Ultra-low Volume Formulation Research Articles

Comparison of EC and ULV formulations on Heliothis in cotton in Australia

The success of insecticides depends not only on their intrinsic physiological activity but on the way in which they are formulated. In recent field trials in Australia synthetic pyrethroid insecticides formulated as water-based emulsifiable concentrates (EC) were compared with oil-based ultra low volume (ULV) formulations for control of bollworm (Heliothis) on cotton. Contrary to expectation, EC formulations gave the better results under typical conditions for very low volume spraying in Australia.

INFLUENCE OF FORMULATION ON EFFICACY OF THREE SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF OAT LEAF RUST

Three systemic fungicides, oxycarboxin (5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-carboxanilido-4,4-dioxide), benodanil (2-iodobenzanilide), and pyracarbolid (2-mefhyl-5,6-dihydro-4,4-pyran-3-carboxylic acid anilide) appear promising for control of rust diseases. The ability of different formulations of these three fungicides to control oat leaf rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenue) was compared by an eradicant test and a systemic test in a controlled environment. Large differences between dosage response (DR) curves were observed. In general, liquid formulations, i.e. emulsifiable concentrates (EC) and oil dispersible (OD) concentrates, had lower ED50 values than wettable powder (WP) formulations. The slope of DR curves for WP formulations was less steep. In field tests, an EC formulation of oxycarboxin and an OD formulation of benodanil gave, per unit of active ingredient, better disease control, less lodging and greater yield than their respective WP formulations. Pyracarbolid at low rates gave inadequate rust control and yield response in field tests. None of the ultralow volume formulations was effective in small plots.

Collaborative Study of Two Analytical Methods for the Analysis of Formothion Formulations

Abstract The 2 methods collaboratively studied were a gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method, using either a flame photometric or a flame ionization detector, a column packed with 3% OV-225 on 80-100 mesh Chromosorb W (HP), and an internal standard; and a paper chromatographic (PC/C) method in which the chromatographed spot is combusted and the formothion content is determined colorimetrically as phosphorus. Four samples of formothion, 50% technical solution, 25 and 33% emulsifiable concentrates, and 70% ultralow volume formulation, were studied. Collaborative results for the GLC method (5 collaborators for 3 samples and 7 collaborators for 1 sample) were satisfactory, with standard deviations ranging from 0.57 to 1.42. PC/C values (3 collaborators) were higher but still satisfactory, with standard deviations ranging from 1.50 to 5.22. Both methods have been adopted as full CIPAC methods, with the GLC method as the reference method. The GLC method has been adopted as official first action by the AOAC.

Control of the Gypsy Moth1 with Trichlorfon Applied VLV by Aircraft in New York State in 19672

In 1961, trichlorfon as a 4 lb per gallon ultra-lowvolume formulation of Dylox® was applied by air at the rate of 1.8 pints (0.9 lb active ingredient) per acre for the control of gypsy moth in a 22-acre mixed deciduous woodlot in the upper Hudson Valley of New York State. A similar unsprayed woodlot in the same general area served as a check. Control of 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae with trichlorfon was highly satisfactory based on well-correlated data from several types of observations in treated and untreated plots. Counts of live larvae decreased and dead larvae increased markedly following treatment. Most larvae were killed within 24 hours after application. No dead larvae were found in the check area during the experiment. There was good correlation between larval counts and frass collections. An egg mass reduction of 98% was observed in the treated area, whereas an increase in egg masses of 44% occurred in the check area during 1967. Trichlorfon disappeared quickly from clover and strawberry samples collected in the treated area and little residue was left 1-2 weeks after application. The insecticide also decomposed quickly in water samples of pH 6.9 under laboratory conditions. No toxicity to bees in hives at the edge of the treatment area was observed. It is concluded that trichlorfon is a promising insecticide for gypsy moth control when applied by air, with a minimum risk of environmental contamination.

Residues of Diazinon on Field Corn Treated with Granular, Capsular, and ULV Formulations for Control of the European Corn Borer1234

Diazinon in granular, capsular, and ultra-low volume (ULV) formulations was applied at the rate of 1 lb actual ingredient/acre to field corn for control of 1st generation Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubert) to determine the effect of the formulation on the distribution, persistence. and degradation of the residue on the plants. No Diazoxon was detected. Residues from the ULV application were greatest on the leaves and least in the whorl, the area where residues are most effective. Residues from the granule and capsular formulations were greatest in the whorl. Residues from all formulations were completely absent after 7 days except that the ULV formulation could be detected on leaves for 28 days.

The Relative Efficiency of Aerial Application of Ultra-Low-Volume and Emulsifiable Concentrate Formulations of Insecticides1

Tests were conducted in 1966 to compare efficiency of applying insecticides as ultra low volume (ULV) and emulsifiable concentrates (EG). The ULV formulations were applied in volumes of from 1 pint to ½ gallon and the EG formulations were diluted with water to a volume of 1½ gallons. The ULV was applied with the ULV boom using the necessary numbers of 80015 tips and with a rotary atomizer. The EG was applied with a conventional boom. Flight heights of 20 and 5 feet were compared with both formulations. Efficiency of application was evaluated by droplet counts across the target area and for 1200 feet downwind, and chemical analyses of insecticide deposit in the 100-foot target area. Application to a precise target area was less efficient at a 20-foot than a 5-foot height of flight. The droplet count was much lower when insecticides were applied from the 20-foot height for about 100 feet downwind. Applications from the 5-foot height of flight were more efficient in control of deposit in the target area. There was no evidence of more droplets deposited from 300 to 1200 feet downwind with either formulation. More droplets per square inch were recovered in the target area with EC than with ULV concentrates. However, more insecticide was recovered from ULV applications than from EC. The larger droplet sizes (avg 150 µ) of ULV (with fewer droplets per square inch) resulted in from 2- to 4-fold more insecticide being recovered in the target area. ULV formulations applied in droplet sizes ranging from 100 to 200 µ drifted less than EC water diluted formulations. Results of these tests offer an explanation of the frequent reports that ULV formulations are more effective than EC. It may be that with ULV treatments, more insecticide reaches the desired area and less is lost to drift.