Generation Of Ultrashort Pulses Research Articles

Measurement of dispersion and index of refraction of 1-decanol with spectrally resolved white light interferometry.

The high density, high nonlinearity, and stability of liquids make them an attractive medium for spectral broadening and supercontinuum generation in ultrafast experiments. To understand ultrashort pulse propagation in these media, their indices of refraction and dispersions must be characterized. We employ a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to generate a series of interferograms, which we refer to as a spectrogram, to develop a new method of using spectrally resolved white light interferometry to determine the refractive indices of materials. We determine the indices of refraction of BK7, sapphire, ethanol, and 1-decanol at 24°C across the visible and near infrared. To our knowledge, this is the first reported dispersion and index of refraction measurement of 1-decanol.

High coherent supercontinuum generation in nitrobenzene liquid-core photonic crystal fiber with elliptical air-hole inner ring

A nitrobenzene liquid-core photonic crystal fiber (NLC-PCF) with eight elliptical air-holes in the innermost ring of the cladding is proposed in this work, and this fiber structure can contribute to flexibly adjusting dispersion and constraining the fiber core. The appreciable dispersion is realized by adjusting the structural parameters of NLC-PCF, which is characterized by three zero-dispersion wavelengths (ZDWs), flat dispersion with the fluctuation of fewer than 40 ps nm−1 km−1, and high nonlinearity as high as 5500 W−1 km−1. The propagation of femtosecond pulse and supercontinuum generation (SCG) in NLC-PCF is studied numerically when the pump wavelength is located in the normal and abnormal dispersion region near different ZDW through solving the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation (GNLSE) by the split-step Fourier method. The numerical results show that a highly coherent supercontinuum (SC) spanning from 1.3 to 2.8 µm is obtained when the pump pulse with the center wavelength of 1810 nm, the peak power of 1000 W, and pulse width of 50 fs propagated in the 5 cm long NLC-PCF. This research can find applications in the fields of novel liquid-core PCF design and ultrashort pulse propagation.

Generation of High Power Ultrashort Pulses in Tapered Yb-Doped PCF Through Self-Similar Compression

We present a numerical approach for analysing simultaneous amplification and compression of a chirped hyperbolic secant soliton using a tapered Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based self-similar compressor. Theoretical studies reveal the conservation of input soliton during the amplification process due to self-similar property, which in turn helps for high quality compression of amplified soliton. In order to satisfy the self-similar condition, we note that the Yb-doped fiber should exhibit a decreasing group velocity dispersion (GVD). Such a constraint is met using a tapered PCF in our work, which is modeled using a fully vectorial effective index method (FVEIM). Influence of spatial and spectral dependent gain, saturation energy, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), dispersion and nonlinearity on pulse propagation are analyzed using the combined solution of dynamic rate equations (DRE) and the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation (GNLSE). Numerical outcomes upon solving the aforementioned equations show that a 1 ps pulse is compressed down to a pulsewidth of 55.4 fs with a peak power of 1.03 kW in a total fiber length of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L=2.5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> m and taper ratio of 2.34. Overall quality of the compression scheme is evidenced by a relatively high compression factor (F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>c</i></sub> ) = 18.12, and low percentage of pedestal energy ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$PE$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) = 10.95 %

Numerical investigation of coherent supercontinuum generation via soliton implosion in ZBLAN photonic crystal fiber

We numerically investigate coherent supercontinuum (SC) generation extending from the deep ultraviolet to the mid-infrared spectral region using few-cycle optical pulses, pumped into a ZBLAN photonic crystal fiber. The finite difference method is used to optimize the fiber structure and achieve two zero dispersion wavelengths, with a broad anomalous dispersion region. The propagation of ultrashort pulses and their nonlinear dynamics is accurately modeled by employing the forward unidirectional propagation equation for the analytic signal of the pulse electric field. We show that by pumping in the anomalous regime of dispersion, the high-order solitons undergo an implosion process and spectral broadening is achieved via the contribution of self-phase modulation, self-steepening, and shock formation, along with a strong transfer of energy into a nonsolitonic resonant Cherenkov-like radiation in the normal dispersion region. Furthermore, numerical results indicate that broadband supercontinua spanning the region from 0.22 to 4.6 μm is successfully achieved with a pulse having a soliton order and duration of 12 and 6 fs, respectively. In addition, the deterministic feature of the implosion mechanism exhibits very low sensitivity to the input quantum noise and achieves excellent coherence properties. The proposed multioctave SC source is found promising for various potential applications, such as two-photon excited autofluorescence, bioimaging, spectroscopy, optical signal processing, and medicine.

Study of retarded Raman response function on ultra-short pulse propagation inside silica-based optical fibers

Study of retarded Raman response function on ultra-short pulse propagation inside silica-based optical fibers

Ultrashort light bullet solutions in dual-core dispersion-decreasing media

The ultrashort light bullet solutions to a (3+1)-dimensional generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation with inhomogeneous coefficients and a varying source are obtained. This model can describe the wave propagation in the dual-core dispersion-decreasing media. Two types of dispersion, the hyperbolic and the Gaussian profiles, are discussed in the media to show the different propagation properties of light bullet solutions. We find that the chirp parameter can control whether the solution is broadened or compressed, and the light bullet solutions in the dispersion-decreasing media with Gaussian profile can be compressed to a predictable degree. Our results may be useful to the pulse compression in dual-core diffraction-decreasing media when associate with the generation of ultrashort pulses.

Nonlinear Wave Molecules for the Lakshmanan–Porsezian–Daniel Equation in Nonlinear Optics and Biology

AbstractThe nonlinear wave molecules of the Lakshmanan–Porsezian–Daniel (LPD) equation describing the propagation of ultrashort optical pulses through optical fibers and Davydov soliton in α‐helical proteins are investigated. Based on the analysis of characteristic lines, the breather molecules consisting of two, three, or even four different breather atoms are derived, and the synthesis modes of molecules by adjusting the values of the phase parameters are generated. The state conversion of the breather molecules is studied and a variety of converted wave molecules are produced. In particular, it is reported that the full conversion of the breather molecules does not exist in the LPD equation. The formation mechanisms of different types of nonlinear wave molecules through the nonlinear superposition are further explored and the influence of higher‐order effects on the breather molecules is discussed. Finally, the intricate interactions between the molecules and nonlinear waves are considered. It is found that the distances between atoms in the molecules as well as the shapes of the converted waves change after the interactions, and the essence of such shape‐changed interactions is revealed.

Dipole and quadrupole nonparaxial solitary waves.

The cubic nonlinear Helmholtz equation with third and fourth order dispersion and non-Kerr nonlinearity, such as the self steepening and the self frequency shift, is considered. This model describes nonparaxial ultrashort pulse propagation in an optical medium in the presence of spatial dispersion originating from the failure of slowly varying envelope approximation. We show that this system admits periodic (elliptic) solitary waves with a dipole structure within a period and also a transition from a dipole to quadrupole structure within a period depending on the value of the modulus parameter of a Jacobi elliptic function. The parametric conditions to be satisfied for the existence of these solutions are given. The effect of the nonparaxial parameter on physical quantities, such as amplitude, pulse width, and speed of the solitary waves, is examined. It is found that by adjusting the nonparaxial parameter, the speed of solitary waves can be decelerated. The stability and robustness of the solitary waves are discussed numerically.

Spectroscopy of solid-solution transparent sesquioxide laser ceramic Tm:LuYO3

We report on a detailed spectroscopic study of a Tm3+-doped transparent sesquioxide ceramic based on a solid-solution (lutetia – yttria, LuYO3) composition. The ceramic was fabricated using commercial oxide powders by hot isostatic pressing at 1600°C for 3 h at 190 MPa argon pressure. The most intense Raman peak in Tm:LuYO3 at 385.4 cm-1 takes an intermediate position between those for the parent compounds and is notably broadened (linewidth: 12.8 cm-1). The transition intensities of Tm3+ ions were calculated using the Judd-Ofelt theory; the intensity parameters are Ω2 = 2.537, Ω4 = 1.156 and Ω6 = 0.939 [1020 cm2]. For the 3F4 → 3H6 transition, the stimulated-emission cross-section amounts to 0.27 × 10−20 cm2 at 2059nm and the reabsorption-free luminescence lifetime is 3.47 ms (the 3F4 radiative lifetime is 3.85 ± 0.1 ms). The Tm3+ ions in the ceramic exhibit long-wave multiphonon-assisted emission extending up to at least 2.35 µm; a phonon sideband at 2.23 µm is observed and explained by coupling between electronic transitions and the dominant Raman mode of the sesquioxides. Low temperature (12 K) spectroscopy reveals a significant inhomogeneous spectral broadening confirming formation of a substitutional solid-solution. The mixed ceramic is promising for ultrashort pulse generation at &gt;2 µm.

Ultrashort near-infrared pulse generation by non-collinear optical parametric amplification in LiInS2

We demonstrate non-collinear optical parametric amplification (NOPA) in LiInS2 to generate ultrashort near-infrared pulses. White light pulses around 1400 nm generated in yttrium aluminum garnet are amplified by five orders of magnitude up to 1.0 µJ by three-stage NOPA in LiInS2. The dispersion of the amplified pulses is compensated by an acousto-optic programmable dispersive filter, resulting in the pulse compression down to 40 fs, which is 1.1 times the pulse width of the Fourier-transform limited pulse. The successful demonstration of NOPA in LiInS2 indicates the possibility as a new light source to obtain high peak intensity which enables us to access the regime of non-perturbative physics.

Diode-pumped SESAM mode-locked Tm:Sc2SiO5 laser.

We report a diode-pumped passively mode-locked Tm:Sc2SiO5 (Tm:SSO) laser for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The stable continuous-wave (CW) mode-locking is achieved with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM). Operating at the eye-safe wavelength of 1967.7 nm, the pulsed laser delivers a pulse duration of 16.5 ps with an average output power of 207 mW. At a fundamental repetition frequency of 81 MHz, the signal-to-noise ratio is as high as 70 dB. These results demonstrate the great potential of Tm:SSO crystal for ultrashort pulse generation.

Nickel 1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxylic acid-metal organic framework polymer composite saturable absorber for femtosecond pulse generation

This work demonstrates the fabrication of a saturable absorber with nickel 1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxylic acid (Ni-H3BTC)-metal organic framework (MOF) to generate soliton pulses in an erbium-doped fiber laser. The saturable absorber was fabricated by spin-coating Ni-H3BTC-MOF/polydimethylsiloxane composite on a tapered fiber as the encapsulation agent for light-matter interactions. The proposed cavity emitted a pulse laser at 1557.72 nm central wavelength with 3-dB bandwidth of 5.90 nm, pulse width of 907 fs, and average output power of 13.02 mW. At maximum pump power of 247.8 mW, the pulse energy was calculated to be 1.3 nJ at 10 MHz repetition rate. These results might assist as a footing to explore different types of available MOFs and their properties for the generation of ultrashort pulses.

Analytical soliton solutions of the higher order cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation and the influence of the model’s parameters

In this paper, we present the higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) with third order dispersion (3OD), fourth-order dispersion (4OD), and cubic-quintic nonlinearity (CQNL) terms that define the propagation of ultrashort pulses. Two analytical methods, which are the new Kudryashov’s method and the unified Riccati equation expansion method, are implemented to extract the analytical soliton solutions of the presented equation for the first time. Thus, bright, dark, and singular soliton solutions are acquired. To illustrate the physical behavior of some of the obtained solutions, 3D, 2D, and contour graphs are depicted. In particular, to understand the effects of the group velocity dispersion, 3OD, 4OD, CQNLs, self-steepening coefficient terms, and group velocity term of the traveling wave transformation on the soliton dynamics of the proposed equation, 2D plots for different values of coefficients are represented. The obtained results provide us with the knowledge that the presented model can be examined from a physical perspective. It can be concluded that the used methods are effective approaches to derive the analytical solutions for the NLSE.

Water jet space charge spectroscopy: route to direct measurement of electron dynamics for organic systems in their natural environment

The toolbox for time-resolved direct measurements of electron dynamics covers a variety of methods. Since the experimental effort is increasing rapidly with achievable time resolution, there is an urge for simple and robust measurement techniques. Within this paper prove-of-concept experiments and numerical simulations are utilized to investigate the applicability of a new setup for the generation of ultrashort electron pulses in the energy range of 300 eV up to 1.6 keV. The experimental approach combines an in-vacuum liquid microjet and a few-cycle femtosecond laser system, while the threshold for electron impact ionization serves as a gate for the effective electron pulse duration. The experiments prove that electrons in the keV regime are accessible and that the electron spectrum can be easily tuned by laser intensity and focal position alignment with respect to the water jet. Numerical simulations show that a sub-picosecond temporal resolution is achievable.

Conservation laws of the complex short pulse equation and coupled complex short pulse equations

In this paper, the complex short pulse equation and the coupled complex short pulse equations that can describe the ultra-short pulse propagation in optical fibers are investigated. The two complex nonlinear models are turned into multi-component real models by proper transformations. Lie symmetries are obtained via the classical Lie group method, and the results for the coupled complex short pulse equations contain the existing results as particular cases. Based on the linearizing operator and adjoint linearizing operator for the two real systems, adjoint symmetries can be obtained. Explicit conservation laws are constructed using the symmetry/adjoint symmetry pair (SA) method. Relationships between the nonlinear self-adjointness method and the SA method are investigated.

Gain-switching in CsPbBr3 microwire lasers

All-inorganic perovskite microwire lasers, which have intrinsic high material gain and short cavity, especially favor the generation of ultrashort optical pulses via gain switching for various potential applications. Particularly, the ultrashort gain-switched pulses may extend perovskite microwires to previously inaccessible areas, such as ultrafast switches, and chipscale microcombs pumping souces in photonic integrated circuits. Here, we show 13.6-ps ultrashort single-mode green pulses from the gain-switched CsPbBr3 microwire lasers under femtosecond optical pumping. The gain-switching dynamics is experimentally investigated by a streak camera system. The excitation fluence dependences of pulse width, delay time and rise time of the output pulses show good agreements with the rate equation simulations with taking gain nonlinearities and carrier recombination ABC model into account. Our results reveal that perovskite microwire lasers have potential for ultrashort pulse generation, while the low transient saturated gain, which may result from the high transient carrier temperature under femtosecond pumping is a significant limitation for further pulse shortening.

Optical solitons and stability analysis for the new (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation

This paper explores the new [Formula: see text]-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation which is used to model the propagation of ultra-short optical pulses in highly-nonlinear media. This equation is newly derived based on the extended [Formula: see text]-dimensional zero curvature equation. An effective technique, namely, the extended sinh-Gordon equation expansion method is applied to find optical soliton solutions and other solutions for this model. As a result, dark, bright, combined dark–bright, singular, combined singular soliton solutions, and singular periodic wave solutions are obtained. The stability of the model is investigated by using the modulation instability analysis which guarantees that the model is stable and all solutions are stable and exact. Physical explanations of the obtained solutions are presented by using 3D and 2D plots. The reported outcomes are useful in the empirical application of fiber optics.

Omnipresent instability criterion of birefringent Kundu-Eckhaus model with nonic nonlinearity

This paper intends to present an investigation of the ultra shortpulse propagation under the nonlinear birefringent Kundu-Eckhaus (KE) model. The dynamics of modulational instability(MI) is revealed with the linear stability analysis of the KE equation with higher-order, the cubic, and nonic nonlinearity effects. The role of cubic-nonic nonlinearity on MI gain spectra in KE fiber system with self and cross phase modulation is studied for the first time. The impact of nonic nonlinearity is shown to be much more prominent over its cubic-quintic counterpart. The presence of cubic-nonic combo nonlinearity lets the MI gain profile to be adjusted with the rate of self-phase modulation (SPM). This new MI gain growth dynamics controlled by the SPM parameter will be useful on soliton generation in birefringent KE fiber media.

Derivation of optical solitons of dimensionless Fokas-Lenells equation with perturbation term using Sardar sub-equation method

This paper presents an investigation of soliton solutions for the perturbed Fokas-Lenells (pFL) equation, which has a vital role in optics, using Sardar sub-equation method. The equation models the propagation of ultrashort light pulses in optical fibers. Using appropriate wave transformation, the pFL equation is reduced to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (NLODE). The solutions of this NLODE equation are assumed to be in the suggested form by the Sardar sub-equation method. Hence, an algebraic equation system is obtained by substituting the trial solution and their necessary derivatives into the NLODE. After finding the unknowns in the system, the soliton solutions of the perturbed Fokas-Lenells equation are extracted. The method produces various kinds of solitons such as dark, periodic, singular periodic, combined bright-dark. To show physical representations of the solitons, 2D, 3D and contour plots of the solutions are demonstrated via computer algebraic systems. It is expected that derived solutions may be useful for future works in various fields of science, especially optics and so, it may contribute to the optic fiber industry.

Continuous limit and location-manageable discrete loop rogue wave solutions for the semi-discrete complex short pulse equation

This paper focuses on the semi-discrete complex short pulse equation which may describe the ultra-short pulse propagation in optical fiber. First, we study the continuous limit of the semi-discrete complex short pulse equation and establish a certain connection with a continuous complex short pulse equation. Then the discrete generalized (p,N−p)-fold Darboux transformation is constructed to generate three kinds of location-manageable discrete localized wave solutions including loop rogue wave, loop periodic wave, and their mixed collision loop structures. With the help of the hodograph transformation, we find a class of implicit solutions of semi-discrete complex short pulse equation, and some specific parameters are added to the analytical expressions so that we can theoretically manage these loop structures where we want them to appear. These unique structures may help researchers better grasp the characteristics of location-manageable loop localized wave solutions and explain many physical phenomena in nonlinear optics.