Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry Research Articles

Unraveling the multiple role of UV in PAA/Fe(III) advanced oxidation: Mechanism, efficiency, and toxicity analysis

In recent years, the advanced Fenton-like oxidation technology based on peracetic acid (PAA) has attracted increasing attention, while accelerating the cycle of Fe(III)/Fe(II) remains a limitation for widespread PAA/Fe(III) system application. Herein, in this study, the dual mechanism of UV synchronous acceleration of Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycling and activation of PAA was systematic investigated with the introduction of UV in PAA/Fe(III) systems. Results suggested that the target pollutant Rhodamine B (RhB) could achieve over 95% degradation within 12minutes in the Fe (III)/PAA/UV system. The crucial roles of UV radiation has been determined to activate PAA independently, and synchronously accelerates the transfer of Fe (III) to Fe (II) to generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH), while also enhancing the generation of Fe (IV), ultimately achieving a redox cycle in Fe (III)/PAA/UV system. The ·OH, Fe(IV) and organic free radicals (R-O·) were identified as the mainly active substances via the various analysis methods including characteristic product detection, quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and fluorescence analysis, and the contribution to the RhB degradation followed as ·OH(68.61%) > Fe(IV) (17.52%) > R-O·(11.69%). 12 intermediates and two potential degradation pathways of RhB were identified by combining density functional theory (DFT) calculations and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) analyses, and the ecotoxicity was evaluated through Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) program. Response surface methodology was employed to analyze optimal degradation conditions, considering Fe(III) and PAA dosage, pH, and inhibitory effects of anions. This study systematically revealed the internal mechanism of Fe(III)/PAA/UV system for organic pollutant degradation and verified its efficiency and eco-friendliness.

Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight-Mass Spectrometry-Based Analysis of Facial Physiological Parameters and Lipid Composition of Between Sensitive Skin of Women Aged 36–42 and 43–49 Year

Background: UPLC-Q-TOF-MS (Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry) is a high-precision, high-density technology for lipid analysis. Sensitive skin is a sub-stable condition, and it has been reported that the population of sensitive skin in China is predominantly female. Meanwhile, women with sensitive skin have different physiological parameters as well as lipid compositions at different ages. The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine states that the number of women’s life cycles is seven, that major changes are manifested every 7 years, and that aging begins at age 35. At present, the correlation between facial lipid composition and aging indicators of sensitive skin in women aged 36–42 and 43–49 years has not been reported. Objective: This study reveals the relationship between key lipid composition of the facial skin and the aging of sensitive skin in women aged 36–42 and 43–49 years. Methods: We used UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technology to study the changes in lipid composition in the sensitive skin of woman aged 36–42 and 43–49 years, using a multi-probe adapter system with different types of skin-testing probes to test physiological parameters. Three types of multivariate data—questionnaires, physiological indicators, and lipid composition—were used together to assess differences in aging in a population of women with sensitive skin at different ages. Results: 1. In the questionnaire part, the T1 group was more susceptible to sunburn and the T2 group was more susceptible to tanning. 2. In the physiological index part, the aging characteristics of facial skin in the T2 group were obvious, with the b-value, as well as the brown area size, being significantly higher than the T1 group, while the TWEL, sebum, R2 value, ITA value, pore count, and concentration of the red area were significantly lower than the T1 group. 3. In the lipid part, the total facial lipid content was higher in the T2 group, with a significantly higher GP lipid, and the 47 VIP lipids obtained were analyzed by ROC curves, narrowing down to six lipids, PS(2-OMe-21:0/0:0), PS(O-18:0/20:5 (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)), PA(O-16:0/20:5 (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)), PS (P-16:0/12:0, PA (O-16:0/22:2 (13Z,16Z)), and PC (19:3 (10Z,13Z,16Z)/0:0)), and all six lipids were higher in the T2 group. 4. In Spearman correlation analysis, PS(O-18:0/20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)), PS(P-16:0/12:0), PS(2-OMe-21:0/0:0), PA(O-16:0/20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)), and PC(19:3( 10Z,13Z,16Z)/0:0), which are five lipids and skin aging indicators (TWEL, sebum, ITA value, b-value, pore count, concentration of red area, and brown area size) were significantly correlated. Conclusions: Through correlation analysis, it was found that changes in the composition of skin surface lipids (SSLs) in both age groups have an important influence on facial physiological indicators (aging manifestations) and played an important role in furthering the understanding of sensitive skin aging. Therefore, these lipid components also provide theoretical support for the development of cosmetic ingredients that slow down the aging of sensitive skin.

New metabolic insights into the mechanism of ifosfamide encephalopathy.

Ifosfamide causes neurotoxicity, including sometimes fatal encephalopathy, in a small number of patients. Why and how this occurs is not fully understood. It is generally believed that N-dechloroethylation of ifosfamide to 2-chloroacetaldehyde is the cause. A total of 61 patients were investigated, 49 who received ifosfamide and pazopanib and 12 treated with ifosfamide and sunitinib. Plasmas were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOFMS) and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Neurotoxicity occurred in 25/61 patients, including four with encephalopathy. UPLC-QTOFMS revealed that N-dechloroethylation was unlikely to be the cause but did divulge in plasma that 2-chloroethylamine, 3-phosphoserine, uridine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate, Cer(d16:1/17:0), Cer(d16:0/16:0), and thyroxine were associated with encephalopathy. GC-MS analysis showed that palmitic, oleic and stearic acids increased significantly in plasma only in nonencephalopathic patients, suggesting impaired long-chain fatty acid oxidation but an alternative metabolic pathway in encephalopathic patients. Glycine, alanine, serine, glutamate and 5-oxoproline all decreased significantly only in encephalopathic plasmas, signifying increased de novo GSH synthesis. Taken together, these findings indicate three new putative mechanisms of ifosfamide encephalopathy: (i) failure to convert 3-phosphoserine to serine due to inhibition of O-phosphoserine phosphohydratase; (ii) failure to incorporate ceramides into cerebrosides and (iii) oxidative injury of the cerebral cortex requiring de novo GSH synthesis.

Identification of laccol as a paint binder in Neolithic pottery from China

Some precious painted pottery have been excavated from a late Neolithic site (6000-5300 BP) in China recently. The materials and technique of the paint were comprehensively studied. The analytical techniques conducted include optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and thermally assisted hydrolysis-methylation pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (THM-Py-GC/MS). The results revealed the painted pottery is lacquer-painted pottery, which is the earliest evidence of using laccol as binding media to paint pottery. Moreover, a two-layer structure of the paint technique was found. Cinnabar and a kind of yellow dye were detected in the first layer, while iron red was determined in the ground layer. Laccol, instead of urushiol as a binding medium, was identified in both two layers. Laccol is the maker compound from the tree of Toxicodendron (Rhus) succedanea, which mainly grows in Vietnam. Its presence in the painted pottery represents that the use of Toxicodendron (Rhus) succedanea resource can be as early as the late Neolithic period in China. The possibility of the origin of laccol was also discussed in the paper.

Multi-tissue metabolomic profiling reveals the crucial metabolites and pathways associated with scallop growth

BackgroundBivalves represent a vital economic resource in aquaculture for their high productivity and extensive market demand. Growth is one of the most important and desired aquaculture traits for bivalves, regulated by multiple levels, notably intricate metabolic processes. However, the understanding of the metabolic profiles that influence bivalve growth is limited, particularly from a multi-tissue perspective.ResultsIn this study, metabolic profiles of multiple tissues of Chlamys farreri with different growth performance were systematically investigated by ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Through comparing the metabolic variation between fast-growing (FG) scallops and slow-growing (SG) scallops, 613, 509, 105, and 192 significantly different metabolites (SDMs) were identified in the mantle, gill, adductor muscle, and digestive gland, respectively. Growth-related metabolic pathways including sphingolipid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and ABC transporter pathway, along with 11 SDMs associated with growth traits were identified in all four tissues, implying they were involved in the growth of multiple tissues in scallops. Tissue-specific metabolic profiling indicated that sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism in the mantle potentially contributed to shell growth, while the gill synergistically participated with the mantle through various metabolic processes, such as tyrosine metabolism, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism and melanogenesis; energy metabolism was crucial for adductor muscle growth; and nutrients digestion and absorption in the digestive gland were linked to scallop growth.ConclusionsOur results represent the first comprehensive analysis of the crucial pathways and metabolites associated with the growth of C. farreri, offering valuable insights for future bivalve aquaculture production.

Kaixinsan regulates neuronal mitochondrial homeostasis to improve the cognitive function of Alzheimer's disease by activating CaMKKβ-AMPK-PGC-1α signaling axis

BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease primarily characterized by cognitive impairments. With the intensification of population aging, AD has become a major health concern affecting the elderly. Kaixinsan, a classical traditional Chinese formula, consists of Ginseng Panax et Rhizoma, Polygalae Radix, Poria and Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma, and is commonly used in clinical for treating memory decline. However, its mechanism remains unclear, which hinders its popularization and application. MethodMorris water maze (MWM) was performed to evaluate the effect of Kaixinsan on improving learning and memory ability in SAMP8 (senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8, an AD model mice) mice. Nissl staining, TdT-mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) and western blotting (Bax and Bcl-2) were used to confirm the effect of Kaixinsan on the neuronal structure and apoptosis of SAMP8 mice. Ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was performed to identify the distribution components in brain tissue after administration of Kaixinsan extraction. Based on the identified brain distribution components, the mechanism of Kaixinsan improving the cognitive function was predicted by network pharmacology. Then, using HSP60 as a mitochondrial marker and RBFOX3 as a neuronal marker, immunofluorescence co-localization was used to confirm the effect of Kaixinsan on neuronal mitochondria quantity in SAMP8 mice. Western blotting was employed to access the expression of predicted proteins (AMPK, CaMKKβ, PGC-1α and HSP90) implicated in mitochondrial homeostasis. To further confirm the mechanism of Kaixinsan, SH-SY5Y cell injury model induced by amyloid β - protein fragment 25–35 (Aβ25–35) was replicated and the effect of Kaixinsan - containing serum on apoptosis in injured SH-SY5Y cells was investigated by flow cytometer. The expression level of apoptosis-associated proteins (Bax and Bcl-2) and mitochondrial homeostasis related proteins (AMPK, CaMKKβ, PGC-1α and HSP90) in the presence or absence of CaMKKβ inhibitor (STO-609) were compared. ResultsThe results indicate that Kaixinsan can improve the cognitive function of SAMP8 mice, alleviate the hippocampal tissue lesions and inhibit neuron apoptosis. Seventeen brain distribution components of Kaixinsan were identified. Based on the brain distribution components of Kaixinsan, the results of network pharmacology suggest that Kaixinsan may regulate mitochondrial homeostasis through the CaMKKβ-AMPK-PGC-1α signaling axis. In vivo experiments indicated that Kaixinsan could reverse neuronal mitochondrial loss in SAMP8 mice by upregulating CaMKKβ, AMPK, HSP90 and PGC-1α to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and increase the number of neuronal mitochondria. Additionally, the in vitro experiments demonstrated that Kaixinsan can inhibit apoptosis of Aβ25–35 injured SH-SY5Y cells and upregulate mitochondrial homeostasis-related proteins CaMKKβ, AMPK and PGC-1α. However, in addition to CaMKKβ inhibitors, the neuroprotective effect disappeared. ConclusionThe results indicate that Kaixinsan can improve the cognitive function of SAMP8 mice by regulating CaMKKβ-AMPK-PGC-1α signaling axis to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis and inhibit neuronal apoptosis.

Therapeutic effects of Mudan granules on diabetic retinopathy: Mitigating fibrogenesis caused by FBN2 deficiency and inflammation associated with TNF-α elevation

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMudan granules (MuD), a time-honored traditional Chinese patent medicine (TCPM), are widely utilized in the clinical treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). In the field of biomedical diagnostics, both diabetic retinopathy (DR) and DPN are recognized as critical microvascular complications associated with diabetes. According to the principles of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), these conditions are primarily attributed to a deficiency in Qi and the obstruction of collaterals. Despite this, the protective effects of MuD on DR and the underlying mechanisms remain to be comprehensively elucidated. Aims of the studyThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of MuD on DR and to further explore the promising therapeutic targets. MethodsA diabetic mouse model was established by administering 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) via intraperitoneal injection for five consecutive days. The therapeutic efficacy of MuD was evaluated using a comprehensive approach, which included electroretinogram (ERG) analysis, histopathological examination, and assessment of serum biochemical markers. Then, the pharmacodynamic mechanisms of MuD were systematically analyzed using Tandem Mass Tags-based proteomics. Meanwhile, the candidate compounds of MuD were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and molecular docking was applied to estimate the affinity of the active ingredient to their potential key targets. In addition, the functional mechanisms identified through bioinformatics analysis were confirmed by molecular biological methods. ResultsWe demonstrated that MuD provided significant protection to retinal function and effectively mitigated the reduction in retinal thickness observed in the animal model. Through proteomic analysis, we identified a substantial regulation by MuD of 70 biomarkers associated with diabetic retinal damage. These proteins were notably enriched in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, a critical mediator in inflammatory processes. A particularly intriguing finding was the significant downregulation of fibrillin-2 (FBN2) in the diabetic retina compared to the control group (0.36 times the level), and its most pronounced upregulation (3.26 times) in the MuD treatment group. This suggests that FBN2 may play a pivotal role in the protective effects of MuD. Molecular docking analyses have unveiled a robust interplay between the components of MuD and TNF-α. Further corroboration was provided by molecular biological methods, which confirmed that MuD could suppress TNF-mediated inflammation and prevent retinal neovascularization and fibrogenesis. ConclusionMuD have the potential to alleviate diabetic retinal dysfunction by effectively curbing the fibrogenesis-associated neoangiogenesis and mitigating the inflammatory response, thereby restoring retinal health and function.

Exploring novel antioxidant cyclic peptides in corn protein hydrolysate: Preparation, identification and molecular docking analysis

Antioxidant cyclic peptides were successfully identified from a corn protein hydrolysate. Hydrolysate by Alcalase + Flavourzyme showed the highest cyclic peptide purity (48.36 ± 1.81 %) and higher antioxidant activities compared with other hydrolysate. The success of peptide cyclization in hydrolysate was demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability of hydrolysate after cyclization was significantly increased, which was related to the formation of cyclic peptides. Peptides with molecular weight less than 1000 Da accounted for more than 80 % in hydrolysate after cyclization. After separation using gel silica chromatography and semi-preparative reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), 22 novel antioxidant cyclic peptides were identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and orbitrap-tandem mass spectrometry (Orbitrap-MS/MS). Synthetic cyclic peptides with the same sequence were synthesized and characterized for their antioxidant activity. Molecular docking suggested that the free radical molecules could bind with the cyclic backbone and side chain of cyclic peptides through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction as well as electrostatic interaction. This study has important implications for the high-value utilization of corn protein and new cyclic peptides drugs or functional food development.

Characterization of Differences in Chemical Profiles and Antioxidant Activities of Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera Based on Multi-Technique Data Fusion

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (S. chinensis) and Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils (S. sphenanthera) are called “Wuweizi” in traditional Chinese medicine, and they have distinct clinical applications. To systematically compare the differential characteristics of S. chinensis and S. sphenanthera, this study employed ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to construct chemical profiles of these two species from different regions. In total, 31 non-volatiles and 37 volatiles were identified in S. chinensis, whereas 40 non-volatiles and 34 volatiles were detected in S. sphenanthera. A multivariate statistical analysis showed that the non-volatiles tigloygomisin P, schisandrol A, schisantherin C, and 6-O-benzoylgomisin O and the volatiles ylangene, γ-muurolene, and β-pinene distinguish these species. Additionally, the metabolism of oxygen free radicals can contribute to the development of various diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, antioxidant activities were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) scavenging assays. The results showed that S. sphenanthera exhibited significantly higher antioxidant potential. A gray relational analysis indicated that the key contributors to the antioxidant activity of S. chinensis were schisandrol A, gomisin G, schisantherin C, pregomisin, gomisin J, and schisantherin B. For S. sphenanthera, the key contributors included gomisin K2, schisantherin B, gomisin J, pregomisin, schisantherin C, schisandrin, gomisin G, schisantherin A, schisanhenol, and α-pinene. The identification of the differential chemical markers and the evaluation of the antioxidant activities provide a foundation for further research into the therapeutic applications of these species. This innovative study provides a robust framework for the quality control and therapeutic application of S. chinensis and S. sphenanthera, offering new insights into their medicinal potential.

Identification of the Hypoglycemic Active Components of Lonicera japonica Thunb. and Lonicera hypoglauca Miq. by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS

Lonicera japonica Thunb. and Lonicera hypoglauca are famous Chinese medicines used for hyperglycemia; however, the specific compounds that contributed to the hypoglycemic activity and mechanism are still unknown. In this study, the antidiabetic activity of L. japonica buds and L. hypoglauca buds, roots, stems, and leaves extracts was primarily evaluated, and the L. japonica buds and L. hypoglauca buds, roots, and stems extracts displayed significant hypoglycemic activity, especially for the buds of L. hypoglauca. A total of 72 high-level compounds, including 9 iridoid glycosides, 12 flavonoids, 34 organic acids, and 17 saponins, were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) combined with the fragmentation pathways of standards from different parts of L. japonica and L. hypoglauca extracts. Among them, 19 metabolites, including 13 saponins, were reported for the first time from both medicines. Seven high-content compounds identified from L. hypoglauca buds extract were further evaluated for hypoglycemic activity. The result indicated that neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid B, and isochlorogenic acid C displayed significant antidiabetic activity, especially for isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C, which demonstrated that the five chlorogenic-acid-type compounds were the active ingredients of hypoglycemic activity for L. japonica and L. hypoglauca. The potential mechanism of hypoglycemic activity for isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C was inhibiting the intestinal α-glucosidase activity to block the supply of glucose. This study was the first to clarify the hypoglycemic active ingredients and potential mechanism of L. japonica and L. hypoglauca, providing new insights for the comprehensive utilization of both resources and the development of hypoglycemic drugs.

Electronic senses and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS combined with chemometrics analyses of Cynanchum species (Baishouwu).

Baishouwu, derived from Cynanchum auriculatum (CA) Royle ex Wight, Cynanchum bungei (CB) Decne., and Cynanchum wilfordii (CW) (Maxim.) Hemsl., is a valuable traditional Chinese medicine. CA is also recognized as a new food resource by China's National Health Commission. Given the considerable variations in flavor and chemical composition among these species and lack of their qualitative assessments, accurately differentiating between the species constituting Baishouwu is essential. To develop a method combining electronic tongue (E-tongue), electronic nose (E-nose), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) to differentiate between Baishouwu samples. Fifteen batches of Baishouwu samples were analyzed using E-tongue, E-nose, and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Flavor differences and key differential metabolites were determined through principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. E-tongue results revealed umami, sweetness, and richness as the predominant flavors of Baishouwu, with CA having the highest umami response, CW exhibiting the highest bitterness, and CB the highest sweetness. E-nose sensors showed consistent responses across species, with variations in signal strength; W1W and W2W sensors showed the highest response values. A total of 158 and 41 characteristic variables in the positive and negative ion modes, respectively, were selected as candidate differential metabolites, of which 29 and 14 were confirmed through database comparison. Eight critical differential metabolites, including C21 steroids and acetophenone compounds, were identified. This study presents a strategy for differentiating among the species constituting Baishouwu, providing a basis for broader application and establishing quality standards for these medicinal compounds.

Enhancement of microbial safety and shelf life of salmon fillets by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299 V fermented in pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel extract

This study demonstrated the selective support of pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel extract (PPE) on Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299 V growth, of which the resultant enhanced microbial safety and shelf life of salmon fillets. Incorporating PPE fermented with L. plantarum 299 V for 48 h (FPPE-48h) into alginate coating inhibited both the spiked Listeria monocytogenes and the spoilage - causing bacteria (psychotrophic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp.) on salmon fillets during the 4-day chilled storage, resulting in 1–1.5 log CFU/g lower bacterial counts (P < 0.05). FPPE-48h effectively suppressed biogenic amine-producing bacteria, and remarkably retarded the accumulation of putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, and tyramine (P < 0.05). Last, the key antimicrobial substances generated during the late stage of PPE fermentation were profiled using non-target ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) analysis. This study exemplifies a successful approach of fermenting probiotic utilizing food by-products/food waste to enhance the safety and shelf life of ready-to-eat foods.

Lactation-promoting ingredients of Hemerocallis citrina Borani and the corresponding mechanisms.

Hemerocallis citrina Borani is a traditional folk food used to promote the lactation of postpartum mothers in China; however, the active ingredients and corresponding mechanisms are still unknown. In this study, the lactogenic effect of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of H. citrina was primarily evaluated, and the aqueous extract (1,000 and 2,000mg/kg) displayed significant lactation-promoting effects. Three eluates of the aqueous extract (0%, 30%, and 50%HCW) were further evaluated for their lactogenic effect, and 30% and 50% HCW showed significant lactation-promoting activity. Nineteen ingredients, including those with a high content of rutin and isoquercetin, were then identified from 30% and 50%HCW using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) method. Finally, the lactogenic effect of rutin and isoquercetin was evaluated, and both compounds displayed significant lactation-promoting activity. The mechanisms relative to the lactation-promoting active ingredients for H. citrina extracts and compounds are to stimulate the release of prolactin (PRL) and progesterone (P), as well as to induce the expression of prolactin receptor (PRLR) and improve the morphology of mammary tissue. This study first clarified the lactation-promoting active ingredients of H. citrina and the corresponding mechanisms, which provide a new insight into the new lactation-promoting drug and promote the high-value utilization of H. citrina resources.

Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Changes in Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Euphorbia maculata Callus.

In this study, we investigated the effects of gamma irradiation on the antioxidant activity and metabolite profiles of Euphorbia maculata calli (PC3012). Gamma irradiation at various doses (0, 0.05, 0.5, and 10 kGy) significantly enhanced the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS+) radical scavenging activities of the callus extracts of PC3012 in a dose-dependent manner. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) analyses revealed that irradiation increased the lysophospholipid content, although no new antioxidant compounds were formed. Furthermore, a PLS-DA analysis revealed evident metabolic differences between non-irradiated and irradiated samples, which were further verified by statistical validation. These findings suggest that gamma irradiation induces specific biochemical modifications that enhance the bioactive properties of PC3012 calli. This technology exhibits potential for utilization in the natural product and food sectors, particularly in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals with improved health benefits.

Identifying Potential Bioactive Components and Targets of Shaofuzhuyu Decoction in Treating Endometriosis Using serum Pharmacochemistry and Network Pharmacology

Objective To evaluate the underlying pharmacodynamics and therapeutic mechanism of Shaofuzhuyu Decoction (SFZYD) in treating Endometriosis (EMs). Methods Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was employed to identify prototype ingredients of SFZYD in serum samples of EMs model rats. SFZYD was screened by Network Pharmacology for potential bioactive components, targets and key pathways in vivo according to the prototype components in blood. Subsequently, the binding activities of the potential bioactive compounds and key targets were tested by molecular docking techniques. Results 170 components of SFZYD were characterized in vitro using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, and a total of 40 prototype ingredients of SFZYD were identified in rat serum. Network pharmacology predicted 90 protein targets and 193 pathways associated with EMs based on these prototypes. Five components of SFZYD were screened as potential biological activities, and four core targets were identified, these components were trans-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, ferulic acid, protoferulic acid, and 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, while the identified core targets were ESR1, EGFR, SRC, and MAPK1. Vigorous binding activities between potential bioactive components and the core targets were demonstrated by molecular docking studies. Conclusion The present study elucidated that 13 active components in SFZYD act to treat EMs by regulating four core targets, ESR1, EGFR, SRC and MAPK1, through multiple signalling pathways, and have multi-target, multi-component and synergistic effects, which may serve as a reference and basis for the development of new drugs for treating EMs.

Effect on serum metabolomics of rats with premature ovarian insufficiency by Zhibian (BL54) through Shuidao (ST28) acupuncture.

To analyze the serum metabolic targets of the "Zhibian (BL54) through Shuidao (ST28)" acupuncture technique in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) model rats and to elucidate the potential molecular mechanism of acupuncture in improving POI. We used an intraperitoneal injection of CTX to establish the POI rat model (POI group) and compared serum hormone levels and ovarian histopathological changes to evaluate the effect of the Zhibian (BL54) through Shuidao (ST28) technique (ZS + POI group) on ovarian function. Then, nontargeted metabolomics was performed using rat serum by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). After acupuncture intervention, the serum hormone levels and ovarian pathological morphology of POI rats were effectively improved. Moreover, UPLC-Q-TOF/MS results showed that the ZS + POI group showed a significant reversal of the levels of 6 differential metabolites. Among them, the levels of four serum metabolic markers, divanillyltetrahydrofuran ferulate, trans-ferulic acid, tryptamine, and neuraminic acid, increased significantly. Further analysis of biological effects showed that all metabolites were involved in the regulation of reproductive hormone levels and antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects. The "Zhibian (BL54) through Shuidao (ST28)" acupuncture method may improve the ovarian function of POI rats by regulating serum metabolite markers to exert antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects, which provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of acupuncture in the treatment of POI.

Flavonoid Profiles in the Pulp of Different Lemon Cultivars and Their Antioxidant Activity Based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS.

Previous studies have indicated that there may be differences among the varieties of lemon flavonoids, but the details have not yet been made clear, which limits the comprehensive use of different cultivated lemon varieties. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) were used to investigate the types and contents of flavonoids in the flesh of the main cultivated variety (Eureka) and five common lemon varieties, as well as their in vitro antioxidant activity. A total of 21 compounds were identified, five of which were common compounds. Among them, Verna, Lisbon, and Bearss each have characteristic components that can serve as potential criteria for variety identification. Each of the six varieties of lemon has strong antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of different lemon varieties is related to flavonoids. Therefore, Eureka and the other five varieties of lemon are good natural antioxidants, and the cultivation and industrial production of lemons should consider the needs and selection of suitable varieties.

Mechanism of Zhishi Xiebai Guizhi decoction to treat atherosclerosis: Insights into experiments, network pharmacology and molecular docking

Ethnopharmacological relevanceZhishi Xiebai Guizhi Decoction (ZSXBGZD) is a traditional herbal manuscript used to treat cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. The decoction has demonstrated its capability to protect arteries and resist atherosclerosis. Its mechanisms for anti-atherosclerosis effect, nevertheless, remain unknown. Aims of the studyThe goal of the present study is to explore the effectiveness of ZSXBGZD acting on atherosclerosis and its key components based on experimental verification and network pharmacology analysis. Materials and methodsThe ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and databases were used to identify chemical components in ZSXBGZD. Network pharmacological analysis and molecular docking were implemented in order to reveal the possible therapeutic targets of ZSXBGZD. To form the model of atherosclerosis, we gave Apolipoprotein E knocked out mice a high-fat diet. H&E staining was performed to observe the effects of ZSXBGZD on atherosclerosis. Immunofluorescence and Western blot were used to investigate whether ZSXBGZD could affect autophagy, apoptosis, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway and other related mechanisms. ResultsIn total, 30 core compounds were screened through intersecting UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and the databases. The anti-atherosclerotic effect of ZSXBGZD might relate to the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway via network pharmacology analysis. ZSXBGZD could inhibit apoptosis, activate autophagy and ease inflammation by modifying AGE-RAGE signaling pathway to reduce the area of atherosclerotic plaque. ConclusionZSXBGZD could treat atherosclerosis by regulating autophagy and apoptosis via adjusting the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway.

Comparison of the effects and mechanisms of Alismatis Rhizoma with and without salt processing in ameliorating edema due to kidney Yin deficiency based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and transcriptomics

Abstract Salt-processed Alismatis Rhizoma (SAR) is extensively used in clinical practice and exhibits a more robust urination-promoting effect than Alismatis Rhizoma (AR). This study employed ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and pattern analysis to compare the terpenoids between AR and SAR. Additionally, this study compared the effects of AR and SAR on the gene expression in the kidneys of the rat model of edema (syndrome of kidney Yin deficiency) by transcriptomics to decipher the mechanism of salt processing. Materials and methods AR and SAR were extracted by ultrasonication, and data were collected by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS in the positive ion mode. Transcriptome sequencing was employed to determine the gene expression levels of the rat model treated with AR and SAR, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment was performed for the DEGs. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was built, on the basis of which the core targets were screened out. Finally, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted to verify the core targets. Results A total of 63 terpenoids were detected in AR and SAR, and salt processing had a significant effect on the content of terpenoids. AR and SAR mainly participated in the regulation of inflammation and immune responses, and SAR regulated more DEGs than AR. Additionally, SAR exerted more extensive regulatory effects on the targets than AR. Conclusion Salt processing mainly changes the content of chemical compounds in AR, which may indirectly optimize the proportion of the main compounds to enhance the therapeutic effect while reducing the toxicity. AR and SAR mainly ameliorate the edema due to kidney Yin deficiency by reducing inflammation and improving immunity. Finally, SAR regulates more genes and signaling pathways and exerts more extensive regulatory effects than AR.

Combination of UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and network pharmacology to reveal the mechanism of Chaihu-jia-Longgu-Muli decoction for treating vertigo with anxiety disorder.

Chaihu-jia-Longgu-Muli decoction (CLMD) has been proven clinically effective in treating vertigo with anxiety disorder. However, the mechanism is not clear. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of CLMD in treating vertigo with anxiety disorder based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and network pharmacology. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS was performed to identify the compounds in blood and the targets of compounds of CLMD in vertigo and anxiety were searched using databases. A protein-protein interaction network was built to screen the core targets. The core targets were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. In addition, the vertigo with anxiety rat model was used to verify the results. A total of 22 compounds were absorbed into the blood. Eighty-one potential targets associated with CLMD for vertigo with anxiety disorder were identified through network pharmacological analysis. Subsequently, GO and KEGG analysis showed that CLMD treatment for vertigo with anxiety disorder is associated with neurotransmitter levels and other pertinent physiological processes. The results of the animal experiments showed that CLMD decreased the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, alleviating the symptoms of vertigo and anxiety disorder in model rats. The study revealed CLMD could alleviate vertigo and anxiety symptoms through reducing the levels of neurotransmitters.