Ultrasonic-assisted Transesterification Research Articles

Research on the preparation and quality control process of cattle liquid tallow

Liquid butter is a special process with unique flavor, which has strong commercial value in the deep processing of animal fat. In this paper, the preparation of liquid butter was based on centrifugal supernatant as the main raw material, and the process of preparing liquid butter by ultrasonic-assisted transesterification method was used to optimize the preparation of liquid butter by single factor and orthogonal experimental design according to the sensory, freezing point and iodine value of the product. The experimental results showed that the optimal formula of liquid butter was as follows: liquid-to-material ratio of 1:1, ultrasonic temperature of 50°C, and ultrasonic time of 50min. Using this ratio, the sensory score of liquid butter prepared from centrifugal supernatant was 87 points, the freezing point was 22.9°C, and the iodine value was 67.5g/100g. The liquid butter prepared by this process is clear and translucent, with unique flavor, and has certain nutritional and health care effects, which has certain reference value for future application in the field of deep processing of animal fat.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Preparation of Biodiesel Products from Vegetable Oils.

Utilizing vegetable oil as a sustainable feedstock, this study presents an innovative approach to ultrasonic-assisted transesterification for biodiesel synthesis. This alkaline-catalyzed procedure harnesses ultrasound as a potent energy input, facilitating the rapid conversion of extra virgin olive oil into biodiesel. In this demonstration, the reaction is run in an ultrasonic bath under ambient conditions for 15 min, requiring a 1:6 molar ratio of extra virgin olive oil to methanol and a minimum amount of KOH as the catalyst. The physiochemical properties of biodiesel are also reported. Emphasizing the remarkable advantages of ultrasonic-assisted transesterification, this method demonstrates notable reductions in reaction and separation times, achieving near-perfect purity (~100%), high yields, and negligible waste generation. Importantly, these benefits are achieved within a framework that prioritizes safety and environmental sustainability. These compelling findings underscore the effectiveness of this approach in converting vegetable oil into biodiesel, positioning it as a viable option for both research and practical applications.

Biodiesel production from a novel renewable source through the ultrasound-assisted transesterification process, using energy efficient nanocatalyst developed from waste material

The depletion of fossil fuels created a thrust for an alternative renewable energy source, which could involve sustainable energy formation and cost-reducing catalysts. The catalyst derived from the waste material, specifically a heterogenous nanocatalyst, could economically add value to the process. In this study, a novel microbial strain, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain SML (RM-SML), was used as a source of oil for biodiesel production. The nanocatalyst developed from the Central Avian Research Institute – Broiler (CARIB) breed eggshell was used as a catalyst for transesterification, increasing the sustainability and economic viability of the process. RM-SML yielded 68.79 % of oil to its total dry cell biomass. The calcium carbonate-rich CARIB breed eggshell was calcinated in this study to synthesize a highly dynamic heterogeneous CARIB breed eggshell nanocatalyst (CBESNC). The calcination process parameters involved in the nanocatalyst synthesis were optimized using response surface methodology, yielding a maximum calcium oxide of 38.827 %. The synthesized CBESNC was characterized for its size by scanning electron microscopy imaging and its crystallographic nature by X-ray diffraction analysis. CBESNC was used as a heterogeneous catalyst in the ultrasonic-assisted transesterification of RM-SML bio-oil. The effect of the CBESNC in RM-SML bio-oil transesterification was studied and optimized using the response surface methodology, which yielded a maximum biodiesel conversion of 98.33 %. The prediction model in optimization studies was found to fit with the process and was validated experimentally. RM-SML biodiesel was studied for its physicochemical properties and found to meet American Society for Testing and Materials biodiesel standards. It was further confirmed with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrum analysis. The energy analysis results proved the commercialization feasibility of the study.

Investigation on the effect of ultrasonic-assisted transesterification for green synthesis of glycerol carbonate from crude glycerol

The present work demonstrates the utilization of ultrasonic-irradiation for synthesis of glycerol carbonate (GC) with direct use of crude glycerol (C.Gly) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). This transesterification reaction was catalysed by calcium oxide (CaO) and the effect of ultrasonic-assisted transesterification reaction was studied. In order to verify the contents of C.Gly, the C.Gly obtained from biodiesel production plant was characterized and the results showed that C.Gly consists of 71.21%w/w glycerol, 16.01%w/w of moisture, 7.10%w/w of methanol, 2.76%w/w of ash, 3.60 %w/w of soap and 10.02%w/w of matter organic non-glycerol (MONG). Subsequently, effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, molar ratios of reactants and catalyst loading on C.Gly conversion and GC yield have been investigated. The highest yield of GC (95.41%) was attained with 9 mol% of CaO catalyst loading, 3:1 molar ratio of (DMC:C.Gly) at 70 °C for 90 min. The yield of GC was observed to rise with all the reaction parameters till the optimum conditions obtained. Moreover, the yield of GC obtained from ultrasonic-assisted was compared with the conventional-heating method done in the previous study. It was noticeable that the yield of GC obtained via ultrasonic-assisted was found to be 51.44% better than conventional-heating transesterification. In conclusion, the production of GC via ultrasonic-assisted transesterification shows better feasibility than that of the conventional-heating method.

Resource Recovery from Waste Coffee Grounds Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Technology for Bioenergy Production

Biodiesel is a proven alternative fuel that can serve as a substitute for petroleum diesel due to its renewability, non-toxicity, sulphur-free nature and superior lubricity. Waste-based non-edible oils are studied as potential biodiesel feedstocks owing to the focus on the valorisation of waste products. Instead of being treated as municipal waste, waste coffee grounds (WCG) can be utilised for oil extraction, thereby recovering an energy source in the form of biodiesel. This study evaluates oil extraction from WCG using ultrasonic and Soxhlet techniques, followed by biodiesel conversion using an ultrasonic-assisted transesterification process. It was found that n-hexane was the most effective solvent for the oil extraction process and ultrasonic-assisted technology offers a 13.5% higher yield compared to the conventional Soxhlet extraction process. Solid-to-solvent ratio and extraction time of the oil extraction process from the dried waste coffee grounds (DWCG) after the brewing process was optimised using the response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that predicted yield of 17.75 wt. % of coffee oil can be obtained using 1:30 w/v of the mass ratio of DWCG-ton-hexane and 34 min of extraction time when 32% amplitude was used. The model was verified by the experiment where 17.23 wt. % yield of coffee oil was achieved when the extraction process was carried out under optimal conditions. The infrared absorption spectrum analysis of WCG oil determined suitable functional groups for biodiesel conversion which was further treated using an ultrasonic-assisted transesterification process to successfully convert to biodiesel.

Ultrasonic assisted oil extraction and biodiesel synthesis of Spent Coffee Ground

Spent Coffee Ground (SCG) was studied as a potential source of oil feedstock for biodiesel production as an alternative waste utilisation instead of being disposed as municipal waste. This study evaluated the ultrasonic assisted oil extraction from SCG, which was followed by biodiesel conversion via transesterification. Hexane was found to be the most effective extractant for SCG oil. Soxhlet extraction could obtain maximum SCG oil yield of 12.5% within 3 h whereas the highest SCG oil yield (14.52%) using ultrasonic extraction was obtained at hexane to SCG ratio of 4 mL g−1 and at 30% ultrasonic amplitude for 30 min. The improved oil yield with shorter extraction time was due to the ultrasonic fragmentation on SCG cells, which enhanced the interactions between oil and solvents. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that the SCG oil possessed suitable functional groups for biodiesel conversion. Then, the SCG oil was successfully converted to biodiesel via ultrasonic assisted transesterification. The optimal FAME yield (97.11%) was achieved with molar ratio of methanol to SCG oil of 30:1, 4 wt% of catalyst concentration, at 30% ultrasonic amplitude and for 3 h. The produced SCG biodiesel has promising properties which adhere to the biodiesel standards but acid value was beyond the permissible limit which could be overcome by utilising as blend feedstock with other commercially available biodiesel. The high calorific value along with low viscosity, density and corrosion properties suggested SCG biodiesel as an interesting and viable option for biodiesel blending.

Hydrothermal synthesis of cobalt (II) 3D metal-organic framework acid catalyst applied in the transesterification process of vegetable oil

Biodiesel obtained from vegetable oils is considered a renewable fuel and because of its environmental advantages and low cost it is in sight of many investigations all around the world. This work discusses the application of a new metal-organic framework (MOF) on the ultrasonic-assisted transesterification process of Erythrina mexicana oil. The new heterogeneous catalyst cobalt (II) metal-organic framework MOF (1), was synthesized by the hydrothermal reaction of Co(NO3)2·6H2O, 1,2-di-(4-pyridyl)-ethylene (L1) and 5-Nitroisophthalic acid (L2) in water at 160 °C. Monocrystal X-ray diffraction method was employed to determine the molecular structure. The reaction to obtain biodiesel was carried out in an ultrasonic bath and finished in methanol at 60 °C and to determine and quantify the oil composition the Gas Chromatography (GC) method was employed, supported by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Finally, five fatty acid methyl esters were found in the composition of Erythrina mexicana oil.

Sonochemical synthesis of a new nano-sized barium coordination polymer and its application as a heterogeneous catalyst towards sono-synthesis of biodiesel

A new nano-sized barium coordination polymer, {(bipyH)[Ba2(pydc)2(Hpydc)(H2O)2]}n·nH2O (1), (bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine and H2pydc = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid), has been sonochemically synthesized and fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), FT-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and elemental analyses. Compound 1 was structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and it was shown that this compound consists of 1D anionic coordination polymers and bipyH+ cationic species that construct a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture via non-covalent interactions i.e. ion-pairing and hydrogen bonding. The role of compound 1 as a heterogeneous catalyst in the production of biodiesel was also investigated. A full conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel was accomplished in an exceptionally short timeframe through an ultrasonic-assisted transesterification process in the presence of compound 1.

Biodiesel production from microalgae oil through conventional and ultrasonic methods

ABSTRACTIn the present study, the oil extracted from the microalga Neochloris oleoabundans was used for producing biodiesel. The viscosity of microalgal oil was very high so transesterification was done by an ultrasonic method and a simple basic method. Free fatty acid content in oil was found high so a two-step transesterification reaction was used. Maximum yield of algal oil methyl ester was acquired by the ultrasonic method (98%) with improved physicochemical characteristics, whereas the biodiesel yield obtained by simple transesterification process was low (91%). The maximum oil content in N. oleoabundans was found to be 42% and major fatty acids include palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Finally, it was conferred that the ultrasonic-assisted transesterification method is the best technique for biodiesel production from microalgal oil.

Novel SrO-CaO Mixed Metal Oxides Catalyst for Ultrasonic-Assisted Transesterification of Jatropha Oil into Biodiesel

The transesterification of edible and non-edible oils to produce biodiesel is traditionally carried out using homogeneous catalysts (such as NaOH, KOH, and H2SO4). However, these homogenous catalysts often suffer from multiple drawbacks including their corrosive nature and solubility in the reaction mixture, and high costs associated with their recovery. Recent studies have shown that heterogeneous catalysts based on mixed metal oxides have the potential to address the issues associated with conventional homogeneous catalysts, thereby emerging as an efficient class of catalyst materials for biodiesel production. In this study, we describe a heterogeneous strontium oxide/calcium oxide (SrO-CaO) mixed metal oxides catalyst, which displays remarkable efficiency towards the ultrasonic-assisted transesterification of Jatropha oil into biodiesel. The SrO-CaO heterogeneous catalyst was prepared by the wet impregnation method, and the structural morphology of the as-synthesized catalyst was revealed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and nitrogen sorption technique coupled with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda methods. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the cubic structure of the SrO-CaO catalyst. The catalytic activity of this newly developed catalyst showed a high percentage conversion of triglyceride into the corresponding fatty acid methyl esters (98.19 %) as confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The chemical composition of the prepared biodiesel by this ultrasonic-assisted transesterification process was determined by the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Five major fatty acid methyl esters were identified, of which 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester was obtained with the highest percentage ~38.22 %. Hence, the study reveals that the SrO-CaO catalyst exhibits high efficiency towards converting Jatropha oil into biodiesel by ultrasonic-assisted transesterification.

Ultrasonic-assisted biodiesel production from waste cooking oil over novel sulfonic functionalized carbon spheres derived from cyclodextrin via one-step: a way to produce biodiesel at short reaction time

A novel sulfonated carbon derived from cyclodextrin showed high catalytic activity for the ultrasonic-assisted transesterification of waste cooking oil.

Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil via Ultrasonic-Assisted Catalytic System

In this study, production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) was carried out via ultrasonic-assisted transesterification method. Calcium oxide (CaO) was used as a catalyst. The effects of methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and the catalyst amount towards the percentage conversion of oil to biodiesel were investigated. The biodiesel produced was analyzed using GC-FID method. The results obtained showed that 82 % of oil was successfully converted into biodiesel. This indicates that the used oil (WCO) has the potential to be the future source of biodiesel. Catalyst concentration of 3 w/w%, methanol to oil molar ratio of 15:1 and temperature of 65°C are the best condition for the conversion of oil to biodiesel. The result obtained was found out that, methanol to oil molar ratio and catalyst amount has given significant effect on the conversion of oil. However, temperature ranged from (35 to 75) °C apparently, showed no significant effect on percentage conversion of oil.

Ultrasonic-assisted production of biodiesel from transesterification of palm oil over ostrich eggshell-derived CaO catalysts

In this study, waste ostrich eggshell-derived calcium oxide (denoted as CaO(OE)) particles were synthesized and explored as cost-effective catalysts for the ultrasonic-assisted transesterification of palm oil. The physicochemical properties of the resultant catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption, XRF and Hammett indicator, while the catalytic activity was evaluated through transesterification of palm oil with methanol under ultrasonic conditions. More specifically, the CaO(OE) showed comparable catalytic activity to the one derived from commercial calcium carbonate (denoted as CaO(Lab)). Moreover, under ultrasonic conditions, the catalytic activity of CaO(OE) could be enhanced significantly. The maximum yield of fatty acid methyl esters could reach 92.7% under the optimal condition of reaction time of 60min with ultrasonic power of 60% (120W), methanol-to-oil ratio of 9:1, and catalyst loading of 8wt.%. The results indicated that the CaO(OE) catalysts showed good catalytic performance and reusability, and may potentially reduce the cost of biodiesel production.

Research of Synthesizing Biodiesel from Suaeda Salsa by Ultrasonic-Assisted Transesterification

Suaeda salsa oil was taken as raw materials to produce biodiesel by ultrasonic-Assisted transesterification. Single factor experiment and the orthogonal experiment combination design were adopted to study the effects of ultrasonic frequency, ultrasonic power，reaction temperature ，reaction time，catalyst dosage and mole ratio of methanol to oil on biodiesel production rate. The order of factors that influence the biodiesel production rate within the experimental range was as follows: catalyst dosage＞reaction time＞reaction temperature＞mole ratio of methanol to oil. The optimal technological parameters should be as follows: ultrasonic frequency 28kHz, ultrasonic power 210W, reaction temperature 65 , reaction time 10min,catalyst dosage 0.3%and mole ratio of methanol to oil 6, and biodiesel production rate is 97.93% under such conditions.

Ultrasonic-assisted biodiesel production process from palm oil using alkaline earth metal oxides as the heterogeneous catalysts

The ultrasonic-assisted transesterification of palm oil in the presence of alkaline earth metal oxide catalysts (CaO, SrO and BaO) was investigated. Batch process assisted by 20 kHz ultrasonic cavitation was carried out to study the effect of reaction time (10–60 min), alcohol to palm oil molar ratio (3:1–15:1), catalysts loading (0.5–3%) and varying of ultrasonic amplitudes (25–100%). The activities of the catalysts were mainly related to their basic strength. The catalytic activity was in the sequence of CaO < SrO < BaO. At optimum conditions, 60 min was required to achieve 95% yield compared to 2–4 h with conventional stirring. Also, the yields achieved in 60 min increased from 5.5% to 77.3% (CaO), 48.2% to 95.2% (SrO), and 67.3% to 95.2 (BaO). Fifty percentage amplitude of ultrasonic irradiation was deemed the most suitable value and physical changes on the catalysts after the ultrasonic-assisted reaction were successfully elucidated. BaO catalyst underwent relatively more severe activity drop in the catalyst reusability test. Catalysts dissolution was found to be mainly responsible for activity drop of the reused catalysts, especially with BaO catalyst.