Ultra-dense Hydrogen Research Articles

Experimental apparatus for condensed excited hydrogen research

In this article, we report on a versatile experimental instrument for the study of hydrogen, condensed excited hydrogen, and hydrogen Rydberg matter, charged particles, and radiation from these systems. The system allows researchers to attach different detectors to the chamber to study condensed hydrogen, Rydberg matter, or excited hydrogen under different conditions. We show how the system is used to excite hydrogen to Rydberg atoms while monitoring Rydberg states using lasers and time-of-flight (TOF) on ions with radiation monitoring. We verify some of the work on using clustered hydrogen and laser to accelerate particles from rest to relativistic velocity. The experimental setup is an advanced replication of the reactor and detection system setup reported by researchers from Goteborg University. This experimental instrument can be used to replicate more of the work performed by the research group at Gothenburg University on Rydberg Matter, charged-particle acceleration, and experiments on ultra-dense hydrogen (UDH).

Consumption of Hydrogen by Annihilation Reactions in Ultradense Hydrogen H(0) Contributed to Form a Hot and Dry Venus.

When water vapor reacts with metals at temperatures of a few hundred kelvin, free hydrogen and metal oxides are formed. Iron is a common metal giving such reactions. Iron oxide together with a small amount of alkali metal as promoter is a good catalyst for forming ultradense hydrogen H(0) from the released hydrogen. Ultradense hydrogen is the densest form of condensed matter hydrogen. It can be formed easily at low pressure and is the densest material in the Solar System. Spontaneous and induced nuclear processes in H(0) create mesons (kaons, pions) in proton annihilation reactions. It is here agreed on that the great difference in the present conditions on Venus and Earth are caused by the initial difference in the temperatures of the planets due to their different distances from the Sun. This temperature difference means that, in warmer planetary environments such as on Venus, the iron + water steam → iron oxide + hydrogen reaction proceeded easily, meaning a consumption of water to give H(0) formation and release of nuclear energy by subsequent nuclear reactions in H(0). On the slightly cooler Earth, the iron + liquid water reaction was slower, and less water formed H(0). Thus, the water consumption and the heating due to nuclear reactions was smaller on Earth. The experiments proving that the mechanisms of forming H(0) and the details of the nuclear processes have been published. The more intense particle radiation from the nuclear processes in H(0) and the lack of water probably impeded formation of complex molecules and, thus, of life on planets like Venus. These processes in H(0) may, therefore, also imply a narrower zone of life in a planetary system than believed previously.

Are claims of cheap muon production correct?

Abstract Background Muon catalyzed fusion is a process, whereby isotopes of hydrogen undergo nuclear fusion thanks to a muon replacing an electron bringing the nuclei within fusion distance. The muon is then ejected and can facilitate a next fusion process. ‘Break even’ has not been achieved yet in spite of the optimization of isotope mixtures and initial muon energy. A main limiting factor is the muon lifetime and the cost in energy of accelerator-based muon production. The possibilities would receive an immense boost toward practical applications if a cheap muon source could be constructed. We challenge a recent publication claiming to have constructed a very intense, yet very ‘cheap’ muon source. Main text A recent publication in this journal (Holmlid in Energ Sustain 12:14, 2022, 10.1186/s13705-022-00338-4) promotes the idea that such a source has been constructed and demonstrated. The suggestion is based on a long series of articles by the same author as main investigator. They all center around a spectacular new aggregation state of hydrogen, so called ultra-dense hydrogen (UDH). The claims in the article (Holmlid in Energ Sustain 12:14, 2022, 10.1186/s13705-022-00338-4), as well as in the previous articles, are based on speculations going far beyond the experiments they purport to explain, and on a striking disregard of very well-established facts, both concerning conservation laws, elementary quantum mechanics and the phase diagrams of hydrogen. There are strong arguments why the claimed muon production does not occur and that the suggested evidence for it is a collection of instrumental artefacts. Conclusion The muon source suggested by Holmlid (Energ Sustain 12:14, 2022, 10.1186/s13705-022-00338-4) does not produce any muons.

Charge Asymmetry of Muons Generated in a Muon Generator from Ultra-Dense Hydrogen D(0) and p(0)

Laser-induced nuclear reactions in ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) (review in Physica Scripta 2019) create mesons (kaons and pions). These mesons decay mainly to muons. The muons created are useful (patented source) for the muon-induced fusion process. The sign of the muons from the source depends on the initial baryons used. With D(0) (ultra-dense deuterium) the source produces mainly positive muons and with p(0) (ultra-dense protium) the source produces mainly negative muons. Negative muons are required for muon-induced fusion. This charge asymmetry was reported earlier, and has now been confirmed by experiments with a coil current transformer as the beam detector. The current coil detector would give no signal from the muons if charge symmetry existed. The charge asymmetry could indicate unknown processes, for example, caused by the different annihilation processes in D(0) and p(0). The conclusions of a new analysis of the results are presented here. Using D(0) in the muon source, the asymmetry is likely due to the capture of µ- in D atoms and D2 molecules. This leads to emission of excess µ+ from D(0). With p(0) in the muon source, the capture rate of µ- is lower than in D(0). The emitted number of µ+ will be decreased by the reaction between µ+ and the surrounding abundant electrons, forming neutral muonium particles. This effect decreases the amount of emitted µ+ for both p(0) and D(0), and it is proposed to be the main reason for a larger fraction of emitted µ- in the case of p(0). Thus, there is no dominant emission of negative muons which would violate charge conservation.

Generator for Large Fluxes of Kaons and Pions Using Laser-Induced Nuclear Processes in Ultra-Dense Hydrogen H(0)

Laser-induced nuclear reactions in ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) produce mesons with both relatively low kinetic energy and with high kinetic energy. The kaons have up to 100 MeV of kinetic energy, thus a velocity of 0.55 c. Each laser pulse of >0.1 J of energy and length of 5 ns produces 1013 mesons. The operation of the meson generator is here demonstrated by measuring all decay times for mesons in the ns range after induction by a pulsed laser. These decay times are the unique fingerprints of the mesons, and they also produce the kinetic energy of the mesons created from their time-dilated decay. The charged pion decay time at rest from this generator is measured to be 25.92 ± 0.04 ns (standard fit error), in reasonable agreement with the tabulated results of 26.033 ns. A similar accuracy is found for the other mesons as for the charged kaons, with 96 MeV of kinetic energy, at 14.81 ± 0.05 ns. The same general behaviour is found with both deuterium and normal hydrogen forming the ultra-dense phase H(0) on the laser target. This meson generator gives intense meson showers useful for many types of particle physics experiments at a small fraction of the cost of using particle accelerators. A particle accelerator would need an energy of at least 1021 eV to produce a similar shower of 1013 mesons. Thus, the described generator is among the most intense meson sources that exist. Other important applications include nuclear energy generation and particle (pion) radiation for cancer treatment.

Born’s valence force-field model for diamond at terapascals: Validity and implications for the primary pressure scale

Born’s valence force-field model (VFM) established a theoretical scheme for calculating the elasticity, zero-point optical mode, and lattice dynamics of diamond and diamond-structured solids. In particular, the model enabled the derivation of a numerical relation between the elastic moduli and the Raman-active F2g mode for diamond. Here, we establish a relation between the diamond Raman frequency ω and the bulk modulus K through first-principles calculation, rather than extrapolation. The calculated K exhibits a combined uncertainty of less than 5.4% compared with the results obtained from the analytical equation of the VFM. The results not only validate Born’s classic model but also provide a robust K–ω functional relation extending to megabar pressures, which we use to construct a primary pressure scale through Raman spectroscopy and the crystal structure of diamond. Our computations also suggest that currently used pressure gauges may seriously overestimate pressures in the multi-megabar regime. A revised primary scale is urgently needed for such ultrahigh pressure experiments, with possible implications for hot superconductors, ultra-dense hydrogen, and the structure of the Earth’s core.

Laser-induced annihilation: Relativistic particles from ultra-dense hydrogen H(0)

Particle annihilation means that nuclear particles annihilate each other (for example nucleons like a neutron and an anti-neutron) and generate showers of mesons (mainly kaons and pions) at high energy. The kaons decay via pions and muons to electrons, positrons, neutrinos and photons. The energy which can be extracted from the very fast particles is of the order of 50% of the total energy of the nucleon masses involved or 500 MeV per mass unit. Several reports have been published recently on the meson showers ejected by pulsed-laser impact on ultra-dense hydrogen H(0). Since the particle velocities often are relativistic at >100 MeVu−1 it is clear that a much more efficient nuclear process is responsible than in a normal hydrogen isotope fusion process (which can give only 3 and 15 MeV per mass unit out). The first experiment showing heat production above break-even in a laser-induced nuclear process in H(0) was published in AIP Avances as early as 2015. Here, we use a standard method for relativistic particle detection to show that the particles ejected by the laser pulse from D(0) are charged (thus not photons), and in fact positive, and that the signals decay with the characteristic decay times of kaons and pions with uncertainty < 1%. Using the measured kinetic energies of the mesons gives exact energy conservation. We conclude that annihilation of nucleons in H(0) is observed. This may have profound effects on future energy production, since the efficiency of the fuel in annihilation is roughly a factor of 100 higher than in a nuclear fusion process. Ordinary hydrogen (protium and deuterium) can be used as fuel instead of radioactive tritium. This means that energy is generated at low cost and with very little harmful radiation both for terrestrial and space applications (Acta Astronautica 2020).

Energy production by laser-induced annihilation in ultradense hydrogen H(0)

Laser-induced nuclear processes in ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) give ejection of bunches of mesons similar to known baryon annihilation processes. This process was recently described as useful for relativistic interstellar travel (Holmlid and Zeiner-Gundersen 2020) and more precise experimental results exist now. The mesons are identified from their known decay time constants at rest as slow charged kaons, slow neutral long-lived kaons and slow charged pions. Other observed time constants are interpreted as relativistically dilated decays for fast mesons of the same three types, with kinetic energy up to 100 MeV for the kaons. Mouns are observed with kinetic energy of >100 MeV as decay products from the mesons. These particle energies are much too high to be due to nuclear fusion in hydrogen, and the only known process which can give such energies is baryon annihilation. A model of the annihilation process starting with two protons or two neutrons gives good agreement with the observed meson types and their masses and kinetic energies, thus now giving the complete energetics of the process. The process works with both D(0) and p(0). The efficiency from mass (of two baryons) to useful energy is 46% (contrary to 0.3% for T + D fusion) and the main non-recoverable energy loss is to neutrinos. Neutrons are not formed or ejected so this is an aneutronic process. The energy which can be extracted from ordinary hydrogen is 11.4 TWh per kg. This annihilation method is well suited for small and medium energy applications in the kW to MW range, but scaling-up to GW power stations requires further development. It is unlikely that this energy production method can be used for weapons since there is no ignition or chain reaction.

Nuclear Processes in Dark Interstellar Matter of H(0) Decrease the Hope of Migrating to Exoplanets

It is still generally assumed that interstellar travel will be possible after purely technical development and thus that mankind can move to some suitable exoplanet when needed. However, recent research indicates this not to be the case, since interstellar space is filled with enough ultradense hydrogen H(0) as stable condensed dark matter (Holmlid, Astrophysical Journal 2018) to make interstellar space travel at the required and technically feasible relativistic velocities (Holmlid et al, Acta Astronautica 2020) almost impossible. H(0) can be observed to exist in space from the so-called extended red emission (ERE) features observed in space. A recent review (Holmlid et al., Physica Scripta 2019) describes the properties of H(0). H(0) gives nuclear processes emitting kaons and other particles, with kinetic energies even above 100 MeV after induction for example by fast particle (spaceship) impact. These high particle energies give radiative temperatures of 12000 K in collisions against a solid surface and will rapidly destroy any spaceship structure moving into the H(0) clouds at relativistic velocity. The importance of preserving our ecosystem is pointed out, since travel to suitable exoplanets may be impossible. The possibilities of instead clearing interstellar space from H(0) are discussed, eventually providing tunnels suitable for relativistic interstellar transport. Finding regions with low intensity of ERE could even be a way to identify space-cleaning activities and thus to locate earlier space-travelling civilizations.

Future interstellar rockets may use laser-induced annihilation reactions for relativistic drive

Interstellar probes and future interstellar travel will require relativistic rockets. The problem is that such a rocket drive requires that the rocket exhaust velocity from the fuel also is relativistic, since otherwise the rocket thrust is much too small: the total mass of the fuel will be so large that relativistic speeds cannot be reached in a reasonable time and the total mass of the rocket will be extremely large. Until now, no technology was known that would be able to give rocket exhaust at relativistic speed and a high enough momentum for relativistic travel. Here, a useful method for relativistic interstellar propulsion is described for the first time. This method gives exhaust at relativistic speeds and is a factor of at least one hundred better than normal fusion due to its increased energy output from the annihilation-like meson formation processes. It uses ordinary hydrogen as fuel so a return travel is possible after refuelling almost anywhere in space. The central nuclear processes have been studied in around 20 publications, which is considered to be sufficient evidence for the general properties. The nuclear processes give relativistic particles (kaons, pions and muons) by laser-induced annihilation-like processes in ultra-dense hydrogen H(0). The kinetic energy of the mesons is 1300 times larger than the energy of the laser pulse. This method is superior to the laser-sail method by several orders of magnitude and is suitable for large spaceships.

Ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) as dark matter in the universe: new possibilities for the cosmological red-shift and the cosmic microwave background radiation

50 experimental publications exist on ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) from our laboratory. A review of these results was published recently (L. Holmlid and S. Zeiner-Gundersen in Phys. Scr. 74(7), 2019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ab1276). The importance of this quantum material in space is accentuated by a few recent publications: The so called extended red emission (ERE) spectra in space agree well (L. Holmlid in Astrophys. J. 866:107, 2018a) with rotational spectra measured from H(0) in the laboratory, supporting the notion that H(0) is a major part of the dark matter in the Universe. The proton solar wind was shown to agree well with the protons ejected by Coulomb explosions in p(0), thus finally providing a convincing detailed energy mechanism for the solar wind protons (L. Holmlid in J. Geophys. Res. 122:7956–7962, 2017c). The very high corona temperature in the Sun is also directly explained (L. Holmlid in J. Geophys. Res. 122:7956–7962, 2017c) as caused by well-studied nuclear reactions in H(0). H(0) is the lowest energy form of hydrogen and H(0) is thus expected to exist everywhere where hydrogen exists in the Universe. The so called cosmological red-shifts have earlier been shown to agree quantitatively with stimulated Raman processes in ordinary Rydberg matter. H(0) easily transforms to ordinary Rydberg matter and can also form the largest length scale of matter, with highly excited electrons just a few K from the ionization limit. Such electronic states provide the small excitations needed in the condensed matter H(0) for a thermal emission at a few K temperature corresponding to the CMB, the so called cosmic microwave background radiation. These excitations can be observed directly by ordinary Raman spectroscopy (L. Holmlid in J. Raman Spectrosc. 39:1364–1374, 2008b). A purely thermal distribution from H(0) and also from ordinary Rydberg Matter at 2.7 K is the simplest explanation of the CMB. The coupling of electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom observed as in experiments with H(0) gives almost continuous energy excitations which can create a smooth thermal CMB emission spectrum as observed. Thus, both cosmological red-shifts and CMB are now proposed to partially be due to easily studied microscopic processes in ultradense hydrogen H(0) and the other related types of hydrogen matter at the two other length scales. These processes can be repeated at will in any laboratory. These microscopic formation processes are much simpler than the earlier proposed large-scale non-repeatable processes related to Big Bang.

Decay of muons generated by laser-induced processes in ultra-dense hydrogen H(0)

This work reports identification of muons by their characteristic life-time of 2.20 μs after laser-induction of their precursor mesons, both kaons K± and KL0 and pions π± in ultra-dense hydrogen H(0). The pair-production signal from scattered muons at a metal converter in front of a photo-multiplier detector is observed with its decay. The observed signal intensity is decreased by a metal beam-flag which intercepts the meson and muon flux to the detector. Using D(0), the observed decay time is (2.23 ± 0.05) μs in agreement with the free muon lifetime of 2.20 μs. This signal is apparently due to the preferential generation of positive muons. Using p(0), the observed decay time is in the range 1–2 μs, thus shorter than the free muon lifetime, as expected when the signal is mainly caused by negative muons which interact with matter by muon capture.

Ultradense protium p(0) and deuterium D(0) and their relation to ordinary Rydberg matter: a review

The extremely large density of ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) has been proved in numerous experiments by three laser-induced methods, namely Coulomb explosions observed by particle time-of-flight (TOF) and TOF mass spectrometry, rotational emission spectroscopy in the visible, and annihilation-like meson ejecting nuclear reaction processes. The density of H(0) at the quite common spin level s = 2 is of the order of 100 kg cm−3. The theory of ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) is described briefly, especially the ‘mixed’ spin quantum number s and its relation to the internuclear distances. The orbital angular momentum of the bonding electrons in H(0) is l = 0, which gives the H(0) designation. At s = 2 with electron total angular momentum L = ħ, the internuclear distance is 2.24 pm, and at s = 1 thus L = ħ/2, it is as small as 0.56 pm. The internuclear distances are measured by optical rotational spectroscopy with a precision as good as 10−3, thus with femtometer resolution. The dimensional factor (ratio of internuclear distance to the electron orbit radius) was determined to be 2.9 by electrostatic stability calculations for ordinary Rydberg matter. This value is found to be valid with high precision also for H(0) clusters with different shapes. Superfluidity and a Meissner effect at room temperature are only found for the long chain clusters H2N(0), while the small H3(0) and H4(0) clusters do not have any super properties. Instead, they are the clusters in which most of the nuclear reaction processes take place. These processes give meson showers (most types of kaons and pions) and, after meson decay, large fluxes of muons and other leptons. Published applications of these results already exist in the field of nuclear reactions, energy production (patented fusion reactor), space physics (the solar wind), and in astrophysics (dark matter and the interstellar medium).

Retraction: Mesons from Laser-Induced Processes in Ultra-Dense Hydrogen H(0)

Retraction: Mesons from Laser-Induced Processes in Ultra-Dense Hydrogen H(0)

Laser-Induced Nuclear Processes in Ultra-Dense Hydrogen Take Place in Small Non-superfluid HN(0) Clusters

Charged and neutral kaons are formed by impact of pulsed lasers on ultra-dense hydrogen H(0). This superfluid material H(0) consists of clusters of various forms, mainly of the chain-cluster type H2N. Such clusters are not stable above the transition temperature from superfluid to normal matter. In the case studied here, this transition is at 525 K for D(0) on an Ir target, as reported previously. Mesons are formed both below and above this temperature. Thus, the meson formation is not related to the long chain-clusters H2N but to the small non-superfluid cluster types H3(0) and H4(0) which still exist on the target above the transition temperature. The nuclear processes forming the kaons take place in such clusters when they are transferred to the lowest s = 1 state with H–H distance of 0.56 pm. At this short distance, nuclear processes are expected within 1 ns. The superfluid chain-cluster phase probably has no direct importance for the nuclear processes. The clusters where the nuclear processes in H(0) take place are thus quite accurately identified.

Ultradense Hydrogen H(0) as Stable Dark Matter in the Universe: Extended Red Emission Spectra Agree with Rotational Transitions in H(0)

Abstract Studies of ultradense hydrogen H(0) in our laboratory have been reported in around 50 publications. The proton solar wind was shown to agree well with the protons ejected by Coulomb explosions in p(0). H(0) is a quantum material and can have at least two slightly different forms—ultradense protium p(0) and ultradense deuterium D(0)—which are stable even inside many stars. Mixed phases pD(0) have also been studied. These phases are the lowest-energy forms of hydrogen, and H(0) will probably exist everywhere where hydrogen exists in the universe. Rotational spectra from H(0) have been studied in laboratory experiments in emission in the visible range, giving good agreement with observations of ERE (extended red emission) in space. The ERE bands and sharp peaks agree with rotational transitions for a few coupled p–p and p–D pairs in the well studied spin state s = 4 in H(0). Since ERE is observed almost everywhere in space, this proves that H(0) is common in space. The rotational absorption from the ground state in p(0) agrees with the 220 nm extinction bump for three coupled p–p pairs in the most common spin state s = 2 studied. The uneven distribution of deuterium in space may be due to the slightly different properties of D(0), which separate it from p(0). The dark “missing mass” concluded to exist in the halos of rotating galaxies is proposed as being due to accumulation of H(0) there. Other important implications of the superfluid and superconductive phase H(0) in space await discovery.

Rotational emission spectroscopy in ultra-dense hydrogen p(0) and pxDy(0): Groups pN, pD2, p2D and (pD)N

The rotational emission spectrum induced in ultra-dense deuterium D(0) by a 1064 nm pulsed Nd:YAG laser with 0.4 J pulses was recently reported (J. Mol. Struct. 1130 (2017) 829–836). Good agreement between theory and experiment was found. The bond distances were determined for spin levels s = 2, 3 and 4 with a precision as good as ± 0.003 pm. The existence of these rotational lines supports the strongly bound cluster model of D(0). The similar spectra are now studied for ultra-dense protium p(0) and for the ultra-dense hydrogen mixture pxDy(0), giving several lines different from D(0). A rich spectrum of emission lines from pN and (pD)N groups in the chain clusters H2N(0) is observed and partially assigned. The observation of unique lines gives evidence for rotations in groups pN, pD (identified previously), pD2, p2D and (pD)2 in the long chain-clusters, complementing the previously identified pD and DN groups. Three-atomic and four-atomic clusters are of great interest, since the nuclear processes studied in several publications take place in such clusters. Emission lines from three-atomic planar groups pD2(0) and p2D(0), either in the chain clusters or as free clusters, are observed. Coupling of the dipole antennas (pD)N to neighboring parts of the homopolar chain-clusters H2N(0) probably gives several weaker lines. No certain evidence of free symmetric or asymmetric H4(0) tops like pD3(0) and p2D2(0) is found. Such strongly bound H4(0) molecules were studied by TOF-MS previously and they have slightly shorter bond distances which makes their final identification more difficult.

Neutrons from Muon-Catalyzed Fusion and Muon-Capture Processes in an Ultradense Hydrogen H(0) Generator

A generator for ultradense hydrogen H(0) also generates kaons, pions, and muons both spontaneously and after laser-pulse induction. The negative muons formed can be used to generate the well-studied muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion D + D process in deuterium gas D2. Both laser-induced and spontaneous neutron emissions are now observed from the generator by commercial neutron detectors. Thermalization with polyethylene plastic blocks is used for the 6Li thermal neutron detectors (Kromek TN15 and Saint Gobain BC-702), which increases the signal rate; the background in the laboratory increases by a factor of 3. A laser-induced neutron signal is observed with D2 gas at pressure <1 bar. It is attributed to muon-catalyzed fusion by slow muons in the D2 gas at high D2 pressure. The size of the neutron signal is limited by the relatively inefficient moderation of the muons before their decay in the low D2 gas pressure used. With ordinary hydrogen H2 or p2 (protium), no fusion but only a low signal possibly from capture-generated neutrons is observed. This neutron signal in p2 gas is often temporarily depressed by the laser probably due to changes in the p(0) material. The spontaneous signal using p2 in the generator can be due to neutron-ejecting capture processes caused by muons formed spontaneously in the generator, while the spontaneous signal with D2 may be due to muon-catalyzed fusion as well as capture processes.

Conventional/unconventional superconductivity in high-pressure hydrides and beyond: insights from theory and perspectives

The observation of a superconducting critical temperature $$T_\mathrm{c}$$ exceeding 200K in ultra-dense hydrogen sulfide has demonstrated that high- $$T_\mathrm{c}$$ superconductivity can be achieved also in compounds where the superconducting pairing is mediated by phonons. This poses interesting challenges and opportunities. In particular, in this paper, we present a theoretical overview of the following points:

The solar wind proton ejection mechanism: Experiments with ultradense hydrogen agree with observed velocity distributions

AbstractUltradense hydrogen H(0) is a very dense hydrogen cluster phase with H‐H distances in the picometer range. It has been studied experimentally in several publications from our group. A theoretical model exists which agrees well with laser‐pulse‐induced time‐of‐flight spectra and with rotational spectroscopy emission spectra. Coulomb explosions in H(0) in spin state s = 1 generate protons with kinetic energies larger than the retaining gravitational energy at the photosphere of the Sun. The required proton kinetic energy above 2 keV has been directly observed in published experiments. Such protons may be ejected from the Sun and are proposed to form the solar wind. The velocity distributions of the protons are calculated for three different ejecting modes from spin state s = 1. They agree well with both the fast and the slow solar winds. The best agreement is found for H(0) cluster sizes of 3 and 20–50 atoms; such clusters have been studied experimentally previously. The properties of ultradense hydrogen H(0) give also a few novel possibilities to explain the high corona temperature of the Sun.