Ultrasonic Nebulizer Research Articles

Reaction of chloroauric acid with histidine in microdroplets yields a catalytic Au-(His)2 complex.

An aqueous solution containing histidine (His, 100 μM) and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4, 10 μM) is electrosprayed (−4.5 kV) from a capillary (50 μm in diameter) with N2 nebulizing gas (120 psi). The resulting microdroplets entered a mass spectrometer with a 2 cm flight path. The mass spectrum recorded in negative ion mode showed several peaks including the Au5 nanocluster with the major one being [Au + 2His–2H]−, which is a catalytically active species. The reaction time was less 1 ms, and the yield of [Au + 2His–2H]− was 76%. In contrast, the bulk reaction for the same concentration run at room temperature for 2 h did not produce this species but instead formed Au10 nanocluster. When a solution of water and acetonitrile (1 : 1) containing indoline (100 mM) and the phenylacetylene (200 mM) as well as histidine and chloroauric acid at the same concentrations as above was electrosprayed, the mass spectrum showed the formation of the intermediate [Au + 2His + phenylacetylene + H]+. Upon collecting the microdroplets, the 4-methyl-4,6-diphenyl-1,2-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij] quinolone product was observed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography with a yield of 44%. The microdroplet synthesis using the Au–(His)2 complex as a catalyst was scaled up using room-temperature ultrasonic nebulization to produce the product at the rate of 35 mg min−1, which is semi-preparative and demonstrates the promise of using microdroplet reactions for chemical synthesis.

METHODS FOR STUDYING THE SURFACE CLEANING PARAMETERS OF THE RAS SYSTEM WITH VACUUM ABSORPTION AND SANITATION SYSTEM

The results of the study of the effect of vacuum absorption and ultrasonic spraying of liquid for cleaning the wound surface are presented in the article. In the modern world, new methods of treatment and treatment of the surface of wounds of different severity and shape are widely developed. The use of vacuum absorption has become an increasingly common and effective method of cleaning and further treating wound surfaces. Therefore, the developed system of vacuum absorption and repair of wounds (SVASR) were investigated the parameters of the treatment of wounds in different groups of people - different age and age. Analytical comparison of different methods with the use of different drugs most commonly used in medical practice is made.In the experiments such drugs and substances as distilled water, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, hand antiseptic, marigold tincture were used. Purification was performed using different cleaning agents. Thus, purification was carried out using various methods, such as: sponge moistened with drugs, vacuum absorption apparatus, ultrasonic sprayer and combined method. The experiments were performed using a tonal cream, which was applied to the skin of the subject's hands. Next, different purification techniques were used when using the different preparations mentioned above.After using different methods of cleaning, all the collected tonal cream remained on the sponge, with which further experiments were conducted to determine the depth of contamination, which is directly proportional to the cleaning of the skin surface. Thus, this sponge was placed in water, which was thus contaminated and with the help of a water tester, the amount of solids in it was determined.The participation of people of different ages and different articles in the experiments gave more accurate results of the use of these methods and determined that the most effective is the combined method, ie the method using a vacuum absorber apparatus and an ultrasonic nebulizer in combination with an antiseptic - chlorhexedine. These results were calculated.These studies provide an opportunity for the further development of this technology and the effective treatment of patients. The implementation of this method can help patients in both inpatient and field settings.

Current possibilities for nebulizer therapy

This article discusses the main aspects of the nebulizer therapy used to treat respiratory diseases. The basic principle of operation of all types of nebulizers is based on the generation of aerosol containing particles comprising an active substance. Currently, there are three types of nebulizers: jet, or compressor (which uses the energy of a gas jet), ultrasonic (which uses oscillation energy of the piezoelectric element) and membrane (Mesh nebulizers). The jet nebulizers are the most common, because they have affordable cost, are easy to use, however, using this type of nebulizers is accompanied by quite large losses of the drug (more than 50%), and they are quite noisy due to the compressor. Among the advantages of ultrasonic nebulizers are virtually silent operation, fast aerosol production and shorter inhalation times compared to compressor devices, small size and weight, and operation from the batteries. However, one of the most important disadvantages of ultrasonic nebulizers is the limited range of drugs that can be used for inhalation, which significantly limits their use in pulmonological practice. In particular, they are not suitable for inhalation of suspensions (glucocorticosteroids) due to the impossibility of homogeneous nebulization, in addition, part of the GCS molecules are destroyed by ultrasound. In recent years, the greatest prospects have been associated with the use of a new generation of nebulizers created using the so-called Vibrating Mesh Technology. Membrane nebulizers have a number of advantages compared to the compressor and ultrasonic devices. Among them are a small residual volume, noiseless operation, high mobility due to the small size, weight and ability to operate using battery.

Paclitaxel-loaded micro or nano transfersome formulation into novel tablets for pulmonary drug delivery via nebulization.

A simplistic approach was adopted to manufacture novel paclitaxel (PTX) loaded protransfersome tablet formulations for pulmonary drug delivery. The large surface area offered by the pulmonary system acts as a desirable site for anti-cancer drug deposition; offering localized effect within the lungs. Protransfersomes are dry powder formulations, whereas transfersomes are liquid dispersions containing vesicles generated from protransfersomes upon hydration. Protransfersome powder formulations (F1-F27) (referred as Micro formulations based on transfersomes vesicles size post hydration) were prepared by employing a phospholipid (Soya phosphatidylcholine (SPC)), three different carbohydrate carriers (Lactose monohydrate, LMH; Microcrystalline cellulose, MCC; and Starch), three surfactants (i.e. Span 80, Span 20 and Tween 80) in three different lipid phase to carrier ratios (i.e. 1:05, 1:15 and 1:25 w/w), with the incorporation of PTX as a model drug. Hydrophobic chain of SPC may enhance PTX solubility, entrapment and targetted delivery via transfersome vesicles. Out of the 27 Micro protransfersome formulations, PTX-loaded LMH powder formulations F3, F6 and F9 (i.e. 1:25 w/w lipid phase to carrier ratio) exhibited excellent powder flowability via angle of repose (AOR) and good compressibility index due to associated smaller and uniform particle size and shape of LMH. Following hydration, these formulations also showed smaller volume median diameters (VMD) in micrometres (5.65±0.85-6.76±0.61µm) and PTX entrapment of 93-96%. Hydrated transfersome formulations (F3, F6 and F9) were converted into Nano size via probe sonication and referred to as Nano formulations. These Nano formulations were converted into dry powder via spray drying (SD) (F3NSD, F6NSD and F9NSD) or freeze drying (FD) (F3NFD, F6NFD and F9NFD). Post manufacture of protransfersome tablets (i.e. 9 formulations), quality control tests were conducted in accordance to British Pharmacopeia (BP). Only the Micro formulations protransfersome tablets (i.e. F3, F6 and F9) passed the uniformity of weight test, exhibited high crushing strength and tablet thickness when compared to SD or FD protransfersome tablets. Micro protransfersome formulations (i.e. F3, F6 and F9) into tablets demonstrated a shorter nebulization time and high output rate when using Ultrasonic nebulizer compared to Vibrating mesh nebulizer (i.e. Omron NE U22). Based on formulations, characterizations and nebulizer performance; Micro protransfersome tablet formulations F3, F6 and F9 (i.e. 1:25 w/w) and Ultrasonic nebulizer were found to be a superior combination, eliciting enhanced output efficiency. Moreover, PTX-loaded F3, F6 and F9 tablet formulations (10%) exhibited toxicity (60, 68 and 67% cell viability) to cancer MRC-5 SV2 (i.e. immortalized human lung cells) while safe to MRC-5 (normal lung fibroblast cells) cell lines.

Study and Prepared of CuS Thin Films by Ultrasonic Nebulizer Method

Thin Film of copper sulfide with different thickness (100, 200 and 300) nm have been prepared on pre-heated glass substrates up to (330oC) by Ultrasonic Nebulizer Deposition (UND). The effect of thickness on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of films has been investigated. The results of the XRD show that the film which deposited with thickness CuS phase with (103) orientation. Atomic force measurement showed the grain size increase with thickness in the range of (76.91-101.32 nm). The optical properties of the films have been studied over a wavelength (370-1100)nm. The calculated optical energy band gap values were between 2.55 and 2.62eV, depending on the film thickness and in which phase crystallized. The effect of thickness on the electric properties the films have a positive Hall coefficient (p-type), the hall effect increases as thickness increase this due to inversely depend RH on carrier concentration.

Amanita muscaria: bio-concentration and bio-indicative potential for metallic elements

We examined the bio-concentration of and the bio-indicative potential for 16 metallic elements (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sr and Zn) by Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. using validated methods including inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) with an ultrasonic cross flow nebulizer and cold-vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS). Mushrooms and top soil samples were collected from the large forest complexes of the Gostyninsko-Wloclawskie Forests, the Warcianska-Notecka Forests and the Lubraniec site in the central region, as well as from the Poniatowa site in the Chodel river valley in the south-eastern region of Poland. For topsoil both the leachable and the “pseudo-total” fractions of minerals have been determined. A. muscaria is a good bio-concentrator of toxic Hg, and highly effective for labile forms of Cd, K and Rb, while it bio-excludes Ag, Al, Ba, Fe, Mn and Sr. The bioavailability of several elements, e.g. Ag, Ba, Cd, Hg and Sr, as demonstrated by the bioconcentration factor (BCF) values (the quotient of the element content in mushrooms to the content in soil, calculated on dry weight basis), and their content in fruiting bodies differed between the sites; however, this was not the case for the soils. This forest fungus is omitted by mushroomers, while due to a seasonal abundance, large size of fruiting bodies and high bioconcentration potential of Cd (medians of BCF for the leachable fraction up to > 1000 for caps and > 500 for stipes) and Hg (up to 27 for caps and to 21 for stipes) play a role in transfer of those toxic elements to forest biota feeding on it. Particularly important can be Cd, the median concentrations of which in caps were in the range 13–22 mg kg−1 dry matter for the sites, while medians for Hg were up to 0.58 mg kg−1 dm, and for Ag up to 0.87 mg kg−1 dm. As a source of protein for animal life, it extracts from soil and transfers to fruiting bodies further to consumers also essential minerals, which occurred (median values for caps per site in mg kg−1 dm) in the range: K (35,000–42,000), Mg (810–1000), Ca (76–100), Co (0.24–0.39), Cu (26–58), Fe (82–240), Mn (12–43), Na (37–110) and Zn (120–220). Elements without a specific biological role were: Al (130–620 mg kg−1 dm), Rb (260–910 mg kg−1 dm), Ba (0.52–2.9 mg kg−1 dm) and Sr (0.27–0.64 mg kg−1 dm). The caps usually showed the elements in greater concentration than stipes, and exception was Na that at average was threefold greater in stipes, and for Al, Ba, Ca, Co and Sr, distribution between both morphological structures was near unity.

A Feasibility Study of Rare-Earth Element Vapor Generation by Nebulized Film Dielectric Barrier Discharge and Its Application in Environmental Sample Determination.

The feasibility of 16 types of rare-earth elements (REEs) containing Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu vapor, generated simultaneously, was demonstrated by nebulized film dielectric barrier discharge (NFDBD) in this work. Note that this is the first report on the simultaneous vapor generation of 16 types of REEs, which previously was difficult to realize. Combining it with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) as the sampling technique, a 4-fold to 10-fold improvement in the detection limits (LODs) of the REEs was observed, compared with the conventional solution nebulization, and no obvious interferences from other metal ions and the mutual interferences between REEs at the mg L-1 level were found. Compared with ultrasonic nebulization, microconcentric (MCN) and membrane-desolvation (Aridus) and electrothermal vaporization (ETV) for REEs sampling, this NFDBD sampling technique operates not only with low cost and low power, but also without any requirement of extra reagents and easy coupling with flow injection for volume limited samples. Under optimized conditions, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 16 types of REEs determined at 5 μg L-1 was between 0.2% and 1.9%, and the LODs of REEs were between 0.002 ng L-1 and 0.422 ng L-1, depending on the element. This technique provides an alternative green and highly efficient vapor generation approach for the determination of REEs in environmental samples, especially in natural water.

Analysis and classification of droplet characteristics from atomizers using multifractal analysis

Atomizers find applications in diverse fields such as agriculture, pharmaceutics and combustion. Among the most commonly found atomizer classes of designs are pressure swirl, airblast and ultrasonic atomizers. However, it has thus far not been possible to identify the class of an atomizer from spray characteristics. We perform multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis on the droplet inter-arrival times, diameters and axial velocities of pressure swirl, airblast and ultrasonic nebulizer sprays to quantify the differences in complexity in the respective signals. We show that the width of the multifractal spectrum of the signals of droplet diameters and the inter-arrival times, measured at the edge of the spray are robust atomizer identifiers. Further, we show the presence of correlations among the droplet diameters which are otherwise considered as random or derived from a log-normal distribution. This study can be further generalized to classify fluid mechanical systems or biological sprays using an appropriately chosen single point measurement in the flow field.

ANALISIS DE ESPECTROS DE TAMAÑOS DE GOTAS DE NUBES MEDIANTE LA DIVERGENCIA DE JENSEN-SHANNON

The purpose of this work is to use the divergence of Jensen-Shannon to compare spectra of cloud droplet sizes corresponding to different experimental conditions. Results of laboratory measurements are analyzed in which the diameter of droplets, produced by means of an ultrasonic nebulizer, are determined, subject to different movement conditions within a "cloudbox". The turbulence energy dissipation rate is particularly considered. The droplet spectra were approximated by the density kernel method.

Effect of Thickness on Structural, Optical and Sensing Properties of CdS Thin Films Prepared by Ultrasonic Nebulizer Method

Effect of Thickness on Structural, Optical and Sensing Properties of CdS Thin Films Prepared by Ultrasonic Nebulizer Method

Effects of nanoparticles on neuroinflammation in a mouse model of asthma

The interaction between chronic inflammation and neural dysfunction points to a link between the nervous and immune systems in the airways. In particular, environmental exposure to nanoparticles (NPs), defined as particulate matter having one dimension <100 nm, is associated with an enhanced risk of childhood and adult asthma. However, the impact of NPs on the neural response in asthma remains to be determined.This study determined the impact of NPs on neuroinflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma.Ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized mice were treated with saline (Sham), OVA challenged and exposed to 200 μg/m3 NPs 1 h a day for 3 days on days 21–23 in a closed-system chamber attached to a ultrasonic nebulizer. The effect of NPs on the levels of neuropeptides, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), TRPV4, P2 × 4, and P2 × 7 was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry.NP exposure increased airway inflammation and responsiveness in OVA mice, and these increases were augmented in OVA plus NP-exposed mice. The lung tissue levels of TRPV1, TRPV4, P2 × 4, and P2 × 7 were increased in OVA mice, and these increases were augmented in OVA plus NP-exposed mice. The substance P, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were increased in OVA mice, and these increases were augmented in OVA plus NP-exposed mice. Bradykinin, ATP, and CGRP were dose dependently increased in NP-exposed normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. The calcium concentration was increased in NHBE cells exposed to NPs for 8 h.These results indicate that neuroinflammation can be involved in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma and that NPs can exacerbate asthma via neuromediator release.

A One-Step Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Approach to Large-Scale Synthesis of Silica Microspheres

This paper proposes a novel and simple one-step ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) approach to prepare silica (SiO2) microspheres, in which only one chemical reagent—silica sol, is used as precursor. In this approach, aerosol droplets of silica sol generated by a ultrasonic nebulizer are transformed into its SiO2 microspheres through water evaporation, precipitation, drying, dehydration and densification in a tube furnance. The products were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry, respectively. Above characterizations showed that all the products were dry, unifrom, regular and smooth silica microspheres. The SiO2 concentrations of silica sols have a significant influence on the diameters and size distributions of the products. The microspheres prepared using silica sol with a low mass concentration (e.g. 10%) showed a narrow size distribution; most microspheres ranged from 1.0 to 1.4 μm in diameter. This approach shows great potential in large-scale synthesis of silica microspheres for two reasons: 1) USP is a continuous large-scale method; 2) silica sols are nontoxic and have been industrially produced.

Scalable green synthesis of hierarchically porous carbon microspheres by spray pyrolysis for high-performance supercapacitors

Designing carbon materials with optimized hierarchical pore structures is crucial to realize high-performance electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) with enhanced energy and power densities. Therefore, the development of the suitable synthesis strategies for hierarchically porous carbon (HPC) materials with a higher productivity has attracted significant interest. Here, a facile, economic, scalable, and environmentally friendly method to synthesize hierarchical pore-structured carbon materials by spray pyrolysis without the use of heavy metal salts is presented. A spray solution containing sucrose, NaCl, and H2SO4 is aerosolized by an ultrasonic nebulizer and undergoes pyrolysis to produce NaCl-templated carbon microspheres, followed by an activation step and washing to obtain HPC. Endowed with a specific surface area up to 1704 m2 g−1 and pore volume of 1.81 cm3 g−1, the resulting carbon contains an interconnected micro/mesoporous network, which provides efficient ion transport channels with a short diffusion length and small ionic resistance. Moreover, it exhibits a specific capacitance of 102 F g−1 at a current density of 30 A g−1 with a retention of 92% over 10,000 cycles at 10 A g−1 as an electrode in an organic-electrolyte-based EDLC. In contrast, the sheer microporous carbon does not exhibit EDLC behavior at a high rate. The proposed synthesis technique paves the way for cheap scalable syntheses of carbon materials with desired pore structures by spray pyrolysis, which may inspire further studies for various applications including energy storage, where carbon materials with high specific surface areas and yields are of significance.

Practice pattern of aerosol therapy among patients undergoing mechanical ventilation in mainland China: A web-based survey involving 447 hospitals.

Background and objectiveAerosol therapies are widely used for mechanically ventilated patients. However, the practice pattern of aerosol therapy in mainland China remains unknown. This study aimed to determine the current practice of aerosol therapy in mainland China.MethodsA web-based survey was conducted by the China Union of Respiratory Care (CURC) from August 2018 to January 2019. The survey was disseminated via Email or WeChat to members of CURC. A questionnaire comprising 16 questions related to hospital information and 12 questions related to the practice of aerosol therapy. Latent class analysis was employed to identify the distinct classes of aerosol therapy practice.Main resultsA total of 693 valid questionnaires were returned by respiratory care practitioners from 447 hospitals. Most of the practitioners used aerosol therapy for both invasive mechanical ventilation (90.8%) and non-invasive mechanical ventilation (91.3%). Practitioners from tertiary care centers were more likely to use aerosol therapy compared with those from non-tertiary care centers (91.9% vs. 85.4%, respectively; p = 0.035). The most commonly used drugs for aerosol therapy were bronchodilators (64.8%) followed by mucolytic agents (44.2%), topical corticosteroids (43.4%) and antibiotics (16.5%). The ultrasonic nebulizer (48.3%) was the most commonly used followed by the jet nebulizer (39.2%), the metered dose inhaler (15.4%) and the vibrating mesh nebulizer (14.6%). Six latent classes were identified via latent class analysis. Class 1 was characterized by the aggressive use of aerosol therapy without a standard protocol, while class 3 was characterized by the absence of aerosol therapy.ConclusionsSubstantial heterogeneity among institutions with regard to the use of aerosol therapy was noted. The implementation of aerosol therapy during mechanical ventilation was inconsistent in light of recent practice guidelines. Additional efforts by the CURC to improve the implementation of aerosol therapy in mainland China are warranted.

Novel pendrin inhibitor attenuates airway hyperresponsiveness and mucin expression in experimental murine asthma

Novel pendrin inhibitor attenuates airway hyperresponsiveness and mucin expression in experimental murine asthma

Effect of colloidal properties on the particle characteristics in the flame-assisted spray-drying process

Spherical silica particles have been synthesised from sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) via flame-assisted spray-drying. The parameters of colloidal properties, such as pH and concentration of a solution (ranging 8–11 and 0.1–0.3 mol/L, respectively), were studied to understand their effects on droplet size and the resultant morphological changes in the silica particles. A three-dimensional multiphase computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation for the flame-assisted spray-drying process has been developed to predict the temperature distribution in flame reactors and the generated average particle size. The pH and concentration of the solutions were found to affect the precursor physical properties, such as density, viscosity, and surface tension. This observation was validated by the presence of non-spherical doughnut-like particles using the colloidal precursor at pH 8 and solution concentration 0.1 mol/L. An approach that permits the direct estimation of the average droplet size produced from an ultrasonic nebulizer is presented in this paper. Good agreement, with an approximately 5% negative discrepancy, was observed between the experimental results and the theoretical values. A higher discrepancy of approximately 33% occurred in the particles using the colloidal precursor at pH 8 owing to morphological changes in the silica particles.

Experimental study of electrical impedance in airways filled with electrolyte solution aerosol

This article presents the results of an experimental study of electrical impedance in a model cell through which the air flow containing aerosol particles of the 10% sodium chloride solution generated by an ultrasonic nebulizer passes. The active and capacitive components of admittance were determined at different values of alternating current frequency, flow rate and aerosol atomization intensity. Measurement results were compared with the most probable electrical conductivity models. An equivalent electrical circuit in the form of a parallel RC- circuit, which corresponds well to the obtained frequency dependences of impedance magnitude and phase shift angle, is proposed. In addition, a linear regression model describing the dependence of the impedance module logarithm on two parameters of the flow of aerosol particles at different electrical current frequencies is developed.

Distribution of the (synthetic) cannabinoids JWH-210, RCS-4, as well as ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol following pulmonary administration to pigs.

New psychoactive substances, especially synthetic cannabinoids (SC), are gaining increasing relevance in postmortem forensic toxicology. Particularly, the interpretation of analytical results is challenging, as usually, no toxicokinetic (TK) data concerning distribution in organs and tissues are available. Thus, a controlled pig TK study allowing for examination of organ and tissue distribution of SC was performed. For this purpose, 12 pigs received a single pulmonary dose of 200µg/kg body weight each of 4-ethylnaphthalene-1-yl-(1-pentylindole-3-yl)methanone (JWH-210), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(1-pentylindole-3-yl)methanone (RCS-4), and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) via an ultrasonic nebulizer. Eight hours after administration, the animals were put to death by the administration of T61. Thereupon, relevant organs, important body fluids such as bile and colon content, and tissues such as muscle tissue were collected. After enzymatic hydrolysis and solid-phase extraction, analysis was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. For quantification, a standard addition method was applied. The parent compounds could be detected in every analyzed specimen with the exception of colon content. Regarding JWH-210, the kidneys and lungs are viable matrices for postmortem analysis. In terms of RCS-4, the lungs were found to be an appropriate matrix. Concerning THC, the liver, bile fluid as well as duodenum content were suitable matrices for detection. Metabolites were only detected in tissues/body fluids involved in metabolism and/or elimination. Bile fluid and duodenum content were shown, as the most appropriate specimens for quantification of metabolites.

Simultaneous removal of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide using ultrasonically atomized hydrogen peroxide.

A new method was developed for denitrification and desulfurization using hydrogen peroxide with the aid of an ultrasonic nebulizer to obtain high removal efficiency of NOx and SO2. Comparing with the atomizing nozzles having the aperture size of 0.01~0.02mm, the droplets generated using the ultrasonic nebulizer show the smallest d50 value of 7.2μm, with 72% possessing the size less than 10μm. Based on the numerical simulation of the vaporization rate of droplets, it is indicated that the droplets with the size of 7.2μm can be vaporized totally at very short residence time (0.11s) under 130°C. Effects of influence factors including the reaction temperature, the initial H2O2 concentration, pH value, and the flue gas flow rate were studied on the removal efficiencies of NO and SO2. Using the in-series double-oxidation subsystems with H2O2 concentration of 6wt%, pH5.0, and the reaction temperature of 130°C, the removal efficiencies of SO2 and NO are respectively 100% and 89.3% at the short residence time of 1.8s, and the removal efficiency of NO can be increased to 100% as the residence time is longer than 3.7s. It is confirmed that the ultrasonically atomized H2O2 can indeed enhance the removal efficiencies of NO and SO2 at the optimal temperature, owing to the fast vaporization rate of fine droplets as well as the formation of more active radicals to be captured by NO and SO2 simultaneously. The results here provide a promising route to remove effectively the emissions of NO and SO2 simultaneously. Graphical abstract.

The Effect of deposition times on preparation of SnO2:F conductive glass by Indonesian local stannic chloride precursors

The performance of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) as an alternative semiconductor besides indium tin oxide (ITO) has been investigated. Currently, the precursors often used in the manufacture of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) are commercial precursors on the market. In the present work, a thin film FTO will be fabricated using a pyrolysis spray technique with an ultrasonic nebulizer using Indonesian local precursors of stannic chloride with the variation of deposition times (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minus). Thin films were characterized by using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and four-point probes. The optimum result obtained by pyrolysis technique with a deposition time of 20 minutes and substrate temperature at 300 °C has a resistivity of 1.059 x 10−4 Ω.cm and transmittance 89.614%. Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) fabricated by using these local Indonesian precursors promise for further development as a glass of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC).