradaic efficiency and the C2H4 current density at a cell voltage of 2.2 V than the bare Cu. Ag in the bimetallic catalysts provides additional CO via desorption-re-adsorption and diffusion process for CC coupling on the Cu surface to synthesize C2H4. In addition, the improved performance of the Cu90Ag10 is attributed to not only the synergistic effect between Cu and Ag but also the appropriate Cu/Ag ratio.

The production route of the MASnBr3 based perovskite solar cells with fully ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method

Lead-free FTO/TiO2/MASnBr3/P3HT/Ag perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated by a fully ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) method. The MASnBr3 thin films had very large grains (clusters) up to 15 μm. The crystal/crystallite size of the films was determined from the XRD pattern as 112.7 nm. The coating of MASnBr3 and P3HT layers was carried out on a large area of 36 cm2. The champion cell with an active area of 0.30 cm2 has an open circuit voltage of 0.370 V, a short circuit of 0.460 mA/cm2, a fill factor of 57.2%, and a power conversion efficiency of 0.097%. The production of all layers with the USP method is important to the commercialization of the lead-free PSCs.

An investigation on CuO thin films grown by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis at different substrate temperatures: Structural, optical and supercapacitor electrode characterizations

Copper oxide (CuO) thin films were grown on glass substrates by performing ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) method at different substrate temperatures (300 °C, 400 °C, 450 °C, and 500 °C). The prepared CuO thin films were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), UV–visible spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy measurements in order to assess the effects changed substrate temperature on structural, morphological, and optical properties of the grown materials. Also, the suitability of the grown films as electrodes in supercapacitor applications was investigated with respect to variable substrate temperatures. The XRD patterns revealed that the samples were polycrystalline in nature exhibiting tenorite phase of CuO structure preferential orientation along (11 1‾) plane and the corresponding crystallite size ranged from 28.14 nm to 67.98 nm. The SEM images displayed morphological modifications in the prepared CuO thin films as the substrate temperatures incresed. The XPS and EDX analyses confirmed the successful deposition of aimed materials on the fabricated thin films. It was also obtained that optical absorbance decreased due to the increased substrate temperatures and optical energy bandgaps changed between 1.53 eV and 1.71 eV as the substrate temperatures varied. The electrochemical supercapacitive features of the CuO nanostructures thin films were studied with the help of cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).