Ultrasonic Input Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF GINGEROL AND SHOGAOL COMPOUNDS FROM RED GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE VAR. RUBRUM) EXTRACT USING SEVERAL COMBINATIONS OF NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENT

Objective: The aim of this research was to analyze the levels of gingerol and shogaol in red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) extracted with different combinations of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) Methods: Red ginger was extracted using several combinations of NADES solvents, including Betaine: Citric Acid (1:2), Betaine: Malic Acid (1:1), Betaine: lactic Acid (1:2), Betaine: Tartaric Acid (1:1) and Betaine Oxalic Acid (1:1). The sieved ginger powder was added into 75 % v/v NADES in a solvent/solid ratio of 30/1. The mixture was ultrasonic extracted in an ultrasonic bath with an ultrasonic input power of 300 W and a frequency of 40 kHz under desired conditions. Analysis of the levels of gingerol and shogaol compounds in the extract was carried out using the validated High-Performance liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. The method was validated by determining its specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. Results: The results showed that the combination of NADES between betaine: lactic acid (1:2) is the best solvent that can extract the highest total gingerol and shogaol with a level of 15.09 mg/g. Conclusion: The combination of NADES between betaine: lactic acid (1:2) can extract the highest total gingerol and shogaol compared to other NADES combinations.

Post-tensioning tendon force estimation of in-service prestressed concrete structure using cylindrical lamb waves

This paper proposes an ultrasonic-based force estimation technique for the post-tensioning (PT) tendon of an in-service prestressed concrete structure. First, three macro fiber composite transducers are installed on the surface of an in-service PT tendon subjected to an unknown tensile force for the generation and measurement of cylindrical Lamb waves. Then, the velocities of the longitudinal and shear waves are calculated using the measured cylindrical Lamb waves at two ultrasonic input frequencies. Subsequently, the Poisson’s ratio, elastic modulus, and strain induced by the PT tendon force are estimated from the longitudinal and shear wave velocities. Finally, the PT tendon force is obtained from the estimated mechanical property values. The experimental validation was performed using a mono-strand PT tendon under various temperature conditions, and the developed technique estimated the unknown PT tendon force in the range of 10–100 kN with a 6.22 kN maximum error and a 2.99 kN root-mean-square error. The uniqueness of this paper includes (1) no requirement for temperature compensation for field deployment, (2) PT tendon force estimation without calibration of the PT tendon force and cylindrical Lamb wave relationship, and (3) easy sensor installation and no interference with the PT construction process.

Floatability of Fluorite and Calcite Inhibited by Sodium Hexametaphosphate via Ultrasonic Activation

In order to separate fluorite and calcite inhibited in tungsten tailings, the effect and mechanism of using ultrasonic external field activation to separate fluorite and calcite inhibited by sodium hexametaphosphate in a sodium oleate system were investigated. After pretreatment with an ultrasonic external field with a frequency of 40 kHz and sound intensity of 0.56, 0.50 and 0.40 W/cm2, the flotation recovery of calcite could be increased from 16.08% to about 80%, while the flotation recovery of fluorite was only increased from 7.5% to about 20%, with a difference of 60% between the two flotation recoveries, and the larger the sound intensity, the shorter the pretreatment time and the smaller the ultrasonic input energy. The contact angle of the calcite surface increased, sodium oleate adsorption increased, and zeta potential decreased after ultrasonic pretreatment, while the contact angle, sodium oleate adsorption, and zeta potential of fluorite surface were less changed. The results of heat of adsorption and XPS measurements showed that more heat was released from the interaction between sodium hexametaphosphate and fluorite, and the Ca2p peaks on the surface of fluorite were shifted to a greater extent after the interaction, which inferred that the adsorption of fluorite and sodium hexametaphosphate was relatively easier and stronger. It is presumed that the ultrasonic pretreatment can bring the mineral surface to different degrees of desorption according to the adsorption strength of sodium hexametaphosphate, exposing Ca2+ active sites for sodium oleate adsorption, while expanding the floatability difference between fluorite and calcite.

Biodiversity and big data to investigate the link between biosonar sensing and flight control in bats

Any animal with dexterous mobility in complex natural environments needs powerful systems for sensing and mobility that also have to be well-integrated with each other. Echolocating bats that hunt in dense vegetation rely on biosonar integrated with flapping flight to accomplish this. The low-dimensional nature of the biosonar inputs together with the complexity of the bats' flight apparatus make this coupling a fundamental scientific challenge. To understand how bats can control the many degrees of freedom of their wings based on external information that is conveyed by only two one-dimensional echo trains, a flight tunnel has been instrumented with synchronized high-speed video cameras and ultrasonic microphones. The array recordings can provide data volumes that are large enough to enable deep-learning analyses of the biosonar echoes and the flight kinematics. These analyses will be applied to reducing the dimensionality of ultrasonic inputs, the kinematic outputs, and discovering the relationship between the essential dimensions of biosonar and flight. The tunnel has been installed on the island of Borneo to take advantage of the local bat biodiversity as a source of variability that can be exploited in a comparative approach to identify functional traits that are essential to sensorimotor integration in echolocating bats.

Deicing behavior and residue characteristic on cold surface excited by ultrasonic vibration

An experimental study concerning the removal of iced droplets from cold flat surface by ultrasonic vibration was conducted. The detailed dynamic behavior of iced droplets located on different position of the cold surface subjected to 20 kHz ultrasonic vibration was observed. The ultrasonic vibration results in a ring-shape uneven equivalent stress distribution, which led to different residual characteristics of the iced droplets in different zones. It is found that the iced droplets can be instantly released after the ultrasonic excitation and four different residue states were observed as well as the de-icing effective and failure zones were divided. The ice residual characteristics are related to uneven distribution of equivalent stress and independent of the distance to the vibration source. The effects of freezing time and freezing temperature on residual states and residual coverage ratio of ice crystals were analyzed. The iced droplets in shorter freezing time and higher temperature can be more easily removed by the same ultrasonic input power. The outcomes of this study on the classification of ice residual types by the different ultrasonic strength zones not only can bring insights into the ultrasonic deicing theory improvement but also provides ideas for designing ultrasonic deicing devices.

Experimental investigation of the heat transfer and friction loss of turbulent flow in circular pipe under low-frequency ultrasound propagation along the mainstream flow

The characteristics of the heat transfer and friction loss of turbulent water flow in a circular pipe were investigated experimentally at a constant surface temperature of 45 ℃ for 28 kHz ultrasound propagation along the mainstream flow. Transducers were installed in five rows and three columns in the upstream section of the test pipe, and the number of active transducers was varied (1, 3, and 15) for a Reynolds number range of 10,000–25,000. The results indicated that the ultrasonic effects yielded positive results for both the heat transfer and pressure loss of the pipe flow. Under the influence of 15 ultrasonic transducers, the maximum Nusselt number ratio was 1.57 and the greatest reduction in the friction factor was 21.6 % for a Reynolds number of 10,000. The corresponding maximum thermal performance factor was approximately 1.7. However, the thermal efficiency tended to decrease with an increase in the number of transducers. The maximum thermal efficiency values under ultrasonic waves with 1, 3, and 15 transducers were 5.43, 3.37, and 1.95, respectively. When the change in the friction factor per ultrasonic input power was considered, the most suitable number of ultrasonic transducers was three. Finally, predictive formulas were proposed for the Nusselt number ratio and friction factor ratio under low-frequency ultrasound, with deviations from −5.5 % to 5.4 % and −7.4 % to 7.4 %, respectively.

Augmentation of natural convection heat transfer in enclosures via ultrasound: Effects of power, frequency and temperature

• Ultrasonication improves convective heat transfer in enclosures by as much as 77%. • Effect of ultrasonic power heightens at higher frequencies. • Acoustic streaming observed to contribute the most to the observed enhancement. • Per unit ultrasonic power, the observed enhancement is proportional to frequency. • Only at higher frequencies, integration of ultrasound results in energy-saving. The integration of ultrasound to enhance the natural convection heat transfer in an enclosure was experimentally investigated. The effects of ultrasonic power, ultrasonic frequency and surface temperature on convective heat transfer coefficient were analyzed to optimize the ultrasonic input. A novel dimensionless number is defined that indicates the ultrasound-induced convective heat transfer enhancement per added unit of delivered ultrasonic power. To determine and justify the effectiveness of incorporating ultrasound from an energy-savings point of view, the total energy to the system to increase the temperature to a certain degree in non-ultrasonic and ultrasound-assisted experiments was compared. With respect to ultrasonic power, application of ultrasound at any power level enhances the convective heat transfer coefficient by as much as 77% while the effect of power heightens with an increase in frequency. Amongst the three examined frequencies, integration of ultrasound was observed to enhance heat transfer more at higher frequencies. The surface temperature appears to have a negative effect on the observed ultrasound-enhanced heat transfer where higher temperatures abate the enhancement. Per unit ultrasonic power added to the system, higher frequencies show greater improvement in convective heat transfer. Comparing the trends in variation of the augmented heat transfer, the kinematic momentum resulting from acoustic streaming and the acoustic cavitation critical bubble radius with the ultrasonic frequency revealed that at lower frequencies acoustic cavitation is the augmenting mechanism and at higher frequencies acoustic streaming induces the enhancement with acoustic streaming having a higher impact in augmenting natural convection heat transfer. In terms of energy savings, a novel analysis focusing on the energy intensity of utilizing ultrasound unveiled that only at higher frequencies does integration of ultrasound result in lower total energy consumption.

Physical field simulation of the ultrasonic radiation method: An investigation of the vessel, probe position and power

In this paper, the effects of ultrasonic probe position, vessel shape, and ultrasonic input power on the sound pressure distribution in the reactor were investigated by solving the Helmholtz equation using COMSOL Multiphysis@ software. Three different types of glass containers were used in the study, which are beaker, Erlenmeyer flask, and round bottom flask. The maximum value of sound pressure in the three containers will gradually increase when the distance between the probe and the bottom of the container decreases. When the distance decreases, the area of the high acoustic pressure region in the round bottom flask does not change significantly, while the area of the high acoustic pressure region in the beaker and Erlenmeyer flask increases sharply, which means that the use of the round bottom flask can reduce the influence of the dead zone on the preparation of nanomaterials. In addition, the change in power increases the value of the peak negative acoustic pressure in the vessel, enhancing the response efficiency of ultrasonic cavitation.

Kinetics of iron removal from quartz under ultrasound-assisted leaching

AbstractKinetics of iron removal from quartz under the ultrasound-assisted leaching was explored in this paper, and the effects of temperature, leaching time, stirring speed and ultrasonic input power on iron removal were studied. The results revealed that the reaction kinetics followed the shrinking core model and the product layer internal diffusion was the rate-determining step in the ultrasound-assisted leaching process. The activation energy of the ultrasonic-assisted leaching reaction was 27.72 kJ/mol, which was 7.28 kJ/mol higher than that of the regular method. Moreover, the kinetic equation and mathematical model of iron removal from quartz were established. Compared with the regular leaching, only 40 min were required for the ultrasound-assisted leaching process to achieve an iron removal rate of up to 74%. Under the optimal parameters, SiO2 content of concentrate increased from 99.5828% to 99.9047%, and Fe2O3 content reduced from 0.0857% to 0.0223%. Additionally, it was found that the iron removal rate increased with increasing temperature, stirring speed or ultrasonic power.

Cost effective biomethanation via surfactant coupled ultrasonic liquefaction of mixed microalgal biomass harvested from open raceway pond

The present study aimed to enhance the biomethanation potential of mixed microalgae via cost effective surfactant coupled ultrasonic homogenization (SCUH). Mixed microalgae biomass was harvested using a coagulant (Alum) from a raceway pond. The harvested algal biomass was subjected to ultrasonic homogenization (UH) by varying the power from 100 to 180 W. A maximal soluble organic release of 2131 mg/L was achieved at an ultrasonic input energy (UIE) of 25200 kJ/kg TS. In order to enhance soluble organic release and to reduce energy spent, the optimized condition of ultrasonic pretreatment was coupled with varying sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) dosage. A higher solubilization of 30.5% was achieved at a UIE of 4200 kJ/kg SS with surfactant dosage of 0.02 g SDS/g SS for SCUH. SCUH showed higher methane production of 358 mL/g COD when compared to UH (185.9 mL/g COD), SCUH was economically feasible than UH.

Ultrasound assisted methanolysis of polycarbonate at room temperature.

The present work demonstrates an attempt to depolymerize Polycarbonate (PC) at room temperature, which otherwise requires extreme temperature and pressure conditions. It was achieved by the use of ultrasound to intensify the methanolysis reaction of PC. Use of ultrasound showed a significant enhancement in the rate of methanolysis which leads to a reduction in the reaction time from 45 min to 15 min to depolymerize 5 g PC at 30 °C by using 0.1 g NaOH and THF to methanol ratio equaling 3 (w/w). Bubble dynamic study also leads to a conclusion that the highest cavitational enhancement can be achieved at THF to methanol ratio equaling 3 (w/w) which might be due to the fact that this solvent mixture exhibits the least viscosity at this composition. The effect of various parameters such as temperature, NaOH concentration, ultrasonic input power and solvent composition were investigated. The products obtained were bisphenol-A(BPA) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) which were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography (GC) respectively.

Применение способа подвода ультразвукового воздействия и оценка его эффективности при сварке трением с перемешиванием алюминиевых сплавов

Применение способа подвода ультразвукового воздействия и оценка его эффективности при сварке трением с перемешиванием алюминиевых сплавов

Online fatigue crack prognosis using nonlinear ultrasonic modulation

This article presents an online remaining fatigue life estimation (prognosis) technique using nonlinear ultrasonic modulation. When two ultrasonic inputs at two distinct frequencies are introduced to a structure with a fatigue crack, modulation components at the sum and difference of input frequencies are generated owing to crack opening and closing. First, a fatigue index is defined for prognosis and extracted from nonlinear ultrasonic modulation measurement. Subsequently, it is shown that the fatigue index is expressed as a simple power function of loading cycles applied to a target structure based on the Nazarov–Sutin and Paris–Erdogan theories. Then, the real-time remaining fatigue life estimation method is proposed by fitting the power function to online data obtained from the target structure. The performance of the proposed prognosis technique is evaluated using either notched or welded aluminum (6061-T6) plate specimens.

Vulnerability of MEMS Gyroscopes to Targeted Acoustic Attacks

The goal of this paper is to assess the vulnerability of MEMS-based gyroscopes to targeted ultrasonic attacks. Towards this objective, a surface micromachined planar MEMS gyroscope is fixed in space and subjected to ultrasonic waves with frequencies near its driving frequency. The ultrasonic input is shown to produce deceptive low-frequency angular velocity readings in the yaw direction. Using physics-based mathematical model of the gyroscope, it is shown that the misalignment between the sensing and driving axes of the gyroscope is the main culprit behind the vulnerability of the gyroscope to ultrasonic attacks. It is also concluded that ultrasonic attacks on MEMS gyroscopes can impose high-security risks. In addition to the attack being barely audible, the resulting deceptive angular velocity signals have a very low frequency content which cannot be attenuated by adding a low-pass filter. Furthermore, the current approach implemented to eliminate unwanted vibrations from the output signal of the MEMS gyroscopes by using an identical proof mass to perform differential measurements is clearly ineffective in shielding the gyroscope from ultrasonic attacks. As such, new measures have to be taken to protect MEMS gyroscopes from targeted acoustic attacks.

Acousto-thermo-mechanical deformation of hydrogels coupled with chemical diffusion.

We develop an acousto-thermo-mechanical theory for nonlinear (large) deformation of temperature-sensitive hydrogels subjected to temperature and ultrasonic inputs, with diffusion mass transport driven by osmotic pressure accounted for. On the basis of the strain energy due to network stretching, the mixing energy of polymers and small molecules, the Cauchy stress of the deformed hydrogel can be obtained. The acoustic radiation stress generated by the ultrasonic inputs is incorporated into the Cauchy stress to give the constitutive equations of the acousto-thermal-mechanical hydrogel. The mixing energy contains an interaction parameter as a function of temperature and polymer concentration so that hydrogel deformation is temperature dependent. By employing the incompressible condition of polymers and molecules, both the temperature and acoustic radiation stress contribute to osmotic pressure, inducing hydrogel swelling (or shrinking). Specifically, for a temperature-sensitive hydrogel layer immersed in solvent, its acoustic-triggered large deformation is comprehensively analysed under different boundary conditions (e.g. free swelling, uniaxial constraint and biaxial constraint).

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Simultaneous Extraction of Three Active Compounds from the Fruits of Forsythia suspensa and Comparison with Conventional Extraction Methods.

An efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method was developed for simultaneous extraction of three active compounds, forsythiaside A (FSA), phillyrin (PHI) and rutin (RT), from the fruits of Forsythia suspensa. The effects of various factors including a binary mixed solvent of methanol/water and ethanol/water, the pH of the solvent, particle size, temperature, solvent to material ratio, ultrasonic input power and extraction time on UAE were investigated in detail. The mass transfer mechanism of UAE using different mixed solvents was further explained by comparison with the maceration extraction method. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the experimental variables including ethanol concentration, solvent to material ratio and extraction time. The optimized conditions for the simultaneous extraction of RT, FSA and PHI were: particle size 60–80 mesh, temperature 30 °C, ultrasonic power 200 W, ethanol concentration 50%, solvent to material ratio 32 mL/g and extraction time 37 min. Compared to conventional extraction methods, UAE provided the highest extraction efficiency and offered many advantages including the reduction of solvent, temperature and time for extraction.

Development Of Ultrasonic Testing Based On Delphi Program As A Learning Media In The Welding Material Study Of Detection And Welding Disables In The Environment Of Vocational Education

The development of science and technology has a direct impact on the preparation of qualified workers, including the preparation of vocational high school graduates. Law Number 20 the Year 2003 on National Education System explains that the purpose of vocational education is to prepare learners to be ready to work in certain fields. One of the learning materials in Vocational High School is welding and detecting welding defects. Introduction of welding and detecting welding defects, one way that can be done is by ultrasonic testing will be very difficult if only capitalize the book only. Therefore this study aims to adopt ultrasonic testing in a computer system. This system is called Delphi Program-based Ultrasonic Testing Expert System. This system is used to determine the classification and type of welding defects of the welded defect indicator knew. In addition to the system, there is a brief explanation of the notion of ultrasonic testing, calibration procedures and inspection procedures ultrasonic testing. In this system, ultrasonic input data testing that shows defects entered into the computer manually. This system is built using Delphi 7 software and Into Set Up Compiler as an installer. The method used in this research is Research and Development (R & D), with the following stages: (1) preliminary research; (2) manufacture of software design; (3) materials collection; (4) early product development; (5) validation of instructional media experts; (6) product analysis and revision; (8) media trials in learning; And (9) result of end product of instructional media. The result of the research shows that: (1) the result of feasibility test according to ultrasonic material testing expert that the system is feasible to be used as instructional media in welding material subject and welding defect detection in vocational education environment, because it contains an explanation about detection method of welding defect using method Ultrasonic testing in detail; (2) feasibility test results according to media experts, that this system has a very attractive visual, user friendly, compatible with windows and Linux and media size that is not too large; And (3) result of test by using data of indication of welding defect in PT PAL Surabaya, obtained classification data of welding defect in accordance with calculation of welding defect classification.

A study on the effect of main process parameters of rotary ultrasonic machining for drilling BK7 glass

BK7 glass is an important engineering material with extensive applications in high-quality and precision transmissive optical components. However, BK7 glass is considered to be a difficult-to-cut material due to its high brittleness and nonconductivity. This article presents the use of rotary ultrasonic machining process for drilling holes in BK7 glass. No previous reports have been found in the literature to experimentally investigate the response of the BK7 glass to rotary ultrasonic drilling. The experimental investigations take into account the effect of the key rotary ultrasonic machining input parameters including the ultrasonic power, spindle speed and feed rate on the output responses of cutting force, exit chipping, surface roughness, hole cylindricity and overcut errors, and surface integrity. The results show that the input parameters within the current ranges can significantly affect the quality of the drilled holes. Moreover, the selected level of any input parameter has the ability to significantly affect the influence of the other input parameters on the output responses. Through proper selection of input parameters, holes could be drilled in BK7 glass with less fractured topography, low surface roughness (1.32 µm), low exit chipping size (0.85), and very low cylindricity (3 µm) and overcut (73.6 µm) errors.

Reliability improvement of nonlinear ultrasonic modulation based fatigue crack detection using feature-level data fusion

In this study, the reliability of nonlinear ultrasonic modulation based fatigue crack detection is improved using a feature-level data fusion approach. When two ultrasonic inputs at two distinct frequencies are applied to a specimen with a fatigue crack, modulation components at the summation and difference of these two input frequencies appear. First, the spectral amplitudes of the modulation components and their spectral correlations are defined as individual features. Then, a 2D feature space is constructed by combining these two features, and the presence of a fatigue crack is identified in the feature space. The effectiveness of the proposed fatigue crack detection technique is experimentally validated through cyclic loading tests of aluminum plates, full-scale steel girders and a rotating shaft component. Subsequently, the improved reliability of the proposed technique is quantitatively investigated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. The uniqueness of this study lies in (1) improvement of nonlinear ultrasonic modulation based fatigue crack detection reliability using feature-level data fusion, (2) reference-free fatigue crack diagnosis without using the baseline data obtained from the intact condition of the structure, (3) application to full-scale steel girders and shaft component, and (4) quantitative investigation of the improved reliability using receiver operating characteristic analysis.

Визуализация изображений дефектов при ручном ультразвуковом контроле деталей и узлов подвижного состава железных дорог

The article suggests a method for visualizing internal defects of parts and units of rolling stock, which is performed by representing defects images on type B and C scans in automated and mechanized ultrasonic testing systems. Methods of defectometry for manual ultrasonic testing by the echo impulse method are considered. Author presents the mathematical apparatus and the algorithm for determining the defect type by a two-frequency defectometry method. A mathematical apparatus and an algorithm are proposed for determining the equivalent sizes of defects of various types, such as point volume and planar defects and extended volume and planar defects. First, the types of defects are determined by a two-frequency method, then using the obtained data and mathematical transformations they are formed and displayed in the output window of the B- and C-scans of the monitored section. Work on the formation of the image of defects is carried out automatically with the help of the NDTRT-14 software developed by the author. The presented methods of defectometry and the software product can be used for ultrasonic inspection of the parts of the carriage section of the rolling stock having a plane-parallel ultrasonic input surface and the bottom surface - treads of wheel-sets of the traction rolling stock (control of the main section from the inner side surface), solid-rolled wheels of cars and locomotives (wheels’ rim and hub control in the axial direction), rolled wheel centers of traction rolling stock (wheels’ rim and hub control in the axial direction), preforms of the driven and driving gears of the traction reducer (control in the axial direction). The software product was successfully introduced into the technological process of ultrasonic control of the elements of the carriage section of the mainline diesel locomotives in the Public Joint Stock Company Luganskteplovoz.