Ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) as dark matter in the universe: new possibilities for the cosmological red-shift and the cosmic microwave background radiation

Leif Holmlid

doi:10.1007/s10509-019-3632-y

Abstract

50 experimental publications exist on ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) from our laboratory. A review of these results was published recently (L. Holmlid and S. Zeiner-Gundersen in Phys. Scr. 74(7), 2019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ab1276). The importance of this quantum material in space is accentuated by a few recent publications: The so called extended red emission (ERE) spectra in space agree well (L. Holmlid in Astrophys. J. 866:107, 2018a) with rotational spectra measured from H(0) in the laboratory, supporting the notion that H(0) is a major part of the dark matter in the Universe. The proton solar wind was shown to agree well with the protons ejected by Coulomb explosions in p(0), thus finally providing a convincing detailed energy mechanism for the solar wind protons (L. Holmlid in J. Geophys. Res. 122:7956–7962, 2017c). The very high corona temperature in the Sun is also directly explained (L. Holmlid in J. Geophys. Res. 122:7956–7962, 2017c) as caused by well-studied nuclear reactions in H(0). H(0) is the lowest energy form of hydrogen and H(0) is thus expected to exist everywhere where hydrogen exists in the Universe. The so called cosmological red-shifts have earlier been shown to agree quantitatively with stimulated Raman processes in ordinary Rydberg matter. H(0) easily transforms to ordinary Rydberg matter and can also form the largest length scale of matter, with highly excited electrons just a few K from the ionization limit. Such electronic states provide the small excitations needed in the condensed matter H(0) for a thermal emission at a few K temperature corresponding to the CMB, the so called cosmic microwave background radiation. These excitations can be observed directly by ordinary Raman spectroscopy (L. Holmlid in J. Raman Spectrosc. 39:1364–1374, 2008b). A purely thermal distribution from H(0) and also from ordinary Rydberg Matter at 2.7 K is the simplest explanation of the CMB. The coupling of electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom observed as in experiments with H(0) gives almost continuous energy excitations which can create a smooth thermal CMB emission spectrum as observed. Thus, both cosmological red-shifts and CMB are now proposed to partially be due to easily studied microscopic processes in ultradense hydrogen H(0) and the other related types of hydrogen matter at the two other length scales. These processes can be repeated at will in any laboratory. These microscopic formation processes are much simpler than the earlier proposed large-scale non-repeatable processes related to Big Bang.

Highlights

Ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) has been extensively studied during the last decade by laser-induced mass spectrometry and neutral kinetic energy spectroscopy (Badiei et al 2009a,b, 2010a,b,c; Andersson and Holmlid 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012a; Andersson et al 2011; Holmlid 2011a,b). (Note that a change in nomenclature has been made due to improved theoretical understanding; H(0) was initially named H(−1) for a theoretically supported, inverted form of Rydberg Matter)
From the description of H(0) above, it is concluded that it exists everywhere in space, since it is the lowest energy state of hydrogen and of matter in general. It can transform into the lowest excitation level of ordinary hydrogen Rydberg matter named H(1) (Badiei et al 2010b; Andersson et al 2012; Holmlid and Fuelling 2015)
This gives a mechanism for generating vast amounts of Rydberg matter (RM) in space of the form H(RM); such a mechanism has not been apparent previously, even if many spectroscopic results strongly indicated that RM is common in interstellar, interplanetary and even intergalactic space and in the atmospheres of planets and satellites

Summary

Introduction

Ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) has been extensively studied during the last decade by laser-induced mass spectrometry and neutral kinetic energy spectroscopy (Badiei et al 2009a,b, 2010a,b,c; Andersson and Holmlid 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012a; Andersson et al 2011; Holmlid 2011a,b). (Note that a change in nomenclature has been made due to improved theoretical understanding; H(0) was initially named H(−1) for a theoretically supported, inverted form of Rydberg Matter). The facile oscillatory conversion between D(1) and D(0) was even directly observed in real time (Badiei et al 2010b) This means that the stable state H(0) is reached by hydrogen in space at large enough densities or low enough temperatures. The high energy electrons which exist at the largest length scale of H(0) (Hirsch 2012) are more influenced by Coulomb interactions and will give attractive forces between the clusters These much stronger attractive forces for H(0) will lead to a much faster condensation than in H2, and the nuclear processes in H(0) (Holmlid and Olafsson 2015a,b, 2016) will start almost immediately in an H(0) cloud. It is suggested that H(0) was the primordial form of hydrogen in space due to its stability up to MK temperatures

Three levels of matter

Ordinary RM in space

Red-shifts by stimulated Raman effects

Raman shifts at a few K energy

Conclusions