Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction Method Research Articles

Allelopathic inhibitory effect on the growth of microcystis aeruginosa by improved ultrasonic-cellulase extract of Vallisneria

The unique and efficient characteristics of allelopathy in submerged plants make it an environmentally friendly method to control harmful algal blooms. Increased research focus has been placed on the improved allelochemical extraction methods of submerged plants because of their cost-utility relationships. In this study, the growth inhibition effect of Vallisneria extract on Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) cells through the combination of enzyme and ultrasonic-assisted extraction method was analyzed. By establishing a co-cultivation experiment, the growth indicators, photosynthetic system, and oxidative stress system of M. aeruginosa were determined. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, as well as the catalase (CAT) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of algal cells were found to have increased significantly after co-cultivation, which indicated that the Vallisneria ultrasonic-cellulase extract could induce oxidative stress in Microcystis aeruginosa cells. The Vallisneria extract could promote at low concentrations and inhibit at high concentrations on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa. The effective suppression of growth of algae cells with the extract was observed at 5 g/L (fresh weight). The results showed that the Vallisneria ultrasonic-cellulase extract had a significant inhibitory effect on M. aeruginosa, making the effective ingredients a useful reference for algae inhibitors.

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIGOUT ACTIVITY OF ULTRASONIC EXTRACT OF UNRIPE MUSA BALBISIANA COLLA PULP

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE) technology is an effective method for the extraction of chemical constituents from plant materials. The antioxidant activity found in Musa balbisiana Colla may be related to antigout activity, where there is a role for antioxidants in the inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity. The extraction of secondary metabolites from Musa balbisiana Colla using the UAE method has never been reported; in addition, antioxidant testing using the FRAP method and uric acid test have never been carried out. This research aims to gain ultrasonic extract from the unripe Musa balbisiana Colla pulp using the UAE method and obtain information about secondary metabolites and their bioactivity as antioxidant and antigout agents. Ethanolic extract was obtained by the UAE method, total phenolic content was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH and FRAP method, then the uric acid level was measured using uric acid test kit. The results showed that the antioxidant activity test using the DPPH and FRAP methods gave IC50 values of 411.59 ± 0.1336 mg/L and 98.03 ± 0.2926 mg/L, respectively. The total phenolic content value of 823.95 ± 3.9806 mg GAE/g ultrasonic extract is thought to have a role in high antioxidant activity. Furthermore, ultrasonic extract with a concentration of 50 mg/L has activity in reducing uric acid levels by around 10%. It can be concluded that the ultrasonic extract produced by the UAE has potential as a source of antioxidant and antigout agents.

The oleaginous yeast Pichia manshurica isolated from Lansium domesticum fruit in Thailand and its fatty acid composition of single cell oil

Abstract. Planonth S, Chantarasiri A. 2022. The oleaginous yeast Pichia manshurica isolated from Lansium domesticum fruit in Thailand and its fatty acid composition of single cell oil. Biodiversitas 23: 801-809. Oleaginous microbes can accumulate intracellular lipids or single cell oils (SCOs) in quantities higher than 20% of their biomass. They can be a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, biofuels, and oleochemicals. Studies concerning efficient oleaginous yeasts isolated from the natural environments remain scarce. Therefore, this study isolated and screened for efficient oleaginous yeasts from the surfaces of longkong fruit (Lansium domesticum) samples in Thailand. Their intracellular SCOs were extracted using an ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method and quantitatively analyzed. The SCO-accumulating yeasts (produce the amount of SCOs <20 % of their biomass) genetically identified were Candida jaroonii, Meyerozyma caribbica, Kodamaea ohmeri, and Pichia sp., while the oleaginous yeasts (produce the amount of SCOs >20% of their biomass) identified were Pichia manshurica and Hanseniaspora opuntiae. Several isolated yeasts were designated as rare oleaginous microbes. The P. manshurica strain Y2 was considered as the most effective oleaginous yeast with a SCO content of 43.03% (w/w). The fatty acids in the accumulated SCO of this strain were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) that consisted of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and palmitoleic acids. These fatty acids could be further applied in the production of third-generation biodiesel, cocoa butter equivalents, and related high-value oleochemicals.

Experimental mixture design as a tool to evaluate coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) extraction from Dipteryx odorata seeds

Experimental mixture design was drawn to evaluated the effects of the interactions between water, methanol and ethyl acetate mixtures on the extraction efficiency of coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) from Dipteryx odorata seeds. Solvents were defined considering those preferred as green solvents for natural products extraction. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction method developed was simple, fast, low cost and highly selective. Analyses were performed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using acetonitrile/water (40:60 v/v) as mobile phase, a C18 column, and a diode-array detector at 274 nm. Results were evaluated in linear, quadratic, special cubic, and full cubic models. The Full cubic model showed the best extraction results with a total error of 3.67%. The optimal extraction point was obtained using 15% water, 20% methanol, and 65% ethyl acetate (v/v). Based on the Guide for the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurements and Monte Carlo simulations, the uncertainty expression presented deviations of 1.18 and 1.64, respectively, showing the reliability of the analytical method. D. odorata seeds are popularly used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic applications due to high content of coumarins. However, the yield of coumarins extraction depends on the proper choice of the extraction method and solvents. The ternary mixture was optimized and resulted in 3.82% coumarin (weight/seed), which, compared to literature, showed a good increase over that obtained using common solvents, without considering the mathematical modeling.

Evaluation of Solid Phase Extraction and Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Methods in Enhancing Recoveries of Non-Opioid Analgesics for LC-MS/MS Analysis in Herbal Medicines

Evaluation of Solid Phase Extraction and Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Methods in Enhancing Recoveries of Non-Opioid Analgesics for LC-MS/MS Analysis in Herbal Medicines

Optimization of the extraction process of flavonoids from Trollius ledebouri with natural deep eutectic solvents.

In recent years, natural deep eutectic solvents have been favored greatly due to their environment friendly, mild biological toxicity and simple biodegradability. Natural deep eutectic solvents gradually applied for the extracting bioactive compounds from natural products efficiently. In this study, 20 natural deep eutectic solvents were prepared and their physical and chemical properties were tested. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction method was used to extract flavonoids from Trollius ledebouri and high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet was applied to examine two main bioactive flavonoids (orientin and vitexin). Compared with traditional solvents (water and 60% ethanol solution), natural deep eutectic solvents composed of L(-)-proline and levulinic acid (molar ratio 1:2) show a super extraction efficiency. On this basis, the response surface method was used to optimize the extraction temperature, extraction time, water contents, and solid-liquid ratio. As a consequence, the extraction temperature 60℃, extraction time 18min, water content 14% (v/v), and the solid-liquid ratio 48mL·g-1 were chosen as the best extraction process. This study shows that natural deep eutectic solvents can effectively extract flavonoids from T. ledebouri, laying a foundation for the further application of natural deep eutectic solvents to extract bioactive compounds from natural products.

Quantification and Ecological Risk Assessment of Colloidal Fullerenes Nanoparticles in Sediments by Ultrasonic-Assisted Pressurized Liquid Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography.

Fullerenes engineered nanomaterials are regarded as emerging environmental contaminants. This is as their widespread application in many consumer products, as well as natural release, increases their environmental concentration. In this work, an ultrasonic-assisted pressurized liquid extraction (UAPLE) method followed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-visible detector (HPLC-UV-vis) was developed for extraction and determination of fullerene in sediments. The method was validated and found to be suitable for environmental risk assessment. Thereafter, the method was used for the determination of fullerene (C61-PCBM) in sediment samples collected from Umgeni River, South Africa. The current method allows for adequate sensitivity within the linear range of 0.01–4 µg g−1, method limit detection of 0.0094 µg g−1 and recoveries ranged between 67–84%. All the parameters were determined from fortified sediments samples. The measured environmental concentration (MEC) of fullerene in the sediment samples ranged from not detected to 30.55 µg g−1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence and ecological risk assessment of carbonaceous fullerene nanoparticles in African sediments and biosolids.

Application of Box-Behnken Design for Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Glycyrrhiza Polysaccharide and Antioxidant Activity Analysis

In the present paper, Glycyrrhiza was selected as raw materials, and ultrasonic-assisted water bath extraction method was used to investigate crushed particle size, liquid-material ratio, ultrasonic temperature and ultrasonic time. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology of polysaccharide from Glycyrrhiza was optimized by Box-Behnken design methodology and the quadratic polynomial regression equation of the prediction model was established, then the antioxidant activity of the polysaccharide in vitro was determined. According to the model regression analysis, the optimum conditions were as follows: particle size of 127 μm, liquid-material ratio of 19.32 mL/g, ultrasonic temperature of 65 ℃ and ultrasonic time of 30.2 min. Under these conditions, the yield of polysaccharide reached 10.867%. Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide showed ability to scavenge both DPPH· and ABTS+· with IC50 values of 2.80 mg/mL and 1.96 mg/mL, respectively, and there was a certain dose-effect relationship between the scavenging rate of two different free radicals and the concentration of crude polysaccharide extract. The model established in this study can analyze and predict the yield of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide to determine the natural antioxidant activity, which can provide an experimental basis for the development and utilization of Glycyrrhiza resources.

Ultrasonic extraction, structural characterization, and antioxidant activity of oligosaccharides from red yeast rice.

Red yeast rice is consumed as a medicinal food to lower blood lipids. Besides, it is used to color food, make wine, etc. In this study, water‐soluble oligosaccharides in red yeast rice were extracted by ultrasonic‐assisted extraction method. The parameters to extract oligosaccharides from red yeast rice were optimized by the Box‐Behnken design under the following optimal extraction conditions: extraction temperature, 60°C; extraction time, 97 min; and liquid/material ratio, 25 ml/g. The structure and the antioxidant activity of the new oligosaccharide were preliminarily investigated. Total carbohydrates extracted from red yeast rice with 80% ethanol–water solution (v/v) were first removed from pigments using D101 macroporous adsorption resin. The total sugar contents were then purified by DE52 resins and Sephadex G‐25 resins to obtain red yeast rice oligosaccharides, coded as RYRO1. Structural characterization experiments indicated that RYRO1 is an oligosaccharide with a weight average molecular weight of 874 Da and a theoretical degree of polymerization of 4.86. RYRO1 is composed of mannose, glucosamine, glucose, and galactose with a molar ratio of 0.248:0.019:1:0.026. The ABTS, DPPH, and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assays showed antioxidant nature of RYRO1.

Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of Texas variety almond oil and in vitro evaluation of its health beneficial bioactivities

Texas almond cultivar is a crop of significant commercial value in Greece. The present study aimed to develop a new ultrasonic-assisted extraction method for Texas almond oil based on the Folch method for laboratory use and further evaluate its in vitro antioxidant and antiplatelet, activities as health beneficial bioactivities that further highlight its nutritional value. The results showed that almond oil was quantitatively extracted at ambient temperature and 220 W ultrasonic power by hexane: Isopropanol (3:2, v/v) after 28 min with a solvent to almond ratio equal to 20. Under these conditions, the produced oil exerted antioxidant activities by the DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC assays equal to 1.5 ± 0.0, 1.4 ± 0.1, and 2.5 ± 0.0 equivalent nmol of Trolox per mg of almond oil, respectively. The IC50 values for antithrombotic and plasma oxidation inhibition activities were 12.80 ± 0.90 and 1.09 ± 0.03 μg almond oil/μL respectively. Practical applications Almond oil can be extracted by ultrasonic assistance in a more environmentally friendly way compared to traditional extraction methods. The produced almond oil exerts in vitro health beneficial bioactivities. The findings of this study are of major commercial importance for regional economies and provide an incentive for local food enterprises which utilize almonds since almond oil is a healthy fat choice for the production of new functional foods or the evolution of existed traditional ones.

The Leaching of Natural Dyes from Avocado (Persea Americana Mill) Seeds Using the Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Method and Its Application to Cellulose Fibers

The textile industry uses synthetic dyes because they are cheaper and easier to obtain. Moreover, the color availability is guaranteed and more varied. However, these synthetic dyes have a negative impact on health and the environment. The natural dye from avocado (Persea Americana Mill) seeds can become an alternative for synthetic dyes. Polyphenol compounds, such as tannins and flavonoids, are natural color sources found in avocado seeds. The extraction of natural dyes from avocado seeds is carried out by using a non-conventional method, namely ultrasonic-assisted extraction which has great efficiency and short operating time. In this study, researchers examined the parameters that affect the yield of dye extraction from avocado seeds, namely solvent concentration and extraction time. In addition, researchers also conducted qualitative analysis on the pigment content in the yield of extraction using UV-Visible Spectrophotometry and GC-MS tests. The results indicated that the highest yield obtained from avocado seeds was 16.6742% with 90 minutes extraction time using 70% ethanol solvent. Furthermore, if the dye is applied to cellulose fibers, such as the cotton cloth, the color will change depending on the fixator added. Based on the result of the UV-Visible Spectrophotometry test, the avocado seeds contain flavonoids. Meanwhile, from the result of the GC-MS test, the compound with the largest percentage detected in avocado seeds is the 13-Tetradecynoic acid, methyl ester (C15H26O2). The compound contains a chromophore, such as a carbonyl group (C = O) which is a common feature of flavonoids.

Simultaneous determination of 11 volatile perfluorinated compound precursors in textiles using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

以甲醇为提取溶剂,超声辅助提取纺织品中的全氟化合物前体物,建立了一种气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱(GC-MS/MS)法同时测定纺织品中11种挥发性全氟化合物前体物:4种氟调聚物醇(FTOHs)、3种氟调聚丙烯酸酯(FTAs)、2种全氟辛基磺酰胺(FOSAs)和2种全氟辛基磺酰胺乙醇(FOSEs)。考察了超声提取溶剂、提取温度和提取时间对提取效率的影响,最终确定用甲醇为提取溶剂,70 ℃下超声提取60 min,目标物经VF-WAXms毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)程序升温分离,GC-MS/MS多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,外标法定量。实验结果表明:11种挥发性全氟化合物前体物在10~500 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)均不低于0.9984;以信噪比为3计算,检出限(LOD)为0.002~0.04 mg/kg;以信噪比为10计算,定量限(LOQ)为0.006~0.1 mg/kg;不同材质纺织品中,11种挥发性全氟化合物前体物在高、中、低3个添加水平下的回收率为73.2%~117.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.1%~9.4%(n=6)。该方法前处理简单,定性、定量准确,灵敏度高,重现性好,可有效用于纺织品中11种挥发性全氟化合物前体物的同时检测。实际样品分析发现,当前全氟化合物前体物已被应用于纺织品整理当中。该方法的建立对我国纺织品中全氟化合物前体物风险物质的管控和检测标准的制定具有一定的理论和现实意义。

Functional properties of protein isolates from camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) and flixweed (sophia, Descurainis sophia L.) seed meals

Camelina and flixweed (sophia) seed protein isolates were prepared using both the conventional extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction methods at 40 kHz for 20 min, and their functional properties investigated. SDS-PAGE showed that both ultrasound-assisted and conventional extractions resulted in a similar protein profile of the extract. The application of ultrasound significantly improved protein extraction/content and functional properties (water holding capacity, oil absorption capacity, emulsifying foaming properties, and protein solubility) of camelina protein isolate and sophia protein isolate. The water-holding and oil absorption capacities of sophia protein isolate were markedly higher than those of camelina protein isolate. These results suggest that camelina protein isolate and sophia protein isolate may serve as natural functional ingredients in the food industry.Graphical

Optimization of an ultrasonic-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction method for four flavonoids from Lysionotus pauciflorus

An effective approach to extracting four flavonoids (lysioside C, nevadensin-7-sambubioside, ikarisoside B, and nevadensin) from Lysionotus pauciflorus using ultrasonic-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (UAATPE) technology was studied. Ethanol/K2HPO4 system was selected and the influence of several important parameters, including composition of the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), extraction temperature and time, particle size, and solvent to material ratio, were investigated by single factor experimentss. Then three key parameters (ethanol concentration, solvent to material ratio and extraction temperature) were further optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal process was that 1 g 120 mesh herb powders were extracted with 45 g ATPS (made of 30% ethanol/18% K2HPO4) in 43 °C for 30 min, and yields of four flavonoids could reach 2.56, 2.06, 3.62, and 6.28 mg/g, respectively. Compared with ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) in three conventional solvents (water, ethanol and 60% ethanol), the UAATPE displayed comparatively higher extraction capability. Therefore, UAATPE in ethanol/K2HPO4 system could be an alternative technology for integrated extraction of the flavonoids from L. pauciflorus.

Rapid Identification of the Chemical Components of Ilex rotunda Thunb Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS

Ilicis Rotundae Cortex (IRC) consists of the bark of Ilex rotunda Thunb, and its chemical constituents mainly include flavonoid glycosides, phenols, and triterpenoid saponins. In this study, a preliminary analysis was performed to identify and obtain the chemical components from IRC to better control the quality of the medicinal materials and provide a chemical basis for the study of the efficacy of the active components. Simple and efficient sample pretreatment and ultrasonic-assisted extraction methods were used to analyze the mass spectrum fragments and fracture modes in the anion mode by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Using a two-step strategy, the neutral loss, diagnostic ions, and characteristic fragments were studied to screen diverse skeletons and substitutions, and the possible compounds were identified by comparison with databases. The representative compounds were compared with the standard, and the mass spectrogram was found to match perfectly. Thus, our findings reveal that this method is feasible and reliable and can be used to analyze the chemical components of IRC. We identified 105 compounds, including 22 triterpenoid saponins, 15 chlorogenic acids, 33 phenylpropanoids and phenylpropanosides, 3 iridoids, 1 flavonoid, 10 lignans, 12 glycosides, and 9 other compounds. This method lays the foundation for further elucidating the pharmacodynamics of IRC and provides a practical method for the identification of IRC.

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION ANALYSIS OF OIL EXTRACT MICROALGAE Spirulina sp. WITH DIFFERENT EXTRACTION METHODS

The microalgae Spirulina sp. is a potential biological resource. Utilization of Spirulina sp. very broad in various industrial fields such as nutraceutical, food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical. The purpose of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the Spirulina sp. extracted by different mechanical cell disruption methods. This research method is descriptive, where the microalgae Spirulina sp. extracted using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) and Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) methods, then the oil extract was analyzed for chemical composition and fatty acid profile with GC-MS instrument. The results showed that the oil extract of Spirulina sp. which extracted by MAE method contains 12 types of fatty acids where the levels of Saturated Fatty Acid are 56.01%, Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Acid 7.67%, and Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acid 36.32%. Spirulina sp. oil extract contains ω-6 (17.17-18.87%) and ω-9 (4.34%) unsaturated fatty acids. Then the Spirulina sp. oil extract extracted by the UAE method contains 19 types of fatty acids where the levels of Saturated Fatty acids are 59.25%, Mono-Unsaturated Fatty acids 8.89%, and Poly-Unsaturated Fatty acids 40.87%. Spirulina sp. oil extract contains types of unsaturated fatty acids ω-3 (0.18-0.41%), ω-6 (18.39-27.73%), and ω-9 (3.50%). The highest fatty acid content in Spirulina sp. oil extract are palmitic acid/SFA (53.30-56.57%), oleic acid/MUFA (4.34-4.50%), and linoleic acid/PUFA (18.39-18.88%).

The analysis of flavonoids and triterpenes extracted from Urtica by LC‐MS and the antimicrobial activity of the extracts

The purpose of this study was to explore the single factors including the time, solid–liquid ratio, choice of organic solvent, and ethanol concentration that influenced the extraction of flavonoids and triterpenoids from Urtica and firstly optimized the ultrasonic-assisted extract conditions using the response surface method. The ethanol extract of Urtica was further purified by polyamide column chromatography and macroporous resin column chromatography. The results showed that flavonoid compounds yield and triterpenoid compounds were 3.432% and 9.184%, respectively. LC-MS analysis was applied for identification and confirmation of flavonoids, triterpenoids, and a small quantity of polyphenols. In addition, the bacteriostasis experiments of the products were conducted. The results showed flavonoid, and triterpenoid compounds from Urtica showed good antibacterial activities. Novelty Impact Statement The ultrasonic-assisted extraction method was used to extract flavonoids and triterpenes from Urtica, and the response surface method was used to optimize the extraction process conditions of triterpenes at the single factor level for the first time. The study found for the first time that there was a large amount of dodemorph and other antimicrobial active substances in the purified flavonoids and triterpene extracts of Urtica through LC-MS analysis. Antimicrobial experiments have confirmed that Urtica on the part of some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as some plant pathogenic fungus have an excellent inhibitory effect.

Cratoxylum sumatranum stem bark exhibited antimalarial activity by Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) assay.

The antimalarial drug resistance is an obstacle in the effort to overcome malaria. The new alternative antimalarial drug became in great attention of urgent need. Current antimalarial drugs were derived from plants. Therefore, the plant is considering a potential source of new drugs. Cratoxylum sumatranum belongs to the Hypericaceae family contain xanthones and phenolic compounds, which was reported for their antimalarial activities. This study aims to determine the antimalarial activities of C.sumatranum extracts and fractions. Cratoxylum sumatranum stem bark (BP14-SB) collected from Balikpapan Botanical Garden in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, was extracted gradually with n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol by ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. All extracts were tested against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and followed by IC50 determination. The most active extract was further separated and tested for their antimalarial activities. The results showed that dichloromethane stem bark extract (BP14-SB-D) had the strongest inhibition of parasite growth with the IC50 value of 0.44±0.05μg/mL and moderately toxic with the CC50 value of 29.09±0.05μg/mL. Further fractionation of BP14-SB-D by open column chromatography using silica gel and gradient hexane-ethyl acetate obtained 12 fractions. LDH assay for these 12 fractions ofBP14-SB-D showed that Fraction-6 (IC50 value of 0.19±0.03μg/mL) was performed the strongest inhibition of parasite growth, compared to other fractions. TLC identification showed that BP14-SB-D contains xanthone. The dichloromethane extract of C.sumatranum stem bark (BP14-SB-D) and Fraction-6 from this extract exhibited antimalarial activity and the potential to be developed an antimalarial substance.

Artocarpus sericicarpus stem bark contains antimalarial substances against Plasmodium falciparum.

The finding of alternative medicine for malarial treatment still has become a substantial demand. The plant is one of the potential sources of drugs, among other natural sources. Artocarpus species showed great potential as the antimalarial source. This study aims to obtain active antimalarial fractions from Artocarpus sericicarpus stem bark. Stem bark of A.sericicarpus was extracted by ultrasonic-assisted extraction method using n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol as solvents. Fractionation of dichloromethane extract was conducted by open column chromatography using octadecyl silica as a stationary phase and gradient acetonitrile-water as a mobile phase. The antimalarial activity was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain. A.sericicarpus n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extracts were showed antimalarial activity with an IC50 value of >4, 2.11, and >4μg/mL, respectively. Fractionation of dichloromethane extract was obtained 13 fractions. Seven of the 13 fractions tested showed antimalarial activity. Fraction-6 performed the highest inhibition with an IC50 value of 1.53±0.04μg/mL. Phytochemistry screening revealed that Fraction-6 contains flavonoid, polyphenol, and terpenoid compounds that can take a role in its antimalarial activity. A.sericicarpus contains antimalarial substances mainly in Fraction-6, which strongly inhibited the growth of P.falciparum. The flavonoid, polyphenol, and terpenoid compounds were identified in Fraction-6, which need to be further isolated to obtain and elucidate the active antimalarial compounds.

Pembuatan Nano Partikel Kalsium (Ca) dari Limbah Tulang Ikan Patin (Pangasius sp) Menggunakan Metode Ultrasound- Asissted Solvent Extraction

Management of fish bones asa a source of calcium must be converted into a smaller form so that it is easily absorbed by the body into nanocalsium. In this case, fish bones are seen as giving a lot of advantages because fish are easier to get. The purpose of this study was to utilize catfish(Pangasius Sp) bones as the main ingredient for the manufacture of nanocalcium and extract fish bone lead using the Ultrasonic-Assisted Solvent Extraction method. This research method is characterization . of cat fish bone waste making nano particles using the Ultrasonic-Assisted solvent method, and characterized SEM-EDX. The result showed that the characteristic of catfish bone powder waste were 10,35 % water content, 44,29 % ash content, 1,849 fiber content, 11,47 % fat content, 0,27% protein content, and carbohydrates 33,62%, and SEM result for the morphological size 5.000x magnification, the particle diameter 3111,08 nm and EDX was 6 % purity of calcium (Ca).