Ultrasonic Extraction Temperature Research Articles

Enhanced extraction of clove essential oil by ultrasound and microwave assisted hydrodistillation and their comparison in antioxidant activity

Clove essential oil (CEO) is recognized for its variety of bioactivities and is widely used in the fields of food and pharmaceuticals. Eugenol is the main component that causes the oil's effectiveness. This study included a bibliometric analysis to demonstrate the novelty of the CEO extraction method. A combination of ultrasound and microwave techniques was utilized to enhance the efficiency of hydrodistillation (HD) extraction of essential oil from clove bud in terms of extraction yield, extraction rate, and eugenol composition, which is a strong antioxidant agent. Meanwhile, the effects of ultrasonic extraction temperature and time, microwave distillation power and time, and the ratio of clove to water were also investigated. The optimum conditions were as follows: ultrasonic extraction was at 40 °C for 45 min, microwave distillation power was 400 W for 45 min, and the clove to water ratio was 1:20 (g/mL). The ultrasound pretreatment prior to microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (U-MHD) method obtained the CEO, which had a significantly higher extraction yield (16.80 ± 0.26 %) and a greater amount of eugenol (78.49 %) than the CEOs obtained by traditional HD and MHD methods. Corresponding to the antioxidant activity of CEO from U-MHD, it possessed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 2.79 ± 0.05 μg/mL, and it was comparable to the activity of eugenol. This is the first occurrence of CEO extraction employing the U-MHD procedure. This process could be used to enhance the bioactivity of CEO as well as its extraction efficiency, easy operation, rapid extraction, and eco-friendly technique. In terms of cost-analysis, MHD stands out as the most economically viable extraction method, boasting the lowest cost per 100 g product. The obtained results serve as fundamental data for implementing the scaling up of extraction processes to an industrial level.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids from Ilex Latifolia Thunb by Response Surface Methodology and their Influence over the Activity of Xanthine Oxidase

We have examined the ultrasonic ethanol extraction of Ilex latifolia Thunb flavonoids and the inhibitory effect of these flavo¬noids on xanthine oxidase. Four single-factor extraction conditions were examined: ethanol concentration (%), solid–liquid ratio (g/mL), ultrasonic extraction temperature (°C), and ultrasonic extraction time (min). With these data, the response surface methodology was adopted to optimize the ultrasonic extraction parameters. The optimal ultrasonic extraction parameters were determined to be the ethanol concentration of 49%, the solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:27, the ultrasonic extraction temperature of 74°C, and the ultrasonic extraction time of 97 min. Under the optimal conditions described ear¬lier, the experimental yield of flavonoids was 6.367% with a relative standard deviation of 1.9%, which was comparable to the theoretical extraction rate. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of flavonoids for xanthine oxidase is 5.50 mg/mL. The inhibitory effect was competitive and reversible, with an inhibitory kinetic constant Ki of 2.35 mg/mL.

Optimization of Taxol Extraction Process Using Response Surface Methodology and Investigation of Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Taxol in Taxus mairei.

Taxus mairei is an important source for industrial extraction of taxol in China. However, the standard and steps of extraction are currently not uniform, which seriously affects the taxol yield. In the present study, the influence of four factors (methanol concentration, solid-liquid ratio, ultrasonic extraction temperature, and ultrasonic extraction time) on the taxol yield was successively explored in T. mairei. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction process based on the single-factor experiments above. The optimal conditions were as follows: methanol concentration was 90%, solid-liquid ratio was 1:15 (g/mL), ultrasonic extraction temperature was 40 °C and ultrasonic extraction time was 60 min. Moreover, the twigs and needles from T. mairei with different tree ages were treated by the optimum extraction process, which further revealed temporal and spatial distribution of taxol in the reproducible tissues. Interestingly, the taxol content was relatively higher in needles of T. ‘Jinxishan’ (a cultivar from T. mairei with yellow aril, FY), but was less in FY twigs. The accumulation of taxol in twigs and leaves of females (with red aril, FR) was significantly higher than that of males (M); however, the content showed a decreasing trend with the increasing tree ages. Therefore, it is suitable to increase the proportion of female trees especially the FY leaves as raw materials for the industrial production of taxol from T. mairei, and the tree ages should be better controlled at 3–7 years.

Extraction, isolation and bioactivity of oligostilbenes from oil peony seed shells

An efficient strategy for the extraction of total oligostilbenes extract (TOE) from oil peony seed shells was developed. The chemical constituents, the antimicrobial and antitumor activities of TOE were also measured. Based on the results, the optimum conditions were as follows: an ultrasonic extraction temperature of 64.0 °C, an ultrasonic extraction time of 25.0 min, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 25.0 mL/g, and an ethanol concentration of 66.0%. With these conditions, the extraction yield of TOE was 20.5%. Bioactivity assays showed that the TOE had varying degrees of antibacterial activity and strong antitumor activity in vitro. Twelve oligostilbenes were isolated from the TOE, and trans-gnetin H and suffruficosol B were the main compounds in the oil peony seed shells. These results suggested that the TOE from oil peony seed shells can be prepared as value-added products for their good antimicrobial and antitumor activities.

Research on the Extraction Process in Aqueous Two-Phase System of Moringa Leaf Flavonoids

Moringa leaves were used as raw materials, ethanol and ammonium sulfate were used to construct a aqueous two-phase system to extract the flavonoids from Moringa leaves. The solid-liquid ratio, ethanol content, ultrasonic extraction time, and ultrasonic extraction temperature were selected as single factors, and the extraction process of flavonoids was optimized through single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments. The optimal process was: 1:110 of solid-liquid ratio, 45 % of ethanol concentration, 15 minutes of ultrasonic extraction time, 70 °C of ultrasonic extraction temperature. Under this condition, the extraction rate of Moringa leaf flavonoids reached 8.37 %.

Extraction optimization of raspberry proanthocyanidins and determination of its antioxidant activities in vitro

ABSTRACTThe isolation of proanthocyanidins from raspberries and their antioxidant activity remains an ongoing challenge. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction method of raspberry proanthocyanidins by response surface analysis. Assessment of the effect of AB-8 macroporous adsorption on obtaining proanthocyanidin monomers of different composition and evaluation of their antioxidant activity. Determination of protective effects of proanthocyanidins by cell proliferation assay. Under the optimized extraction conditions of 60% ethanol, material-to-liquid ratio of 1:30, ultrasonic extraction temperature of 44°C, time of 2 h, and power of 450 watts (W), the yield of proanthocyanidins was 0.914%. The four separated proanthocyanidins, D1, D2, D3, D4, showed dose-dependent antioxidant activities, with D2 having the best antioxidant effect. 100 μg/ml of D2 could scavenge above 90% free radicals and achieve above 85% of human cell survival rate. The identified extraction conditions and antioxidant activities may drive the development of potential health-promoting ingredients.

High-efficiency separation and analysis of monosaccharides in Pueraria polysaccharides by pressurized capillary electrochromatography

Pueraria polysaccharides have been proven to possess biological activities such as bacteriostasis, anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, and immunity boosting activities. The variation in the structure, composition, and amount of monosaccharides in these polysaccharides may lead to different spatial structures and biological activities. Therefore, extraction of Pueraria polysaccharides and determination of the monosaccharide composition are of great significance for activity analysis and quality control. Direct detection of saccharides is difficult because they are strongly polar and do not show absorption in the ultraviolet region. At present, the commonly used methods for saccharide detection are liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection, gas chromatography-ultraviolet detection, and mass spectrometry. Pressurized capillary electrochromatography is a high-efficiency microseparation technology. In this study, two kinds of Pueraria polysaccharides were extracted by an ultrasonic-assisted method, and response surface methodology was performed to explore the conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Pueraria. The interaction effects of four factors, the liquid-solid ratio, ultrasonic extraction time, ultrasonic extraction temperature, and ultrasonic power, on the extraction rate of the polysaccharides were analyzed. By combining the optimal conditions predicted by the software and the actual equipment conditions, the optimal extraction conditions for Pueraria polysaccharides were chosen as follows:ultrasonic extraction temperature, 90℃; liquid-solid ratio of Pueraria thomsonii Benth, 20 mL/g; liquid-solid ratio of Pueraria lobata Ohwi, 40 mL/g; ultrasonic extraction time, 30 min; ultrasonic power, 180 W. Through data fitting, the multiple quadratic regression equation of the four factors on the extraction rate of Pueraria polysaccharides was established. A novel method based on pressurized capillary electrochromatography for the separation and analysis of eight neutral monosaccharides has been established. The monosaccharides were derivatized by the 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone pre-column derivatization method. The separation conditions for these monosaccharides were explored, and the buffer concentration, buffer pH, applied voltage, type of chromatographic column, and mobile phase ratio were optimized. Finally, the established pressurized capillary electrochromatography-ultraviolet detection method was applied to the detection and identification of two kinds of actual Pueraria polysaccharide samples. The results of response surface analysis showed that among the four experimental factors, ultrasonic extraction temperature had the greatest influence on the extraction rate of polysaccharides from the two kinds of Pueraria, followed by the liquid-solid ratio; the influence of the ultrasonic extraction time and ultrasonic power was relatively weak. The experimental conditions were determined as follows:the separation of eight neutral monosaccharide derivatives could be realized within 24 min on a Halo-2.7 μm core-shell C18 capillary column with acetonitrile-50 mmol/L ammonium acetate aqueous solution (18:82, v/v, pH 4.1) as the mobile phase, by detection at 250 nm under an applied voltage of-20 kV. The separation and detection speeds and the column efficiency achieved with this method were much better than those obtained with the traditional liquid chromatography method. The results show that the proposed method has a good linear relationship and good repeatability. The separation and identification results for the actual samples showed that the polysaccharides of Pueraria thomsonii Benth were mainly composed of glucose, mannose, rhamnose, and fucose in the molar ratio 1.00:0.16:0.14:0.07. The polysaccharides of Pueraria lobata Ohwi were mainly composed of glucose and mannose in the molar ratio 1.00:0.70. This study provides a novel method for the rapid and efficient separation and detection of neutral monosaccharides, and serves as a reference for analyzing the monosaccharide composition of Pueraria polysaccharides.

A Study of the Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Isoliquiritigenin from Glycyrrhiza uralensis.

We successfully extracted isoliquiritigenin from Glycyrrhiza uralensis through the utilization of an ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (ILUAE) approach. Briefly, we utilized the solution of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIM]Br) as solvent and optimized key ILUAE parameters such as solid-liquid ratios, concentrations of ionic liquids, and the times of ultrasonication. Based on a single-factor experiment, we utilized the response surface method (RSM) approach to optimize the extraction procedure. The approach revealed that the optimal energy consumption time was 120 min, with the ultrasonic extraction temperature of 60°C. Using these optimized parameters together with the solid-liquid ratio (dried G. uralensis powder: [BMIM]Br of 0.3 mol/L) of 1 : 16.163 and the [BMIM]Br of 0.3 mol/L, we achieved a 0.665 mg/g extraction yield. Overall, these findings thus indicate that we were able to effectively use ILUAE as an efficient approach to reliably extract isoliquiritigenin in a reproducible and environmentally friendly manner.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Nepeta (Nepeta binaludensis Jamzad)

Ultrasonication technology was utilized for extraction of effective components from Nepeta (Nepeta binaludensis Jamzad). Response surface methodology was employed in order for investigation the effects of independent process variables (ultrasonic extraction time (UET, min): 5, 10 and 15 min, ultrasound amplitude (UA, %): 20, 60 and 100%, ultrasonic extraction temperature (UEC, °C): 25, 35 and 45 °C and ultrasonic duty cycle (UDC, %): 20, 60 and 100%) on the yield (Y), total phenolic compounds (TPC), half maximal of radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity (IC50) and ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) of ethanolic Nepeta extract. According to Derringer’s desired function approach, the optimal conditions based on both individual and combinations of all process variables were UET 15 min, UA 60%, UEC 25 °C and UDC 60%. At this optimum condition, the Y, TPC, IC50 and FRAP of the ultrasound-assisted extract (USx) were found to 10.93%, 402.63 mg GA/kg, 0.33 mg/mL and 2838.34 µmol Fe2+/kg, respectively which were well matched with the predicted values. The evaluation of antioxidant activity (IC50 and FRAP) indicates that the phenolic compounds from Nepeta possess significant antioxidant activity. Also, HPLC analysis revealed that at optimal condition of UAE, the quantity of caffeic acid (85.71%), rutin (3550%) and rosemarinic acid (468.62%) in extract increased in comparison with conventional method (solvent extraction).

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Monoterpene Glycoside from Oil Peony Seed Cake.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of total monoterpene glycosides extract (TMGE) from oil peony seed cakes was investigated. The extraction yield was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The chemical constituents of the monoterpene glycosides extract were isolated by repeated column chromatography, and the contents of the main isolated monoterpene glycosides in the oil peony seed cakes were determined by HPLC. The optimum conditions were as follows: a liquid-to-solid ratio of 27 mL/g, ultrasonic extraction time of 16 min, ultrasonic extraction temperature of 26 °C, and ethanol concentration of 67%. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of TMGE was 10.24%. Twenty monoterpene glycosides were isolated from the oil peony seed cakes, and compounds 11-12, 16 and 20 showed strong inhibitory activities on NO production. TMGE from oil peony seed cakes can also to be used as promising immunosuppressive drug due to its high content of monoterpene glycosides and immune-inhibitory activity. PRACTICAL AAPPLICATION: The peony seed oil was authorized as a new food by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China. Peony seed cake is one of the most important by-products in the preparation of peony seed oil, and accounts for approximately 40% of the total mass of the peony seed. Total monoterpene glycosides are the main active ingredient of oil peony seed cake. This research has optimized the extraction conditions of total monoterpene glycoside from seeds cake of Paeonia ostii, which will provide useful reference information for further studies, and offer related industries with helpful guidance in practice.

Extraction of Phytosterols from Corn Silk

An efficient ultrasonic assisted extraction procedure of phytosterols was established from corn silk (CS). The orthogonal test was applied to optimize the process parameters and a maximum phytosterols recovery as high as 10.59±0.12 mg/g was achieved by ultrasonic treatment for 55 min with liquid–solid ratio of 12:1 at 35 ℃, 220 w. The ultrasonic extraction temperature has the most significant effect on extraction yield of phytosterols.

Rapid recovery of high content phytosterols from corn silk

BackgroundPhytosterols have important physiological and officinal function.MethodsAn efficient ultrasonic assisted extraction, purification and crystallization procedure of phytosterols was established from corn silk for the first time.ResultsThe orthogonal test was applied to optimize the process parameters and a maximum phytosterols recovery as high as 10.5886 mg/g was achieved by ultrasonic treatment for 55 min with liquid–solid ratio of 12:1 at 35 °C, 220 w. The ultrasonic extraction temperature (T, °C) has the most significant effect on extraction yield of phytosterols. An orthogonal crystallization test was performed and the optimal conditions [crystallization temperature of 8 °C, time of 12 h and solid–liquid ratio of 1:1 (g/ml)] afforded maximum phytosterols purity of 92.76 ± 0.43%.ConclusionsAn efficient extraction and crystallization procedure was established.

Extraction of Antioxidant Compounds from Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) Peel as Agricultural Waste in Taiwan

Besides being an agricultural waste, rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) peel has been widely known as good antioxidant source. However, no information about the antioxidant or their way of extraction for rambutan grown in Taiwan can be found. Since its major bioactive compound is geraniin, one of polyphenol compounds, so that total phenolic was used as an index to investigate the optimum condition of extraction from rambutan peel (red and yellow) in Taiwan. Extraction was conducted based on solvent ratio (1:10 to 1:30 g/mL), ethanol concentration (0 to 95 %), ultrasonic extraction temperature (30 to 70°C), and extraction method (conventional from 6 to 36 h at room temperature and ultrasonic from 0.5 to 10 min at 50oC). Results showed that the highest total phenolic content found in red rambutan variety was at 1:15 (g/mL) ratio, but no significant difference for yellow rambutan. Forty percent of ethanolic extraction and 50°C for ultrasonic extraction for both varieties. Conventional method (12 h) and ultrasonic method (2 min) resulted in the highest total phenolic recovery. As to their antioxidant activity in this study, FRAP ranged from 3800.25±86.49 to 4116.5±88.41 (µmol Fe2+/g D.W), flavonoid from 6.41±0.48 to 8.57±0.35 (mg Quercetin/g D.W), and total phenolic recovery from 297.78±4.06 to 358.42±4.63 (mg GAE/g D.W.). This is the first paper regarding the study of rambutan peel in Taiwan.Keywords: Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.), geraniin, antioxidant, agricultural waste

Application of Ultrasonic Technology to Tea Saponin Extraction

Commercial crude tea saponin as raw material, the effect of ultrasonic technology on tea saponin extraction was investigated. Ethanol was selected as the suitable extraction solvent. The six single factors including ethanol concentration, solid-liquid ratio, ultrasonic time, ultrasonic power, ultrasonic frequency and ultrasonic extraction temperature were studied. The four factors of ethanol concentration, solid-liquid ratio, ultrasonic time, ultrasonic temperature were mainly studied by designing orthogonal experimental. The results show that tea saponin content increases from 48.57% to 90.21% under optimum conditions of ethanol concentration 90% (mL/mL), ultrasonic extraction temperature 40 °C, solid-liquid ratio 1:9, ultrasonic extraction time 40 min. The result indicates that the content of the tea saponin could be effectively improved through the ultrasonic technology.

Study on Extracting Technology of Vc from <i>Momordica charantia</i>

Balsam pear was used as the research object in experiment, the technological parameters were studied such as the way of crushing, leaching agent type and its concentration, solid-liquid ratio, ultrasonic extraction temperature, time, power's influence on the extraction yield of Vc, and the ultrasonic extraction time, temperature, ultrasonic power on the L9 (34) orthogonal test analysis. Results showed that bitter melon slices, and solid-liquid ratio is 1:7, citric acid as leaching agent and the concentration of 1%, ultrasonic power is 80 w, leaching temperature 30 °C, 40 min leaching time, leaching of balsam pear Vc the highest rate.

Orthogonal test design for optimization of the ultrasonic extraction of naringin from Citrus grandis tomentosa

Citrus grandis tomentosa is a premature or maturescent dried pericarp of C. grandistomentosa or C. grandis (L.) Osbeck, and it is one of the most important crude drugs in traditional Chinese medicine. In this article, C. grandis tomentosa rich in naringin was used as an experimental material. This research, study the effects of ultrasonic extraction temperature, ratio of solvent to raw material, extraction time, and ultrasonic power for the extraction yield of naringin through a single-factor exploration. Then, through an orthogonal experiment (L9(3)4), it was investigated to get the best extraction conditions. The results showed that the effect of these factors on the extraction yield decreases in the order:extraction time> ultrasonic power> extraction temperature> ratio of solvent to raw material.The highest yield was obtained when temperature, ratio of solvent to raw material, ultrasonic time and ultrasonic power were 40°C, 20:1, 50 min, and 280 W, respectively. the experiment was repeated three times with the selected condition, the average extraction yield of naringin from the C. grandis tomentosa was 82.11%. Compared with conventional extraction methods, ultrasonic extraction is time-saving, energy saving, and in the low temperature. Key words: Ultrasonic extraction, orthogonal experiment, Citrus grandis tomentosa, naringin.

Optimizing ultrasonic ellagic acid extraction conditions from infructescence of Platycarya strobilacea using response surface methodology.

The infructescence of Platycarya strobilacea is a rich source of ellagic acid (EA) which has shown antioxidant, anticancer and antimutagen properties. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the conditions for ultrasonic extraction of EA from infructescence of P. strobilacea. A central composite design (CCD) was used for experimental design and analysis of the results to obtain the optimal processing parameters. The content of EA in the extracts was determined by HPLC with UV detection. Three independent variables such as ultrasonic extraction temperature (°C), liquid:solid ratio (mL/g), and ultrasonic extraction time (min) were investigated. The experimental data obtained were fitted to a quadratic equation using multiple regression analysis and also analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. The 3-D response surface and the contour plots derived from the mathematical models were applied to determine the optimal conditions. The optimum ultrasonic extraction conditions were as follows: ultrasonic extraction temperature 70 °C, liquid:solid ratio 22.5, and ultrasonic extraction time 40 min. Under these conditions, the experimental percentage value was 1.961%, which is in close agreement with the value predicted by the model.