Ultra-wideband Radio Technology Research Articles

Оценка помехозащищенности сети сверхширокополосной радиосвязи на основе имитационного моделирования в среде Anylogic

The article conducts assessment of noise protection of ultra-wideband radio network under conditions of interference from different sources (with different configuration). It has been shown that ultra-wideband radio technology provides efficient functioning of radio communication networks under interference conditions.

Indoor UWB Positioning and Position Tracking Data Set

Indoor positioning has become a hot topic in various fields, such as industry, healthcare, and commerce. Ultra-wideband (UWB) radio technology provides a cost-effective solution for range-based positioning, offering exceptionally high accuracy and precision. Its ultra-high temporal resolution enables range measurements with accuracy of a few centimeters. To develop and evaluate range-based positioning systems, we collected measurements in four different indoor environments using eight fixed devices and one mobile positioning device. To eliminate the fluctuation of walking speed from the data, we pre-defined a path in each indoor environment, similar to the human walking path, which was sampled at equidistant positions. We collected multiple range measurements and channel impulse response (CIR) data at each tag position on the path. The resulting dataset supports the development of range-based positioning and position tracking algorithms with various combinations of network topologies and anchor-tag combinations. We have also provided a full set of data analysis tools that enable the reproducibility of results and serve as a basis for further development of range-based UWB positioning algorithms.

Assessing the Amount of Data per Second to Measure Tactical Variables in Team Sports

Sampling frequency of microsensors that measure the position of the players in team sports is a variable that could affect the accuracy of the measurement. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of the sampling frequency on the measurement of a collective tactical behaviour variable: the total area (TA). Sixteen young U16 male soccer players participated in the study. They carried out three controlled tasks. Tactical variable was measured by a radio ultra-wide band technology (IMU; WIMU PROTM, RealTrack Systems, Almeria, Spain). For TA different sampling frequencies were applied (i.e. 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 4 Hz and 10 Hz). Trivial differences (p 0.05) were found between the TA values across the different amounts of inserted data per second across Task 1 (ES= 0.04-0.08), Task 2 (ES= 0.01-0.09) and Task 3 (ES= -0.03-0.04). Also High to perfect ICCs (0.91-1) and linear correlations (r= 0.961-1; p 0.01) were found among the TA values obtained through all sampling frequencies. The sampling frequency (i.e. 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 4 Hz and 10 Hz) does not affect the measurement of total area during tactical behaviour analysis but does significantly affect the change in centroid position measurement. Thus, it is recommended the use of 1 Hz to measure TA, but further studies should analyse the impact of lower than 1 Hz and greater than 10 Hz sampling frequencies to measure this collective tactical behavior.

UWB-Based Indoor Positioning System With Infinite Scalability

The ultra-wide band radio technology (UWB) is currently considered the de-facto standard for implementing precise indoor positioning systems. Several positioning algorithms are currently being investigated for finding the best implementation in terms of scalability, refresh rate, and energy requirements. Among all the proposed approaches, the Downlink Time Difference of Arrival (DTDoA) is currently considered one of the most promising techniques capable of tracking any number of assets without decreasing the measurement update rate. This paper proposes a model for the DTDoA and validates the algorithms on UWB data, using a motion capture system as ground truth. Results highlight the validity of the previously proposed model, showing that the proposed UWB indoor positioning system achieves a maximum 30 cm uncertainty with only a simple wireless synchronisation, avoiding wired procedure that limits the usability of the infrastructure.

EMBN-MANET: A method to Eliminating Malicious Beacon Nodes in Ultra-Wideband (UWB) based Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

Recent breakthroughs in microelectromechanical systems, microsystem technologies, and wireless communications have made energy-efficient, inexpensive, off-the-shelf devices that unambiguously carry data without communication overhead practical. UWB radio technology employs minimal energy for short-range, high-bandwidth communications throughout a large section of the radio. Mobile computing organizations now explore mobile ad-hoc networks. Decentralized networks communicate. Peer nodes enable wireless device-to-device communication. Location-based and location-aided routing improve ad hoc routing. Physical or involuntary configuration places mobile nodes during deployment. Large networks need too much manual setup. GPS receivers for each sensor unit would significantly increase network installation costs. It inspired non-GPS and non-physical configuration localization. Most localization systems use beacon nodes. Beacon nodes are unique. Standard security approaches block secure beacon nodes, which might compromise localization. This research investigates beacon node localization issues and attacks. We constructed a statistical model to detect rogue beacon nodes in the ad hoc network and studied how various attacks affect localization. Bogus beacon nodes find mobile nodes. We enabled malicious beacon node communication. Trilateration and Received Signal Strength Indicator found unknown nodes. Trilateration detects compromised beacon nodes. The algorithm finds malicious beacon nodes. Our experiments removed 90% of compromised beacon nodes. Our flexible localization technique allows several algorithms and range methods without time complexity. Location identification affected fake beacon nodes.

Ultra-Wideband Swarm Ranging Protocol for Dynamic and Dense Networks

Nowadays, not only wearable and portable devices but also aerial and ground robots can be made smaller, lighter, cheaper, and thus as large as hundreds of them may form a swarm to participate in a complicated cooperative application, such as searching, rescuing, mapping, and war-battling. Devices and robots in such a swarm have three important features, namely, large number, high mobility and short distance, hence they form a dynamic and dense wireless network. Successful swarm cooperative applications require low latency communications and real-time localization. This paper proposes to use ultra-wideband (UWB) radio technology to implement both functionalities, because UWB is very time-sensitive that an accurate distance can be calculated using the transmission and reception timestamps of data messages. A UWB swarm ranging protocol is designed to achieve simultaneously wireless data communication and swarm ranging that allows a device/robot to compute the distances to all the peer neighbors at the same time. This protocol is designed for dynamic and dense networks, meanwhile it can also be used in various wireless networks and implemented on various types of devices/robots including low-end ones. In our experiment, this protocol is implemented on Crazyflies, STM32 microcontroller powered micro drones, with onboard UWB wireless transceiver chips DW1000. Extensive real-world experiments are conducted to verify the proposed protocol on various performance aspects, with a total of 9 Crazyflie drones in a compact area. The implemented swarm ranging protocol is open-sourced at <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://github.com/SEU-NetSI/crazyflie-firmware</uri>

Overview of ultra-wideband transceivers—system architectures and applications

The Ultra-WideBand (UWB) technique, which offers good energy efficiency, flexible data rate, and high ranging accuracy, has recently been recognized as a revived wireless technology for short distance communication. This paper presents a brief overview of two UWB techniques, covering Impulse-Radio UWB (IR-UWB) and Frequency-Modulation UWB (FM-UWB) methods. The link margin enhancement technique, Very-WideBand (VWB), and power consumption reducing technique, chirp UWB, are also introduced. Then, several potential applications of IR-UWB with transceiver architectures are addressed, including high data rate proximity communication and secure wireless connectivity. With fine-ranging and energy-efficient communication features, the UWB wireless technology is highly promising for secure mobile Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS OF UWB DEVICES TO THE SATELLITE SERVICES IN THE 7240-8240 MHZ FREQUENCY BAND

Ultra-wideband radio technology (UWB), is a wireless access technology that allows exchanging of data over a radio channel between over short distances at very high speed and low power consumption. UWB signals are short pulses the entire energy of which is distributed over a given wide region of the spectrum. With a sufficiently high total power transmitted over the air and with low power consumption and a pulsed nature of data transmission, a high data transmission rate can be obtained. This work has done interference analysis of ultra-wide bandwidth technologies (UWB) operating in the frequency band 7240-8240 MHz to the Earth monitoring and meteorological satellite systems that operate in this band. Taking into account the rapid development of users’ UWB devices in different frequency bands, the study tries to estimate the long-term impact of aggregate interference from UWB devices located around the satellite Earth stations. The study considers two satellite systems as an example of victim receivers. The UWB density assumptions made in the studies are based on the forecasts of CEPT and UWB Alliance.

IoT based Smart Retail System with Social Distancing for Covid19 Outbreak

Covid19 pandemic caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus2 is continuously spreading all over the world. The impact of covid19 has been fallen on almost all sectors of development including retail which plays a major role in day to day life. In this paper, we proposed an efficient methodology to create a safe environment of people in retail that contributes to public safety. The proposed smart retail system is focused on the real time monitoring of shopping malls which includes grocery, departmental stores, clothing shops, jewellery shops and shops with food essential products. At first a Mobile Application is developed using Android Studio for prebooking of shopping by users/customers. Using Anaconda Navigator a deep learning trained architecture is developed on distinguishing people with and without face mask. A wearable device is developed using ultra wide band radio technology to ensure safe social distancing which would alert customers as soon as the violation of social distancing is detected. The smart retail system also includes IoT based smart shopping cart with RFID sensors for the customers to check for the availability of items in the web server via Nodemcu and for automatic bill payment. The proposed methodology is also suitable for Religious places, Cinema Theatre, Training centres and Browsing centres.

Numerical Analysis of the Localization of Pulmonary Nodules during Thoracoscopic Surgery by Ultra-Wideband Radio Technology

Worldwide, lung cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death. Detected by computer tomography, it is usually removed through thoracoscopic surgery. During the surgery the lung collapses requiring some strategies to track or localize the new position of the lesion. This is particularly challenging in the case of minimally invasive surgeries when mechanical palpation is not possible. Here we undertake a preliminary study with numerical analysis of an ultra-wideband (UWB) radio technology which can be employed directly during thoracoscopic surgery to localize deep solitary pulmonary nodules. This study was conducted through Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations, where a spherical target mimicking a nodule located between 1 and 6 cm of depth and an UWB pulse at several frequencies between 0.5 and 5 GHz was used for localization. This investigation quantifies the influence of several parameters, such frequency, lesion depth, and number of acquisitions, on the final confocal image used to locate a cancer in the lung tissue. We also provide extensive discussion on several artifacts that appear in the images. The results show that the cancer localization was possible at operational frequencies below 1 GHz and for deep nodules (&gt;5 cm), while at lower depths and higher frequencies several artifacts hindered its detection.

Measuring distance using ultra-wideband radio technology enhanced by extreme gradient boosting decision tree (XGBoost)

Measuring distance is critical for safety and quality in construction and operation of engineering structures. This paper proposes a framework to utilize cost-effective and robust ultra-wideband radio technology for wireless sensing of distance, presents a machine learning method based on extreme gradient boosting decision tree, and incorporates error mitigation methods to improve the measurement accuracy. In-situ measurement of distance for a highway bridge in operation was conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods which demonstrated a sub-millimeter accuracy of distance measurement. The proposed methods show desired accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and robustness to the environment, and reveal a tradeoff between the accuracy and frequency of distance measurement. The tradeoff can be used to optimize the sensing system and signal processing program to satisfy the requirements in different applications. This study is expected to advance the capability of measuring distance in various automation processes for construction and operation of engineering structures.

Reliable Identification Schemes for Asset and Production Tracking in Industry 4.0.

Revolutionizing logistics and supply chain management in smart manufacturing is one of the main goals of the Industry 4.0 movement. Emerging technologies such as autonomous vehicles, Cyber-Physical Systems and digital twins enable highly automated and optimized solutions in these fields to achieve full traceability of individual products. Tracking various assets within shop-floors and the warehouse is a focal point of asset management; its aim is to enhance the efficiency of logistical tasks. Global players implement their own solutions based on the state of the art technologies. Small and medium companies, however, are still skeptic toward identification based tracking methods, because of the lack of low-cost and reliable solutions. This paper presents a novel, working, reliable, low-cost, scalable solution for asset tracking, supporting global asset management for Industry4.0. The solution uses high accuracy indoor positioning—based on Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radio technology—combined with RFID-based tracking features. Identifying assets is one of the most challenging parts of this work, so this paper focuses on how different identification approaches can be combined to facilitate an efficient and reliable identification scheme.

Monitoring functional status using a wearable real-time locating technology

Sensor technologies enable real-time, continuous, and objective monitoring of activity and functioning in later life. In long-term care, timely assessment of functional status is needed to prevent falls and other acute events. However, the electronic forms and paper and pencil tools currently used are time-consuming and conducted too infrequently (e.g., every 6 months) to provide the sensitivity and specificity required. Staff are also unable to detect subtle changes in functioning through observation alone. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the use of a wearable real-time locating system that utilizes ultra wideband radio technology to continuously and objectively measure activity and aspects of functional status. This paper discusses the associated conceptualization and development of the scoring algorithms, raw data transformation, use of traditional paper and pencil tools and electronic health record data to validate sensor data, and other tips for those interested in this type of wearable sensor technology.

Impulse Radio Ultra-Wideband Communications for Localization and Tracking of Human Body and Limbs Movement for Healthcare Applications

Accurate and precise motion tracking of limbs and human subjects has technological importance in various healthcare applications. The use of impulse radio-ultra wideband technology (IR-UWB) technology due its inherent properties is of recent interest for high-accuracy localization. This paper presents experimental investigations and analysis of indoor human body localization and tracking of limb movements in 3-D based on IR-UWB technology using compact and cost-effective body-worn antennas. The body-centric wireless channel characterization has been analyzed in detail using parameters such as path loss magnitude, number of multipath components, rms delay spread, signal amplitude, and Kurtosis with the main focus to differentiate between line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS situations. Fidelity of the received signal is also calculated for different activities and antenna positions to study the pulse preserving nature of the UWB antenna, when it is placed on the human body. The results reported in this paper have high localization accuracy with 90% in the range from 0.5 to 2.5 cm using simple and cost-effective techniques which is comparable to the results obtained by the standard optical motion capture system.

Wireless channel model of ultra wideband radio signals for implantable biomedical devices

Implantable biomedical devices that collect vital physiological data continuously and transmit them wirelessly seemed to be a sci-fi concept just a decade ago. Today, with advancements in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), circuit fabrication technology and ultra wideband (UWB) radio technology, this concept no longer seems to be a farfetched dream. Still, there are many issues that need to be addressed to realize this dream. In this paper, we present results for wireless channel modeling of ultra wideband signals used in brain computer interface (BCI) technology. Such a channel model is an imperative part of designing wireless transmitters inside the human brain. Extensive literature survey shows that no such attempt has been made in the past to study the wireless channel inside the human brain as required for biomedical applications involving impantable sensors. In this paper, we conduct extensive experiments in an in-vitro setup. We have studied the effects of human tissue, fluids and blood (inside the human brain) on the electrocorticographic (EcoG) signals that are first sensed and then transmitted by implanted transmitters from inside the human brain to a receiver that is placed externally on the human head. Implantation depth has also been shown to have an impact on the received signal strength and quality. The received signal (at the external receiver) has been analyzed in significant detail and a channel model has been developed in this paper.

Path loss variation of on-body UWB channel in the frequency bands of IEEE 802.15.6 standard.

The wireless body area network (WBAN) has gaining tremendous attention among researchers and academicians for its envisioned applications in healthcare service. Ultra wideband (UWB) radio technology is considered as excellent air interface for communication among body area network devices. Characterisation and modelling of channel parameters are utmost prerequisite for the development of reliable communication system. The path loss of on-body UWB channel for each frequency band defined in IEEE 802.15.6 standard is experimentally determined. The parameters of path loss model are statistically determined by analysing measurement data. Both the line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight channel conditions are considered in the measurement. Variations of parameter values with the size of human body are analysed along with the variation of parameter values with the surrounding environments. It is observed that the parameters of the path loss model vary with the frequency band as well as with the body size and surrounding environment. The derived parameter values are specific to the particular frequency bands of IEEE 802.15.6 standard, which will be useful for the development of efficient UWB WBAN system.

Performance evaluation of single- and multi-hop wireless networks-on-chip with NAS Parallel Benchmarks

Parallel processing in the era of many-core processors demands high-performance networks-on-chip and parallel communication based on intra-chip message passing. In this context, wireless networks-on-chip (WiNoCs) emerge to improve inter-core communication, bringing high bandwidth and low power consumption. In order to increase application performance, WiNoCs can support single-hop or multi-hop communication. The main issue is related to the performance of each communication architecture in the face of different parallel workloads. For this reason, the goal of this work is to evaluate and compare single- and multi-hop WiNoC architectures using parallel applications. The methodology is based on simulations done using the well-known simulator Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) and applications from NAS Parallel Benchmarks (NPB). The WiNoC architectures are based on 2-D mesh topology and ultra wide band (UWB) radio technology. The inter-core transmission is evaluated concerning unicast communication (1:1 and N:1) and broadcast communication (1:N and N:N). This work has, as contribution to the state-of-the-art, the evaluation of both WiNoC designs (single- and multi-hop architectures) with parallel applications. Based on our results, the single-hop architecture has lower communication delay than the multi-hop version, and for some workloads, there were no packet losses. However, to achieve high-performance communication, the single-hop architecture consumed 63.12 J for the 256-node network, versus 0.22 J consumed by the multi-hop version. Although single-hop WiNoCs reduce network bottlenecks and increase communication parallelism, they are recommended when energy consumption is not a critical factor.

In-Body to On-Body Ultrawideband Propagation Model Derived From Measurements in Living Animals.

Ultrawideband (UWB) radio technology for wireless implants has gained significant attention. UWB enables the fabrication of faster and smaller transceivers with ultralow power consumption, which may be integrated into more sophisticated implantable biomedical sensors and actuators. Nevertheless, the large path loss suffered by UWB signals propagating through inhomogeneous layers of biological tissues is a major hindering factor. For the optimal design of implantable transceivers, the accurate characterization of the UWB radio propagation in living biological tissues is indispensable. Channel measurements in phantoms and numerical simulations with digital anatomical models provide good initial insight into the expected path loss in complex propagation media like the human body, but they often fail to capture the effects of blood circulation, respiration, and temperature gradients of a living subject. Therefore, we performed UWB channel measurements within 1-6 GHz on two living porcine subjects because of the anatomical resemblance with an average human torso. We present for the first time, a path loss model derived from these in vivo measurements, which includes the frequency-dependent attenuation. The use of multiple on-body receiving antennas to combat the high propagation losses in implant radio channels was also investigated.

Diversity Gain Influenced by Polarization and Spatial Diversity Techniques in Ultrawideband

This paper presents an experimental investigation of diversity gain influenced by polarization and spatial diversity techniques in ultrawideband (UWB) radio technology. To this aim, two different coplanar-fed UWB diversity antennas having the same size and employing identical monopoles were taken and both effective and apparent diversity gain were measured in a reverberation chamber. To extract the diversity gain, three commonly used approaches to combine diversity (i.e., selection, equal gain, and maximal ratio) have been considered. Results showed that >1 dB ( $\sim 26$ %) improvement in diversity gain is obtained over most of the considered band for polarization diversity case as compared with spatial case, showing the usefulness of polarization diversity for future UWB diversity applications.

Experimental Analysis of UWB Signal Performance in a Constrained Environment for Railway Application

In the railway application, in order to establish the communication between wagons, some technologies are proposed such as the ZigBee and HTN (Hybrid Networking Technology). However, these techniques have some limitations such as: the low data rate, non-secured transmission and interferences. The Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology presents a good alternative and a good candidate for this application. In recent years, UWB communication systems have received significant attention from both the industry and the academia. In February 2002, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated 7500 MHz of spectrum (from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz) for use by UWB devices. This ruling has helped to create new standardization efforts, like IEEE 802.15.3a, which focus on developing high speed wireless communication systems. The application of the UWB radio technique in the transport is a more recent topic that is thoroughly researched considering several factors including the nature of the transport propagation environment; the use of adequate transmitting/receiving duty cycle (LDC); the number of devices using UWB technology, the types and levels of interferences. Regulation bodies have considered these railway applications. Impulse Radio Ultra Wideband (IR-UWB) systems have been studied for their inherent advantages of coexistence with narrowband systems with high data rate over short distances with sufficiently small amount of transmitted power. The UWB systems are highly susceptible to interference between the coexisting narrowband systems because of very low transmission power. This paper considers the use of the UWB radio technology for railway application. In this paper, we evaluate the communication performance in constrained environment for the railway application.