Ultrasonic-assisted Method Research Articles

Synthesis and characterization of K2CO3 over Salmon-fishbone catalyst, kinetics and DFT analyses and biodiesel catalytic production from castor oil

A cost-effective and recyclable catalyst, K2CO3 supported on calcined salmon fish bone (K2CO3/SFB), was synthesized using an ultrasonic-assisted wet impregnation method. Various characterization techniques, including XRD, XPS, BET, FESEM, TGA, and FT-IR, were used to analyze the prepared catalysts. The catalytic efficiency of the sonicated K2CO3/SFB catalysts was evaluated in the transesterification reaction between Castor oil and methanol to produce biodiesel. The study also investigated the impact of calcination temperature and K2CO3 loading on the catalyst's performance, revealing that the highest catalytic activity was achieved with K2CO3 calcined at 773 K with a loading of 20 wt%. Optimized conditions for biodiesel production included a loading of catalyst at 10 wt%, a mol proportioan of 10 to 1 for methanol/oil, and a reaction temperature set at 338 K over a period of 2 h, resulting in a process yield of 99.63 %. The catalyst exhibited good stability over six reaction cycles, with only an 8 % decrease in activity. The kinetics studies were investigated with PLS-R, assuming fatty acid methyl esters as the main product and mono- and diglycerides as intermediate and established 95 % confidence intervals and found a rate constant of 1.05 h−1 for the reaction and an energy required for activation. of 18.72 kJ/mol with the optimized catalyst. Additionally, DFT-D3 calculations showed strong interaction between the catalyst and triglyceride, with charge transfer enhancing the reaction rate, and p orbitals from the catalyst playing a significant role in hybridization with triglyceride's carbon and oxygen atoms.

Physicochemical, rheological, antioxidant and immunological properties of four novel non-inulin (poly)saccharides from Asparagus cochinchinensis

The impacts of four extraction techniques, including hot water, ultrasonic-assisted, complex enzyme-assisted and acid-assisted methods, on the morphological, physicochemical properties and bioactivities of Asparagus cochinchinensis (poly)saccharides (EACP, WACP, UACP, and AACP) were investigated and compared. The four samples were mainly composed of glucose, fructose, and galactose with molar ratios of 50.8:22.7:4.4 for WACP, 53.9:26.0:5.3 for UACP, 35.6:14.1:21.4 for AACP and 45.0:15.6:9.0 for EACP, respectively. The rheological result showed that ACPs were non-Newtonian fluids. EACP with high purity (97.65 %) had good DPPH, O2− and ABTS+ radical scavenging activities, and significantly promoted the proliferation of the RAW264.7 cells at low concentration. UACP had good Fe2+ chelating ability, radical (DPPH, O2− and OH) scavenging activities, which might be attributed to the existence of triple-helix structure. AACP had high yield, molecular weight (17,477.2 Da), high crystallinity (23.33 %), and good radical (OH and ABTS+) scavenging activities. All four significantly stimulated the transcript expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, as determined by RT-PCR. These results suggest that the exploitation and utilization of non-inulin (poly)saccharides extracted by ultrasonic-assisted, complex enzyme-assisted and acid-assisted extraction methods are potentially valuable as effective and natural immune adjuvants and antioxidants.

Fabrication of resveratrol-loaded soy protein isolate-glycyrrhizin nanocomplex for improving bioavailability via pH-responsive hydrogel properties

Resveratrol (RES) is a functional polyphenol that suffers from low water solubility and poor bioavailability. A novel RES-loaded soy protein isolate-dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (SPI-DG) nanocomplex (RES@SPI-DG) was designed and evaluated in this study. RES@SPI-DG was prepared using a simple but novel self-assembly ultrasonic-assisted pH-driven method. The interactions between RES and SPI-DG were non-covalent bonds, including hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions. RES@SPI-DG exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (97.60 ± 0.38 %) and loading capacity (8.74 ± 0.03 %) of RES with a uniform small size (68.39 ± 1.10 nm). RES in RES@SPI-DG was in an amorphous state and demonstrated a 24-h apparent solubility 482.53-fold higher than bare RES. RES@SPI-DG also showed strong in vitro antioxidant properties. The pH-responsive hydrogel character of SPI-DG makes it an effective intestine-targeted delivery system that could retard the release of RES in a simulated stomach and accelerate it in a simulated intestine. In animal experiments, the bioavailability of RES@SPI-DG was 5.17 times higher than that of bare RES, and the biodistribution was also significantly improved. RES@SPI-DG demonstrated a strong hepatoprotective effect against overdose acetaminophen-induced liver injury. The SPI-DG complex might be a promising nano-platform for enhancing the bioavailability and efficacy of hydrophobic polyphenols such as RES.

Green Tea Dregs (Camellia sinensis (L.) Extraction Method Effect on Cutibacterium acnes and Development of Spot Cream

Background: Acne is a prevalent skin health problem experienced by teenagers and adults. Green tea is one of the plants that can be used to treat acne. Green tea dregs contain catechins, which have antibacterial activity that causes acne. Objective: This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of green tea dregs extract against Cutibacterium acnes bacteria. Methods: This study used two brewing time variations and three green tea dregs with maceration variations. The obtained extract was then analyzed for its catechin content using the total phenolic test. Section, which has a high phenolic content, was then tested for its activity against Cutibacterium acnes bacteria using the microdilution method to obtain the MIC50 value. The extract with a brewing time of 2 minutes and the ultrasonic-assisted extraction maceration method had the highest MIC50 value of 8.586 mg/mL. The MIC50 value references extract concentrations used in acne spot cream formulations. The cream obtained after the stability test is semisolid, brown, and smells like tea. Spot cream is also homogeneous and meets the pH range in cosmetic preparations of 5.5. However, the viscosity of spot cream decreased significantly after storage to 4546 cPoise from 8106 cPoise. The decrease in the viscosity of the cream was caused by the catechin content in green tea dregs extract, which is acidic, thus reducing the effectiveness of the emulator in the form of triethanolamine, which is alkaline. The decrease in viscosity of the cream also caused the spreadability of the cream to increase and the stickiness of the cream to decrease.

Enhanced adsorption of phenol using graphene oxide-bentonite nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterisation, and optimisation

Wastewater treatment is crucial because it causes harm to the environment of human beings. Adsorbents are faulted by low adsorption capacity and difficult recovery due to organic pollutants. This study aims to improve adsorption capacities using bentonite and other environmentally friendly and economically feasible adsorbents. To do this, using Hammer's approach, bentonite was subjected to an acidic treatment (1.5 M H2SO4) and then hybridized with synthetic graphene oxide (GO). Integrating GO nanosheets within the interlayer of acid-activated bentonite and depositing them onto the exterior surface using a simple ultrasonic-assisted method successfully created a graphene oxide-bentonite nanocomposite. GO, and its composites (at 5 and 10 wt%) were characterized using ATR-FTIR, BET, XRD, FE-SEM, and AFM studies. The results demonstrated that GO with a single-layer thickness of 0.618 nm could be successfully fabricated. We employed energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to detect changes in chemical composition before and after phenol adsorption. It was thoroughly studied how essential factors, including adsorbent dosage, pH, agitation period, and beginning phenol concentration, affected adsorption behavior. An obvious increases of the adsorption capacities from 30.69 to 46.43 mg/g were achieved under ideal circumstances of pH 6, an 8-hour contact duration, and doses of 0.3 g and 0.2 g for GO-MB5 and GO-MB10 composites, respectively. The pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir equilibrium isotherm models efficiently described the adsorption process. More notably, the synthesized adsorbents could be successfully regenerated and used without major capacity losses after six cycles. This study highlights the effectiveness of GO-bentonite nanocomposites as effective adsorbents for environmental treatment.

Preparation, structural and functional characterization of corn peptide-chelated calcium microcapsules using synchronous dual frequency ultrasound

The utilization of peptide-chelated calcium is low due to the influence of factors such as solubility, heat and digestive environmental conditions; therefore, it is crucial to protect, prolong and stabilize this nutrient in order to enhance its efficacy. This study was conducted to prepare corn peptide-chelated calcium microcapsules using β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as the wall material through an improved ultrasonic-assisted method. The structure, solubility, thermal stability, and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of these microcapsules were thoroughly investigated and analyzed. The microcapsules were prepared using the following recommended conditions: a chelate concentration of 5 mg/mL, a mass ratio of chelate to β-CD of 1:8 g/g, and a synchronous dual-frequency ultrasound (20/28 kHz) at a power of 75 W, a duty ratio of 20/5 s/s, and a time of 20 min. These specific parameters were carefully selected to ensure the optimal fabrication of the microcapsules. The results showed that the utilization of dual-frequency ultrasound resulted in a significant increase in both the encapsulation rate and yield, which were enhanced by 15.84 % and 15.68 %, respectively, reaching impressive values of 79.17 % and 90.60 %. Moreover, the results of the structure index analysis provided further confirmation that ultrasonic treatment had a significant impact on the structure of the microcapsules, leading to a noticeable reduction in particle size and transformation into nanoparticles. Furthermore, the microcapsules demonstrated excellent solubility within a wide pH range of 2 to 10, with solubility ranging from 93.54 % to 88.68 %. Additionally, these microcapsules exhibited remarkable thermal stability, retaining a minimum of 84.8 % of their stability when exposed to temperatures ranging from 40 to 80 °C. Moreover, during gastric and intestinal digestion, these microcapsules exhibited a high slow-release rate of 44.66 % and 51.6 %, indicating their ability to gradually release calcium contents. The inclusion of dual-frequency ultrasound in the preparation of high calcium microcapsules yielded promising outcomes. Overall, our work presents a novel method for synthesizing corn peptide-chelated calcium microcapsules with desirable properties such as good solubility, excellent thermal stability, and a significant slow-release effect. These microcapsules have the potential to serve as fortified high calcium supplements.

Optimization of Ethanol Extraction Technology for Yujin Powder Using Response Surface Methodology with a Box-Behnken Design Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process-Criteria Importance through Intercriteria Correlation Weight Analysis and Its Safety Evaluation.

Here, we aimed to optimize the ethanol extraction technology for Yujin powder (YJP) and evaluate its safety. The ultrasonic-assisted ethanol reflux extraction method refluxing was used to extract YJP. The parameters were optimized through a combination of single-factor and response surface methodology (RSM). The comprehensive Y value score calculated using the content of 13 active ingredients in YJP ethanolic extracts (YEEs) and the yield of the dry extract were used as measuring criteria. RSM with a Box-Behnken design using three factors and three levels was adopted to optimize the ethanol extraction technology for YJP. Finally, acute and subchronic toxicity tests were performed to evaluate its safety. The results revealed the best technological parameters: a liquid-material ratio of 24:1, an ethanol concentration of 69%, assistance of ultrasound (40 °C, 50 kHZ, 30 min), reflux time of 53 min, and reflux temperature of 50 °C. In acute toxicity tests, the maximum administration dosage in mice was 28.21 g/kg, which is higher than 10 times the clinical dosage. Adverse effects in the acute and subchronic toxicity tests were not observed. All clinical indexes were normal. In conclusion, the RSM based on AHP-CRITIC weight analysis could be used to optimize the ethanol extraction technology for YJP and YEEs prepared under the above conditions and ensure high safety.

Label-free electrochemical cancer cell detection leveraging hemoglobin-encapsulated silver nanoclusters and Cu-MOF nanohybrids on a graphene-assisted dual-modal probe

Breast cancer detection at an early stage significantly increases the chances of successful treatment and survival. This study presents an electrochemical biosensor for detecting breast cancer cells, utilizing silver nanoclusters encapsulated by hemoglobin and Cu (II)-porphyrin-metal organic framework (BioMOF) in a graphene-incorporated nanohybrid probe. This Hb-AgNCs@MOF-G probe demonstrates high electrochemical activity, superior dispersity, porosity, and a large surface area for effective functionalization. Using a green ultrasonic-assisted stirring method, we fabricate ultra-small 5 nm particles that readily immobilize on a glassy carbon electrode, generating a detection signal when interacting with ferricyanide/ferrocyanide redox probes. The resulting immunosensor detects as few as 2 cells/mL using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) “signal on” and 16 cells/mL via Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) “signal off”, within a broad range of cell concentrations (102–5 × 104 cells/mL). Our designed sensor shows improved selectivity (5- to 16-fold) and robust detection in human blood with a recovery efficiency between 94.8–106% (EIS method) and 95.4–111% (SWV method). This sensor could streamline early cancer diagnosis and monitor patient treatment without requiring labelling or signal amplification. As a pioneering endeavor, we've utilized integrated porous MOFs with Hb-encapsulated silver nanoclusters in cancer detection, where these components collectively enhance the overall functionality.

Optimization and Kinetics Extraction of Natural Dyes from Henna Leaves (Lawsonia inermis L.) with Ultrasonic Assistance

The Lawson dye contained in the leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. has a red-orange color, which can be used as a fabric dye. The solvent is ethanol because it can attract flavonoid compounds bound to Lawson. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction method is employed to enhance the extraction process by breaking down cell walls, thereby facilitating a more rapid extraction of the desired solute. This study investigated the effects of material-to-solvent ratio, ethanol concentration, and extraction time. The research results were analyzed using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer to determine the yield of Lawson extract. The Face-Centered Composite Design (FCCCD) method was applied to this study to obtain optimal analysis results and extraction conditions. The independent variables in this study were the ratio of ingredients to solvent (0.02-0.06 g/g), ethanol concentration (20-60%), and extraction time (5-15 minutes). The optimal extraction conditions were obtained at a ratio of 0.02 g/g, an ethanol concentration of 60%, and an extraction time of 15 minutes, with a predicted model yield of 15.417%. The actual yield under these conditions was found to be 15.4934%. Furthermore, the extraction kinetics model was analyzed to study and predict the optimal Lawson extraction results. Extraction kinetics calculations were carried out using first-order and second-order based on the Lagergren equation. The most suitable extraction kinetic model is second-order with a determinant coefficient value, or the value of R2 is 1, which indicates that the order kinetic model equation represents the actual conditions.

Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of π-Conjugated Pyridine Rings-Modified C3N4/Bi@BiOCl Z-Scheme Heterogeneous Material.

The enhanced photocatalytic properties of Z-Scheme Bi@BiOCl/C3N4-DPY heterojunction materials were successfully prepared by the ultrasonic-assisted coprecipitation method. The Bi@BiOCl/C3N4-DPY heterojunction exhibited remarkable photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation, and the degradation rate of methyl orange (MO) was about 90.6% in 180 min. This impressive efficiency is mainly due to the Z-Scheme charge transfer mechanism in Bi@BiOCl/C3N4-DPY, resulting in the efficient separation of charge carriers and an increase in the REDOX potential of photogenerated electrons and holes. C3N4 was modified with a π-deficient conjugated pyridine ring, which caused the light absorption redshift, promoted the formation of oxidizing •O2-, and improved the photocatalytic activity. At the same time, a well-aligned heterojunction is formed at the interface between C3N4-DPY and BiOCl, facilitating the seamless transfer of light-induced electrons from the LUMO of C3N4-DPY to the CB of BiOCl. In addition, the addition of Bi introduces a unique band gap reduction effect, resulting in a change in the density of the band states, which further promotes charge transfer and separation. It is worth noting that the introduction of metallic bismuth (Bi) brings about a unique band gap reduction effect, resulting in a change in the density of states within the band, which ultimately promotes charge transfer and separation. The Z-scheme charge migration inside Bi@BiOCl/C3N4-DPY further promotes the efficient separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, greatly improving the overall efficiency of the material. The Z-structured photocatalyst developed in this study has great application potential in various fields of photocatalysis.

Preparation of layered double oxides encapsulated in carbon nanotubes to boost selective synthesis of higher alcohols from syngas: Modifying hydrogenation activity and restricting particle sizes by confinement effect

In this work, CuZnAl layered double oxides (LDOs) were encapsulated in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with different diameters by an ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel method. The CuZnAl LDOs filled in CNTs showed higher catalytic activity and good selectivity for higher alcohols. The catalysts were investigated by varied characterization technologies in order to explore confinement effect of CNTs. It is found that distortion of octahedral unit structure in LDH precursor is enhanced by confinement effect of CNTs. The electron-deficient inner surfaces of CNTs are responsible for the efficient dissociation of CO adsorbed inside CNTs. In addition, hydrogenation ability of the LDOs filled in CNTs is improved due to an obvious decrease in reduction temperature and auto-reduction effect of CNTs, and the restriction effect of CNTs on growth of LDO nanoparticles lead to a rise in their specific surface area. As mentioned above, the changes in structure and properties of LDOs loaded inside CNTs facilitate conversion of syngas into higher alcohols. Moreover, CNTs with small inner size show stronger confinement effect.

Enhanced hydrogen generation from biodiesel-waste glycerol using Ni/SBA-15 catalyst synthesized from boiler ash

The successful synthesis of the mesostructured SBA-15 derived from extracted boiler ash silica (BA) with distinct Ni loading (15 wt%, 20 wt%, and 25 wt%) towards H2 production from CO2 and C3H8O3 was explored. The catalysts prepared by the ultrasonic-assisted method were subjected to 8 h of GDR at 800 °C. The XRD and N2 sorption revealed reduced area and crystallinity in 25 wt% Ni versus 15 wt% Ni catalyst. 20 Ni/SBA-15(BA) exhibited a larger area (234 m2/g), aperture (8.99 nm), and small NiO crystallite (18.34 nm), implying well-dispersed Ni species on SBA-15(BA) surface. 20 Ni/SBA-15(BA) displayed the highest GDR catalytic activity (57 %), credited to its accessible structure, strong Ni–O–Si bonding, and good Ni dispersion that reduced coke formation (9.8 % carbon). This discovery highlights the excellent performance of 20 wt% of Ni loaded on SBA-15 by using green silica source extracted from waste material for H2 fuel production.

Ultrasonic Assisted Three Component Synthesis of 3-Cyano-pyridine-2(1H)-ones

The requirements of sustainability and the green chemistry principles have prompted organic chemistry researchers to come up with novel methods for the synthesis of organic compounds that require minimum energy consumption and pose lesser environment harm. Ultrasonication of reaction mixtures is one such methodology. High frequency sound waves are known to emit energy that is utilized in product generation. Attempts were made to synthesize 2-pyridone derivatives using ultrasonication assisted method of synthesizing 3-cyano-pyridine-2(1H)-one starting from a three component one pot reaction. The reaction between cyanoacetamide, aromatic ketones and substituted aromatic aldehydes in the presence of NaOH as base yielded 4,6-diaryl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives as a result of one-pot multicomponent reaction. The synthesized 4,6-diaryl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS and FTIR spectra. Ultrasonication has been found to significantly reduce reaction time, enhance reaction rate and yield compared to conventional heating methods.

Electrochemical, Photocatalytic and Photoluminescence properties of BaWO4 and rGO-BaWO4 nano-composites: A Comparative study

The rGO-BaWO4 (rGO-BWO) nanocomposites were synthesized by employing the ultrasonic-assisted co-precipitation method. Nanocomposites formed with BWO nanoparticles anchored to layers of reduced graphene oxide through in situ reduction and a homogeneous distribution of BWO nanoparticles were confirmed by SEM images. The rGO-BWO nanocomposite showed improved photocatalytic activity for the visible light degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye with a rate constant of 27 × 10−3 min−1 compared to pristine BWO. The band gaps for BWO nanoparticles estimated using UV–Vis DRS are of the order of 3.25 eV–4.25 eV, while they were 2.78 eV–3 eV for rGO−BWO nanocomposites. The delocalized surface charges induced by the interactions between the rGO and BWO nanoparticles in the composite material might be responsible for the observed reduction in the band gap. Photoluminescent investigations demonstrate that rGO-BWO nanocomposites have a lower peak intensity compared to pure BWO particles, indicating a reduced recombination rate and better photocatalytic activity. In particular, when used as supercapacitor electrodes, the produced nanocomposites outperform BWO. Because of its larger surface area, the rGO-BWO nanocomposites display two-fold higher outcomes including 586, 571, 406, 375 and 307 F/g compared to BWO 391, 352, 291, 214 and 174 F/g at each current density 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 A/g and faster charge transfer owing to improved porosity in the surface of rGO-BWO.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction, analysis and identification of water extract of propolis

Apis mellifera is one species of bee that produces propolis, a resin-based product. Propolis extraction using ultrasonic assistance is being widely studied. Using water as a solvent is a challenge to capture the bioactive components of propolis. This research aimed to determine the physicochemical quality resulting from the processing of propolis extract from Central Java by ultrasonics using water as a solvent at different temperatures and times. Raw propolis is extracted by the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method at low, medium, and high temperatures. Raw propolis is extracted by the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method at low, medium, and high temperatures. The study used nine treatments with three replications. The extraction time was carried out for 10, 20, and 30 minutes. The study used nine treatments with three replications. The results of the analysis showed that propolis extraction at different temperatures and times had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on the yield, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), with an average of 6.7–13.3%, 1.10–2.21 mg GAE/mL, and 0.07–0.32 mg QE/mL, respectively. Propolis extraction at different temperatures and times had no significant effect on tannin content, pH, and antioxidant activity. Regarding yield, TPC, TFC, and tannin content values, it was determined that extracting at high temperatures for 30 minutes produced the best results. High temperatures and long timespans are used for the best chance of collecting bioactive components.

Study on the adsorption of chlortetracycline in water on peanut shells decorated with magnetic particles by ultrasonic-assisted method

Study on the adsorption of chlortetracycline in water on peanut shells decorated with magnetic particles by ultrasonic-assisted method

Interface regulation of diamond-doped GaInSn composites

Diamond-doped GaInSn thermal interface materials have broad application prospects in the field of electronic thermal management. However, the poor wettability of diamond and liquid metal makes the fabrication of composites through simple mechanical agitation difficult. In this study, the wettability between GaInSn and diamond was improved by reducing the surface tension of liquid metal and improving the anisotropy of the diamond surface. The diamond/liquid metal (Dia/LM) interface structure was regulated by controlling the gallium oxide content. Ga2O3 was enriched in the GaInSn and diamond contact surface, which can reduce the surface tension of the liquid metal, improve the wettability of GaInSn to diamond, produce a mechanical locking force with the diamond surface, strengthen the bonding between the liquid metal and the diamond, and reduce the thermal resistance of the liquid metal/diamond interface. The Dia/LM interface structure was controlled by using crushed diamond. Result shows that the wettability of the surface (111) of the diamond was the best. The (100) and (110) planes with poor wettability were cut by the crushed diamond cleavage step, and the area of the crystal plane with poor wettability was reduced, thus improving the wettability of the liquid metal. The improvement of the crushed diamonds' wettability was verified by molecular dynamics calculation. The composite preparation technology of diamond and the GaInSn liquid metal was optimized, and the high-performance Dia/LM thermal interface material was prepared by ultrasonic-assisted and micro-oxidation methods.

Optimisation of ultrasonic-assisted hot-water extraction conditions of soluble dietary fibre from Lentinula edodes and analysis of its hypolipidaemic and anti-inflammatory properties in STZ-induced diabetic mice

AbstractSoluble dietary fibre (SDF) is well recognised for its remarkable effectiveness in promoting human health. This study utilised response surface methodology to evaluate the optimal conditions required to extract SDF (U-SDF) from Lentinula edodes via the ultrasonic-assisted hot-water method, and evaluated the hypolipidemic effects and anti-inflammatory effects of U-SDF. The optimal extraction conditions for U-SDF were ultrasonic power of 182 W, extraction time of 2 h, extraction temperature of 81 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:24 (g mL−1). Under these conditions, the extraction rate of U-SDF reached 8.08%. U-SDF treatment significantly improved liver and kidney indices in diabetic mice, markedly reduced the levels of plasma triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and significantly increased the level of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in a dose-dependent manner. U-SDF also improved adipose tissue injury in diabetic mice, significantly decreased the levels of cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and alleviated inflammation of the abdominal aorta. In conclusion, U-SDF from L. edodes is an excellent source of dietary fibres, which exhibit good hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory activities, suggesting potential applications as a functional additive in diverse food products.

An ultrasonic-assisted Synthesis, Characterization, and application of Nano-Fe3O4/TiO2 as nano-catalyst for the removal of organic dye by Like-Photo-Fenton reactions

In this research, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple co-precipitation method. Subsequently, these nanoparticles were used to synthesize TiO2-Fe3O4 nanocomposites via solvothermal ultrasonic-assisted method. Obtained nanomaterials Fe3O4 and TiO2-Fe3O4 were structurally characterized by UV–visible, XRD, and SEM-EDS. Synthesized nano-catalysts were tested as catalysis of organic dye degradation. Furthermore, an optimization study was conducted to evaluate selected TiO2-Fe3O4 nanocomposites to degrade Methylene Blue (MB) in an aqueous solution through Fenton-like reactions. Several experimental variables, including pH (from 2 to 8), H2O2 concentration (from 10-2 to 5.10-1M), catalyst amount (20 to 80 mg), and target organic compound concentrations, were tested in order to optimize the Fenton-like catalytic activity of the TiO2-Fe3O4 as a nano-catalyst to degrading MB under ambient light conditions (natural sunlight). The results showed that TiO2-Fe3O4 had an efficient degradation rate of up to 85% for MB at the optimal pH 3, H2O2 at 10-1M and 40 mg/L catalyst amount. Also, the results showed the good reusability of TiO2-Fe3O4 as a nanophotocatalyst. Also, based on the results of the scavenging agent experiments, hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals play an important role in methylene blue (MB) photodegradation. Finally, a possible mechanism for the photocatalytic degradation of MB was proposed. In this study, the synthesis and application of TiO2-Fe3O4 nanocomposite as a nano-catalyst in the Fenton-like oxidation process demonstrated a promising eco-friendly method for treating organic pollutants in water.

Towards an efficient oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides over magnetic and grafted polyoxometalate on graphene oxide nanosheets

In this study, a tri-component composite consisting of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, Keggin-type polyoxometalate, and graphene oxide components was prepared using an ultrasonic-assisted method. The resulting Fe3O4/SiW12/GO composite was successfully characterized using multiple methods. The performance of the Fe3O4/SiW12/GO composite as a heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides was investigated under mild conditions, with H2O2 serving as the oxidant. The catalyst exhibited excellent stability and high yields, completing the conversions within one hour. Furthermore, the Fe3O4/SiW12/GO catalyst demonstrated remarkable recyclability, as it could be recovered and reused up to four times without any significant loss in activity. This finding was supported by the results obtained from the ICP-OES analysis, which confirmed the negligible leaching of the active site. One of the key advantages of the Fe3O4/SiW12/GO catalyst is its heterogeneous nature, which allows for its rapid recovery from the reaction mixture. Additionally, it offers smooth and clean reaction conditions at room temperature, making it an innovative and cost-effective choice for accelerating reaction times. In summary, the Fe3O4/SiW12/GO composite represents a highly efficient and versatile heterogeneous catalyst with a unique structure. Its exceptional stability, high yields, and recyclability make it a superior choice for various organic–inorganic hybrid catalytic reactions conducted under mild conditions.