Ultrasonic Bath Research Articles

ZIF-8 nanoparticles synthesis for pH-sensitive release of corrosion inhibitor

Zeolite imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8), with porous structure and pH sensitivity, is an ideal stimulus-response nanocarrier for delivering molecules. Choosing the appropriate synthesis conditions for achieving the accessible porosity volume is the main challenge in creating ZIF-8. This study synthesized new micro-mesoporous ZIF-8 nanoparticles with a 3.11 nm pore size using an ultrasonic bath in a methanol-dimethylformamide mixed solvent. The response surface methodology was used to explore the impact of the synthesis environments. It was found that the optimized conditions were 8.38 ligand-to-metal ion ratio, 100 % power, 64 min, and 6.11 methanol/dimethylformamide. The optimized particles loaded with a corrosion inhibitor, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, demonstrated a faster inhibitor release in acidic pHs due to the breakdown of the ZIF-8 structure. This research concluded that blending solvents with varying strengths can yield superior physicochemical properties, facilitating micro-mesoporous ZIF-8 production with high pore volume. This discovery holds promise for producing ZIF-8-based materials that benefit various applications.

Application of Portable Near-Infrared Instrument for Analysis of Spirulina platensis Aqueous Extracts

Spirulina platensis microalga has become recognized as a promising source of highly nutritious food components to feed the growing global population. Because of its high protein content, abundance of essential amino acids, and excellent digestion, it is employed in human nutrition and there is growing interest in analyzing bioactive compound present in Spirulina platensis microalga. In this work, a portable near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer was used for the monitoring of physicochemical properties (extraction yield (EY), total polyphenols concentration (TPC), total proteins concentration (TP), antioxidant activity measured by (i) the DPPH method (DPPH) and (ii) FRAP method (FRAP)) of Spirulina platensis aqueous extracts. The ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction (ultrasonic bath with an ultrasound frequency of 35 kHz) of bioactive molecules from Spirulina platensis was performed throughout 30 independent experiments. NIR spectra were recorded in the wavelength range of 900–1700 nm. Raw NIR spectra were subjected to the physicochemical properties applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA), partial least square (PLS), and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling. Results show that ANN models developed for the prediction of TPC and DPPH can be utilized for extraction process control (RER > 10), while the other three models can be employed for screening (RER > 4). Generally, the obtained results indicate significant potential for using portable NIR spectroscopy for the analysis of Spirulina platensis aqueous extracts.

Comparative study on the extraction methods, characterization, and bioactivity of crude fucoidan, a polysaccharide derived from Sargassum ilicifolium

Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide known for its anticancer, immunomodulant, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity is abundant in brown seaweeds. Sargassum ilicifolium, a brown alga, was not extensively explored for fucoidan extraction using different methods and assessments of their impact on its structural and therapeutic characteristics. This study aimed to compare the structural features, biological activity, solubility, and emulsification characteristics of fucoidan extracted from Sargassum ilicifolium using conventional and ultrasonic bath extraction. The ultrasonic bath extraction method was 2.5 times higher than the conventional method to extract fucoidan. The structural integrity of fucoidan obtained by both methods was compared using FTIR, 1HNMR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, and DSC. The monosaccharide composition of fucoidan was determined by TLC. The IC50 values for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects on oral cancer cells were found to be significantly lesser for crude fucoidan of S. ilicifolium obtained by ultrasonic bath method than for conventional extraction. Furthermore, fucoidan from the alga has emulsifying and water-holding characteristics which supports its potential use in the food processing industries.

A comparison of four decontamination procedures in Reusing healing abutments: An in vitro study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the effect of four decontamination methods on the level of residual contaminants in the re-usage of dental healing abutments. Materials and methodsIn this experimental study, 50 used healing abutments were divided into five groups of ten as follows: 1. Control group: healing abutments were submerged in the ultrasonic device then autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 min; 2. Hypochlorite group: Same procedure as the control group, but the healing abutments were additionally immersed in 3 % hypochlorite for 20 min; 3. Chlorhexidine group: Same procedure as the control group, but the healing abutments were additionally treated with 12 % chlorhexidine; 4. Air polishing group: Same procedure as the control group, but the healing abutments were subjected to air polishing; 5. Hydrogen peroxide group: Same procedure as the control group, but the healing abutments were additionally exposed to 3 % hydrogen peroxide. Then, all healing abutments were stained with a protein-specific stain, Phloxine B. Five photographs were taken of each healing abutment, with four capturing the body (shank)and one capturing the top. All images were analysed, to measure the stained (contaminated) areas of each sample. The obtained data were analysed using statistical software (significance set at p < 0.05). ResultsThe one-way ANOVA test indicated that the average percentage of contamination residues on the occlusal surface did not show a significant difference among the five groups: control: 5.5 ± 2.8, sodium hypochlorite: 4.9 ± 2.5, Chlorhexidine: 5.3 ± 2.5, air polisher: 3.1 ± 1.8 and Hydrogen peroxide: 4.8 ± 3.1. (p = 0.26). The average percentage of residual contamination on the body surfaces (shank part) was significantly lower in the air polisher (1.7 ± 1.1) and sodium hypochlorite (2.4 ± 1.1) groups compared to the other three groups (Control: 6.1 ± 2.3, Hydrogen peroxide: 4.6 ± 0.7, Chlorhexidine: 5.4 ± 2.4) (p < 0.05). ConclusionThe results of this study showed that the use of sodium hypochlorite and air polishing, alongside autoclaving and ultrasonic cleaning, effectively reduced residual contamination on the body surfaces of healing abutments.

Bioinspired Surface Ligand Engineering Regulates Electron Transfers in Gold Clusterzymes to Enhance the Catalytic Activity for Improving Sensing Performance.

Metal nanoclusters feature a hierarchical structure, facilitating their ability to mimic enzyme-catalyzed reactions. However, the lack of true catalytic centers, compounded by tightly bound surface ligands hindering electron transfers to substrates, underscores the need for universal rational design methodologies to emulate the structure and mechanisms of natural enzymes. Motivated by the electron transfer in active centers with specific chemical structures, by integrating the peroxidase cofactor Fe-TCPP onto the surface of glutathione-stabilized gold nanoclusters (AuSG), we engineered AuSG-Fe-TCPP clusterzymes with a remarkable 39.6-fold enhancement in peroxidase-like activity compared to AuSG. Fe-TCPP not only mimics the active center structure, enhancing affinity to H2O2, but also facilitates the electron transfer process, enabling efficient H2O2 activation. By exemplifying the establishment of a detecting platform for trace H2O2 produced by ultrasonic cleaners, we substantiate that the bioinspired surface-ligand-engineered electron transfer can improve sensing performance with a wider linear range and lower detection limit.

A SEM/EDS evaluation of debris removal of used rotary Ni-Ti endodontic files by four different cleaning solutions

PurposeThe aim of this study was to compare the efficacies levels of four cleaning solutions for removing debris from rotary Nickel-Titanium (Ni–Ti) endodontic instruments. Materials and methodsTwelve instruments that fractured during ex vivo instrumentation were used. Fractured surfaces were investigated by SEM before and after 3, 6 and 9 min of ultrasonic cleaning in 17 % EDTA.3NaOH (Group A), 2.5 % NaOCl (Group B), Dentasept 3H Rapide (Group C) and ZymeX™ (Group D) solutions. EDS analyses of selected files from all four groups of untreated and ultrasonically cleaned samples were performed to assess the elemental composition of the alloy surfaces. ResultsSEM analysis revealed that after 9 min of ultrasonic agitation, all four investigated solutions had cleaned fractured surfaces. However, some low-atomic-number regions exhibited random distributions on the fractured surfaces. EDS analyses indicated that only C was retained on surface after 9 min of ultrasonic cleaning. This finding was common in all tested groups. ConclusionsAll four investigated solutions substantially removed debris from the surfaces of the Ni–Ti files and were considered appropriate for clinical practice.

One-pot microwave-assisted approach of polydiacetylene/zinc oxide nanocomposite for reversible thermochromic

This study introduces a new technique to fabricate the reversible poly(PCDA/ZnO) nanocomposites thermochromism. Our preparation process is the solution-mixing method, which is supported by microwave synthesis time instead of ultrasonic bath or stirrer. The presence of ethanol molecules in aqueous media in the solution-mixing method induces dipolar polarization. In addition, the presence of Zn2+ leaking out of the ZnO can produce ionic polarization. These factors affect the shape of poly(PCDA/ZnO) nanocomposites based on their thermochromic properties. The optical properties of poly(PCDA/ZnO) nanocomposite were determined through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The morphology of this nanocomposite was examined by scanning electron microscopy, and its crystallinity was investigated by X-ray diffraction. The inter-intrachain interaction was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the poly(PCDA/ZnO) nanocomposite embedding PVA was prepared. The reversible theromochromic properties of poly(PCDA/ZnO) nanocomposites demonstrated a higher color transition temperature with increasing microwave synthesis time. It is an important observation to understand the effect of microwave synthesis time on the morphology and reversible thermochromism of the poly(PCDA/ZnO) nanocomposite

Flexible NH3 gas sensors based on ZnO nanostructures deposited on kevlar substrates via hydrothermal method

Owing to their flexibility and high thermal resistance, para-aramid based Kevlar™ fabric substrates are an ideal candidate for obtaining flexible gas sensors for new-generation wearable technologies. The morphology of the surface of the substrate where the target gas comes into contact directly affects the important features of the sensor such as detection limit, selectivity, and response. In this context, a feasible technique is introduced to enhance the efficiency of flexible gas sensors utilizing ZnO/Kevlar™, entailing the modification of ZnO morphology. ZnO based gas sensing layers were deposited on Kevlar™ fabric substrates by a two-stage method. Initially, seed layer was produced on Kevlar™ fabric using the ultrasonic bath method, with five different seed layer processing times ranging from 1 min to 20 min. In the nucleation, all nanostructured layers were deposited by hydrothermal method with constant parameters and under the same conditions. As the seeding time was increased, nanorods (1D) formed on the surface became flakes (2D), leading to considerable improvement in NH3 gas sensing properties. The sensor with a 5-min seeding time showed a sensitivity of 49 % at an optimal operating temperature of 190 °C, while the sensor produced in 20 min showed the best response performance with 169 % at 130 °C for 50 ppm NH3 gas. The increase in seeding time not only reduced the operating temperature of the gas sensor through the conversion from 1D nanostructure to 2D, but also significantly increased the sensor response. Under constant hydrothermal conditions and solution concentration, the density per unit area increases. However, after 10 min of seeding, the length of nanorods shortens and turn into a rod-flake hybrid morphology. A superior sensor performance was demonstrated for the samples examined. The obtained results also showed that flexible Kevlar™ fabric could be a feasible and interesting substrate for nanostructured ZnO-based NH3 gas sensors.

Evaluation of postoperative pain in endodontic retreatment with apical periodontitis using ozonated 2% chlorhexidine and 0.1% octenidine application: A randomized clinical trial.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare postoperative pain (PP) in single-visit nonsurgical endodontic retreatment (SV NSER) with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), 0.1% octenidine (OCT) with or without ozone, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). In this randomized, parallel, prospective, double-blind, clinical trial, 132 single-rooted, root-filled teeth with symptomatic apical periodontitis (AP) requiring NSER were allocated into six groups randomly (n = 22/group): 2% CHX with NaOCl (CHXH), 2% Ozonated CHX without NaOCl (OCHX), 2% Ozonated CHX with NaOCl (OCHXH), 0.1% OCT with NaOCl (OCTH), 0.1% Ozonated OCT without NaOCl (OOCT), and 0.1% Ozonated OCT with NaOCl (OOCTH). Standard NSER protocol was followed groups were irrigated with 15 ml of ozonated or nonozonated irrigant (CHX/OCT) for 3-5 min with ultrasonic agitation. PP at baseline, after 6, 12, 24, 48 h, and 7 days was recorded using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Logistic regression of predictor variables was compared using the Chi-square test. For group-wise and time-wise comparisons, a two-way analysis of variance followed by the post hoc Bonferroni test was carried out. None of the patient-related variables in logistic regression obtained a statistically significant (P > 0.05) role in PP. The VAS score after 6 h was OCHX (4.72) > OOCT (4.42) > CHXH (4.23) > OCTH (3.95) > OCHXH (3.42) > OOCTH (3.21). OOCTH and OCHXH groups demonstrated statistically significant reductions in VAS scores at various time intervals (P < 0.05). SV NSER with ozonated OCT, CHX irrigation, and NaOCl resulted in lesser PP at all time intervals, i.e., 6, 12, 24, 48 h, and 7 days in patients with symptomatic AP.

Effect of ultrasonic and Er,Cr:YSGG laser-activated irrigation protocol on dual-species root canal biofilm removal: An in vitro study.

The aim of the study was to investigate the disinfecting efficacy of a standardized irrigating solution activated by ultrasonics or laser irradiation on mature dual-species biofilms at different root levels in vitro. Conventional access cavity preparations were done on 160 single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth with single canals. Freshly extracted oral microbial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans after biochemical confirmation were used to generate two discrete dual-species microbial inoculums. The sterilized tooth samples were randomly segregated into two groups (n = 80) and inoculated with a mixed inoculum of S. aureus + E. faecalis strains (Group 1) and S. mutans + C. albicans strains (Group 2), respectively. Following the 21-day incubation period under aerobic conditions, the infected specimens in each group were divided into four subgroups (n = 20) and subjected to experimental treatment protocols. This included a positive control (no treatment of biofilms), syringe irrigation alone with TruNatomy needle, passive ultrasonically activated irrigation with 20# Irrisafe tip, and laser agitation of irrigant with Er,Cr:YSGG laser using RFT 2 laser tip. Root canals of experimental specimens (except the control samples) are instrumented with TruNatomy rotary file system using 1:1 mixture of 3% NaOCl and 18% etidronic acid as irrigants. The quantitative assessment of reduction in viable biofilm microbes after treatment was done using colony-forming unit counts and confocal laser scanning microscopy image analysis. The obtained data were analyzed statistically with a significant level set at 0.05. Laser-assisted irrigation has shown a considerably higher mean percentage reduction of microbes compared to ultrasonic agitation and the syringe irrigation showed the least microbial reduction (P = 0.001). No significant difference was noted between the three root regions of ultrasonic and laser groups (P > 0.05), whereas in the syringe groups, apical portions showed higher microbial counts compared to cervical and mid-root regions (P = 0.001). Erbium laser-assisted irrigation has performed superior to ultrasonic agitation against both the experimental dual-species biofilms, while the syringe irrigation showed the least microbial reduction specifically at apical root portions.

A simple new approach for mapping an ultrasonic tank for sonochemistry

The most used piece of equipment for sonochemistry is the ultrasonic cleaning bath. However, what is sometimes forgotten by scientists new to sonochemistry is the vital importance of the shape and positioning of any reaction vessel in the bath to obtain the most efficient and reproducible results. In experiments using an ultrasonic bath, a glass vessel (reactor) is inserted into the water contained in the bath. The water acts as the coupling medium for the transfer of acoustic energy from the transducer to the vessel (termed indirect sonication). The position of the reaction vessel above the base of the US bath can change the energy transmitted into it over a wide range of values (in our system between 100–500 J). We have carried out a study of the vertical distribution of the ultrasound field in a common type of ultrasound bath, comparing conventional sonochemistry dosimeters with a new and very simple approach using the Ultrasonic Capillary Effect (UCE) which can be performed in any laboratory. The technique involves the use of a capillary tube, to locate the vertical positions of acoustic pressure maxima above a single transducer on the base of the bath. The results are compared with those obtained using calorimetry, iodimetry, a cavitometer and the perforation of aluminium foil. The results show that the optimum position for the reaction vessel can be located very simply using UCE.

Er-Doped BiVO4/BiFeO3 Nanocomposites Synthesized via Sonochemical Process and Their Piezo-Photocatalytic Application.

In this work, Er-doped BiVO4/BiFeO3 composites are prepared using the sonochemical process with a difference of rare earth loading compositions. The crystallinity and chemical and morphological structure of as-synthesized samples were investigated via X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, and electron microscopy, respectively. The diffuse reflectance technique was used to extract the optical property and calculate the optical band gap of the composite sample. The piezo-photocatalytic performance was evaluated according to the decomposition of a Rhodamine B organic compound. The decomposition of the organic compound was achieved under ultrasonic bath irradiation combined with light exposure. The Er-doped BiVO4/BiFeO3 composite heterojunction material exhibited significant enhancement of the piezo-photocatalytic activity under both ultrasonic and light irradiation due to the improvement in charge generation and separation. The result indicates that Er dopant strongly affects the phase transformation, change in morphology, and alternation in optical band gap of the BiVO4 matrix. The incorporation of BiFeO3 in the composite form with BiVO4 doped with 1%Er can improve the photocatalytic performance of BiVO4 via piezo-induced charge separation and charge recombination retardment.

Efficiency of ultrasonic, sonic and mechanical complementary cleaning methods in the removal of filling material remaining of oval curved canals

The aim of this study was to compare efficacy in removing filling material remaining in oval and curved canals using different complementary cleaning methods. Material and methods: Sixty single[1]rooted tooth with oval shaped canal with curvature were prepared up to size 25 and .08 taper, filled and subsequently retreated. The teeth were then scanned in micro-CT and divided into 6 groups (n = 10) according to the complementary cleaning method: CUI with Irrisafe, CUI with NiTiSonic, PUI with Irrisafe, PUI with NiTiSonic, Eddy and XP-endo Finisher R. After, the teeth were newly scanned in micro-CT. The volume of the filling material remaining before and after the application of the complementary methods was calculated and then calculated the percentage of material removed total and in the apical region. Data were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn and Wilcoxcon tests with a significance level of 5%. Results: No suplementary cleaning method completely removed the remaining of filling material, however, all significantly reduced the volume, both in the apical region and in the total root canal (p&lt;0.05). There was no significant difference among the groups tested, regardless of the region analyzed (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: No method was effective in completely removing the remaining filling material. All complementary cleaning methods significantly reduce the volume of material, with no difference among them.

BaTiO3 Catalyzed Ultrasonic-Driven Piezoelectric-Induced Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer Polymerization in Aqueous Media.

Compared with normal stimulus such as light and heat, ultrasonic possesses much deeper penetration into tissues and organs and has lower scattering in heterogeneous systems as a noninvasive stimulus. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT) in aqueous media is performed in a commercial ultrasonic wash bath with 40kHz frequency ultrasonic, in the presence of piezoelectric tetragonal BaTiO3 (BTO) nanoparticles. Owing to the electron transfer from BTO under the ultrasonic action, the water can be decomposed to produce hydroxyl radical (HO•) and initiate the RAFT polymerization (piezo-RAFT). The piezo-RAFT polymerization exhibits features of controllable and livingness, such as linear increase of molar mass and narrow molar mass distributions (Mw/Mn < 1.20). Excellent temporal control of the polymerization and the chain fidelity of polymers are illustrated by "ON and OFF" experiment and chain extension, separately. Moreover, this ultrasonic-driven piezoelectric-induced RAFT polymerization in aqueous media can be directly used for the preparation of piezoelectric hydrogel which have potential application for stress sensor.

Removal of impurities accumulated on the surface of nanosecond laser-treated Titanium

Due to the efficient utilization of thermal energy by the interfacial evaporation, more and more research is attempting to apply it to concentrate wastewater. However, photothermal materials tend to accumulate impurities on their surface during the concentration process, which affects their subsequent use and requires periodic removal. Acidic, ultrasonic, and heated water cleansing methods are used to remove impurities from the surface of nanosecond laser-treated titanium (NLTI). Both acidic and ultrasonic cleansing are effective in removing impurities without damaging the micro-nano structure on the surface. After undergoing acidic cleansing, NLTI exhibits an evaporation rate of 1.25 kg/m2/h, which is 86.2% of its original performance. Similarly, after ultrasonic cleansing, NLTI exhibits an evaporation rate of 1.24 kg/m2/h, which is 82.6% of its original performance. It is worth noting that even after undergoing multiple cleansing cycles, both acidic, and ultrasonic cleansing maintain stable evaporation rates. Additionally, these cleaning methods are straightforward to implement, offering safeguard for the engineering application of solar thermal materials.

Extraction of Antioxidants from Brown Macroalgae Fucus spiralis.

In this study, different extraction methods and conditions were used for the extraction of antioxidants from brown macroalgae Fucus spiralis. The extraction methodologies used were ultrasound-assisted extraction (ultrasonic bath and ultrasonic probe), extraction with a vortex, extraction with an Ultra-Turrax® homogenizer, and high-pressure-assisted extraction. The extracts were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity, and evaluated through the 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Ultrasonic probe-assisted extraction yielded the highest values of TPC (94.78-474.16 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract). Regarding the antioxidant activity, vortex-assisted extraction gave the best DPPH results (IC50 1.89-16 µg/mL), while the highest FRAP results were obtained using the Ultra-Turrax® homogenizer (502.16-1188.81 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g extract). For each extraction method, response surface methodology was used to analyze the influence of the experimental conditions "extraction time" (t), "biomass/solvent ratio" (R), "solvent" (S, water % in water/ethanol mixture), and "pressure" (P) on TPC, DPPH, and FRAP of the F. spiralis extracts. In general, higher TPC content and higher antioxidant capacity (lower IC50 and higher FRAP) were obtained with higher R, t, and P, and lower S (higher ethanol %). The model regarding the combined effects of independent variables t, R, and S on the FRAP response values for vortex-assisted extractions best fitted the experimental data (R2 0.957), with optimal extraction conditions of t = 300 s, R = 50 g, and S = 25%.

Adherence of p-Terphenyl (PTP) film on the dichroic filter used for the X-ARAPUCA device

The adherence of the p-Terphenyl film to the substrate in the X-ARAPUCA dichroic filter is directly correlated with the long-term efficiency and durability of this device. This study presents the results of different cleaning methods established to analyze their contributions to the film's adherence to the substrate. The samples underwent analysis of their crystalline and morphological structure using XRD and AFM techniques. Three distinct techniques were employed in the adherence tests: ultrasonic bath, scratch test, and cryogenic immersion method with turbulence, as these devices will be submerged in liquid argon in the DUNE experiment.Results suggest that the deposited PTP layer exhibits a monoclinic crystalline structure, with topography revealing percolated planar grains and roughness ranging from 13 nm to 18 nm. The various adherence techniques employed yielded consistent results, highlighting the standard cleaning process involving Soap + H2O + N2 + Kiln as the preferred method.

Niosome gels encapsulate green mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an anti-acne-inducing bacterial and anti-inflammatory activity

This research aims to develop a niosome gel from green mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) by maceration with an ethanol solvent. The result of the yield percentage was 14.35 ± 0.90. The result of analyzing the phytochemicals by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was that tannin and xanthone were equal to 0.7483 ± 0.0825 mg per 100 mg of extract and 0.02964 ± 0.0088 mg per 100 mg of extract, respectively. The results of the determination of the effect include anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial (Cutibacterium acnes) as anti-inflammatory with nitric oxide from LPS-induced macrophage cells up to a maximum equal to 29.10 ± 4.78% as a concentration at 1 mg mL–1 as acetonide can inhibit nitric oxide equal to 33.12 ± 3.62% as a concentration at 1 mg mL–1. and anti-bacterial (Cutibacterium acnes) by broth microdilution and drop plate methods, it was found that clindamycin has a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.08 μg mL–1 and 0.31 μg mL–1, respectively. The development of niosomes consisting of cholesterol, tween 60, and mangosteen peel extract at 1% w w–1 and 2% w w–1 in every formula showed good stability. The reduction of particle size in the formula by an ultrasonic bath at 30 minutes and measurement of particle size with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) were found to be equal to 1,265 and 123 – 219 nm, respectively. The polydispersity index (PDI) was in the range of 0.1 – 0.2, and the zeta potential value was in the range of –26.15 to –28.61 mV. The result of hydration and trans epidermal water loss (TEWL) was found to be that after 4 weeks of use, the formula containing the niosomes of mangosteen peel extract concentrated at 2% w w–1 maximizes skin moisture. It has a value of 346 ± 39.27 and has the least surface water loss. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT HIGHLIGHTS The green mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) can inhibiting nitric oxide production from LPS-induced macrophage cells up to 29.10 ± 4.78% at a concentration of 1 mg ml-1, the lowest inhibitory (MIC) and kill (MBC) concentration of C. acnes bacteria less than 0.24 mg ml-1. The particle size of niosomes encapsulate extracts before reducing particle size equal to 1,265 nm. and after reducing particle size in the range of 123 - 219 nm. The skin hydration value after using product for 4 weeks as niosome gel encapsulate extract 2%w w-1 of extract was maximum moisture and minimal water loss.

New fabric phase sorptive extraction for nondestructive analysis of heritage textile samples

Several types of pesticides used in museum collections over time become dangerous for people who may handle textile articles treated with such substances. In the case of the analysis of ancient, modern, and contemporary textile materials, it is particularly important to keep the artifacts intact, as they cannot be replaced. The need to use micro- or nondestructive techniques led to the development of methods such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME), liquid‒liquid dispersive microextraction (DLLME), and single-droplet microextraction (SDME). In this paper is described an optimized extraction method of three pesticides (malathion, methoxychlor, and permethrin) by creating a non-destructive solid phase extraction system on a textile support, abbreviated FPSE – 100 % cotton fabric coated with a sol-gel solution prepared from a polymer (PEG or PDMS). To obtain a suitable FPSE, the following parameters were evaluated: polymer selection (individual or mixture of polymers), acid catalyst (trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid and hydrochloride acid), amount of polymer (1.0 g, 2.5 g or 5.0 g), polymerization time (30 min, 120 min and 240 min), ultrasonic bath temperature (40 °C and 70 °C), and type of bath to obtain the sol-gel (ultrasonic bath, water bath with stirring and mechanical stirrer). To complete the FPSE optimization, the influence of pesticide extraction time on FPSE and desorption from FPSE in ethyl acetate was also assessed.The pesticides extraction yields obtained for the laboratory textile samples are in the range of 52.7 %–128.0 %. The technique proposed in the manuscript proved to be effective as a nondestructive tool for evaluating and quantifying the presence of pesticides in textile museum collections. The approach described here reduces heritage object damage due to sampling compared to methods commonly employed and may represent a starting point for future research.

Ultrasonic cavitation noise extraction based on fence sampling

The composition of the ultrasonic cavitation sound field is complex, including fundamental, harmonic, subharmonic, super-harmonic, and broadband transient noise. Fundamental waves, harmonics, etc., may interfere with the analysis and research of broadband transient cavitation noise, so it is necessary to filter out these interferences in the sound field. This article conducts measurement experiments on the ultrasonic cavitation sound field generated by high-power ultrasonic cleaning transducers. By utilizing the characteristics of the fence effect, the acoustic signal in the ultrasonic cavitation sound field is resampled through fence sampling so that the fundamental and harmonic components are fused at 0 Hz and filtered out. The ultrasonic cavitation noise is successfully extracted, and its signal structure is the same as the noise component structure in the original signal.