Ultra-deep Penetration Research Articles

FORMATION OF PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOR PARTS OF GROUND LAUNCH COMPLEXES WITH ULTRA-DEEP MODIFICATION WITH MICROPARTICLES

Abstract.The rapid development of the latest technologies necessitates the widespread use of metal materials with unique properties. The main factors that determine the competitiveness of manufacturers of structural materials are a number of indicators, such as the creation of new effective technologies for the production of materials with a new set of physico-chemical and mechanical properties, the reduction of energy costs for the production of new materials and protective coatings for parts of the ground launch complex. The research is aimed at studying the impact of microparticles on metal targets using mass spectrometry and metallography. Experiments revealed the formation of new elements, in particular manganese, in metal structures as a result of bombardment with microparticles. Experimental data confirmed the possibility of reactions occurring in metal targets during bombardment with microparticles. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed the synthesis of new elements that are of interest for obtaining protective coatings on parts of rocket technology for ground-based launch complexes. The study shows deep structural changes in metals under the influence of microparticles, accompanied by the destabilization of atoms and the formation of new compounds. The formation of new elements, in particular manganese, on the surface of metals after exposure to microparticles was revealed. It is shown that the processes of penetration are provided by the formation of plasma in the contact of a microparticle with a target, which occurs due to quantum mechanical effects that cause the breaking of interatomic bonds. These results open prospects for improving the operational properties of ground launch complexes. Potential applications are proposed, including the use of the effect of plasma formation in the processes of obtaining protective coatings on parts of launch complexes and the development of the theory of ultra-deep penetration of microparticles into solid partitions. The obtained results not only supplement experimental data, but also lay the foundation for new research in the field of rocket engineering and materials science. This study makes a significant contribution to science, providing a deep understanding of the physical processes involved in the collision of microparticles with metal structures. The obtained results open new horizons for rocket engineering and stimulate further research in the field of creating materials with unique properties and application in technological processes.

Сравнительная характеристика региональных сейсмогенерирующих структур Европейско-Африканского сквозного тектонического пояса

Based on new data on seismicity and materials from surveys of active faults, information was obtained on regional seismogenic structures of the European-African through tectonic belt. The kinematic characteristics of the faults that make up the through tectonic belt and earthquakes that occurred within these structures are given. An analysis of gravity anomalies based on satellite data suggests that the seismogenic structures of the European -African through tectonic belt have an ultra-deep penetration into the mantle, which determines their high seismic potential. This potential was manifested by catastrophic earthquakes in the Mediterranean-Caspian region on February 6, 2023. Afterthe earthquakes onFebruary 6, 2023,themigration ofseismic activity inthe northeast direction, inthe area ofthe Caucasus fold structure and the East European platform, was noted.

New chemical elements dynamic synthesis in ultra-deep penetration zones

It is shown that synthesized rare–earth elements – lanthanum and cerium – were detected as a result of the effect of the ultra‑deep penetration process (SDP) on the welding zone of two steel plates. When moving in the welding zone of clumps of microparticles, channels are formed where fibers are formed, in which new chemical elements from the group of rare earth metals – lanthanum and cerium – are synthesized due to additional energy.

MODELING THE INFLUENCE OF SHOCK WAVES ON THE STABILITY OF CHEMICAL LINKS DURING SUPER-DEEP PENETRATION OF MICROPARTICLES

In this paper, we simulate the effect of shock and Coulomb wave centers on the binding energy of metal targets with ultra-deep penetration of microparticles up to 500 microns in size. To calculate the chemical bond, a quantum-mechanical model of the influence of external factors on a separately selected chemical bond is developed. The calculations were carried out using the solution of the Schrödinger equation in ellipsoidal coordinates, which made it possible to reduce its solution to the Whittaker equation. As a result of the calculations, it was found that the influence of external factors leads to a decrease in the binding energy, and this in turn leads to a decrease in the viscosity of the target material during microsecond time intervals. This fact well explains the ultra-deep penetration of microparticles.

Improving Properties of Tool Steels by Method of Dynamic Alloying

The influence of high-speed particle fluxes on changes in the structure and properties of materials has been widely studied currently. The effect exerted by particles moving at very high speeds can have both negative (in spacecrafts) and positive character (dynamic processing of tool steels). Therefore a task for studying an effect of high-speed particle flows on structure change in tool steels and improving their performance properties has been set in the paper. The study has used an explosive method for creation of a high-speed flow of SiC + Ni and Al2O3 particles. Samples after dynamic alloying have been subjected to diffusion nitriding. Microstructure of specimens made of X12M, R18, R6M5K5steel has been studied using optical and electron metallography. Wear resistance of the samples has been also tested on a friction machine. Theoretical and experimental results on a complex effect of high-speed microparticle flows and nitriding on a structure and properties of tool steels have been obtained during the research. It has been established that dynamic alloying by particles leads to formation of a specific structure in a composite material reinforced with channels. Central fiber (channel) zone with powder particles residues is surrounded by areas of amorphous state which is succeeded by a zone with a nanocrystalline fragmented cellular structure. Then we observe a zone with a microcrystalline structure that transits to a zone with crystalline structure which is characteristic for a matrix material of structural steel. The obtained data can expand and complement some ideas about mechanisms for dynamic loading of solids and condensed matter, plastic deformation, physical mechanics of structurally inhomogeneous media at different levels, a number of effects arising from collision and ultra-deep penetration of microparticles into metals. It has been shown that wear resistance of high-speed steel subjected to dynamic alloying in the quenched state is increased by 1.2 times in comparison with wear resistance of steel alloyed in the annealing state.

Effect of TIG Welding Process Parameters on Tensile behavior of 5XXX and 6XXX series Aluminium Alloys: A Review

Aluminium and its alloys have a wide range of application in the manufacturing industries. Welding process is essential for manufacturing the different varieties of products such as frames, building structures, pressure vessels, automotive components etc. Metal Inert Gas and Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding are commonly used fusion welding processes for joining Aluminium Alloys (AA). It is difficult to weld AA as compared to steel due to its high thermal, electrical conductivity and high expansion coefficient. TIG welding has restricted its ability to weld thick structure in single pass. A new advancement of TIG welding namely Activated-TIG has been developed. In this method a ultra-deep penetration is obtained in a single pass. This paper presents the state-of-the-art review on recent development in TIG welding process for joining 5xxx and 6xxx AA. The effects of various welding parameters such as welding speed, welding current and shielding gas flow rate on the yield and tensile strength have also been explored.

Gasdynamic acceleration of microparticles and their interaction with a solid body

Based on the physicomathematical model developed before, verified by comparison results of calculations with experimental data, parameters of a gas-dispersed jet, interacting with a solid body, are numerically investigated. In a wide range of temperature and pressure values in a mixing chamber, material density, the size and mass fraction of particles, the nozzle geometry and the streamlined body form, ratio of specific heat capacities, and the Mach number of carrier gas, calculations are made, which allows one to determine the impact of specified factors on the boundary of a perfectly inelastic collision of particles with the body, accompanied by different physical processes (erosion, cold deposition, ultradeep penetration). Since temperature falls below the Debye value at high expansion of flow, the impact of a significant change of the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of particles are taken into account. Radial distributions of density and velocity of the dispersed mass are plotted, which characterize the “quality” of two-phase flow as a tool for the ground modelling of interaction of a flying vehicle with a dust-laden atmosphere (containing, for example, particles of volcanic outbursts or ice crystals) as well as in technologies of surface treatment.

Study of deuterium and hydrogen distributions in Ta|CD2|Ta, Ta|Ta|CD2|Ta|Ta, and Nb|CD2|Nb assemblies after exposure to high-temperature argon plasma

Assemblies made of Ta|CD2|Ta, Ta|Ta|CD2|Ta|Ta and Nb|CD2|Nb foils are irradiated with pulses of high-temperature argon plasma created by means of a “Plasma Focus” setup. The irradiated foil samples are investigated by recording the recoil nuclei of hydrogen and deuterium. It is found that hydrogen and deuterium are redistributed in foil stacks. The ultradeep penetration of light gas impurities (hydrogen and deuterium) can be explained by the influence of shock waves on the foils and accelerated diffusion under an external force.

Potential importance of ultra-deep penetration for operation of IFE power plants

Possibility of damage of inertial fusion energy power plants caused by ultra-deep penetration of fragments of targets with hohlraums and/or cones for fast ignition has been investigated in this study. Some issues related to the formation of high-velocity solid and liquid fragments of targets and their deceleration and heating in the reaction chamber filled with low-density Xe gas have been studied. It was found that with a Xe gas mass density of approximately 6μg/cm3 and reaction chamber internal radius of 6m, a liquid spherical gold fragment with a radius of 5–7μm could reach the chamber wall with a velocity >1km/s.

Oil well perforation technology: Status and prospects

Abstract Perforation is a key link in well completion. To meet the development requirements of different types of oil and gas fields, after over ten years of research and development, a series of perforation methods and matching processes have been established, such as deep penetration shaped perforation, composite perforation, directional perforation etc, which on the one hand improve the result and efficiency of perforation completion and stimulation, on the other hand prolong the service life of reservoir by protecting the reservoir. Meanwhile, the optimization of perforation design and the improvement of perforation check method further enhance the safety and success rate of perforation, and make the perforation test process and field application more standardized. For unconventional tight oil and gas reservoirs, deep−ultra-deep reservoirs, thin and poor reservoirs, reservoirs with edge or bottom water, staged fracturing of horizontal wells, and re-perforating of old wells, perforation techniques such as 3D perforation, ultra-deep penetration perforation, and high temperature high pressure perforation, and supplement perforation etc should be studied according to the features of the specific oil and gas reservoir and well.

On the nature of shock-induced ultradeep penetration of matter into solids

The phenomenon of shock-induced ultradeep penetration of matter into a solid body is rationalized in terms of the barodiffusion approach suggested by the author. In contrast to a generally accepted concept, the effect is associated with a collective motion of an ensemble of atomic species entrained by a shock wave rather than with a translational motion of macroscopic particles into the obstacle.

Effects of shock-wave loading in oxides

This paper reports results of experimental study of the influence of shock waves on the structure, ion valence, and phase composition of oxides, including the minerals tenorite (CuO) and hausmannite (Mn3O4) and perovskite-structured manganite LaMnO3. Shock-wave loading (SWL) was modeled by explosion experiments in spherical and cylindrical (in the case of tenorite) configurations. The results of strong quasi-static shear deformations of oxides under pressure are also given for comparison. The main focus was the investigation of shock wave-induced changes in oxides at the level of chemical bonds, disturbances of ionic composition and stoichiometry, relation of these processes to the formation of micro(nano)structures in the minerals, and stages and microscopic mechanisms of the development of new dense phases. It was shown that SWL-affected oxides can be successfully investigated by various methods of X-ray spectroscopy (photoelectron, absorption, and emission) and nuclear techniques (Rutherford back scattering, nuclear reaction analysis, and positron annihilation spectroscopy). Crystal structure and phase composition were explored by X-ray and neutron diffraction methods. Microscopic structures were investigated by optical, scanning electron, and scanning tunneling microscopy. It was shown that the effects of SWL are initially manifested in oxides as a stoichiometry violation, an increase in the number of low-valence cations, and formation of a micro(nano)structure. Plastic deformations developed during SWL are especially important for these processes. The decomposition of oxides during the solid-phase stage of shock metamorphism under the influence of high pressures, temperatures, and severe plastic deformations produces oxides with a low degree of oxidation and free oxygen, which can migrate over considerable distances to form new compounds. The ultradeep penetration of particles of the surrounding matrix into the target mineral during SWL can also serve as a mechanism of shock metamorphism at the solid-phase stage of transformation.

Deep Penetration Welding of Thick Section Steels with 10 kW Fiber Laser

Fiber laser has been received extensive attention in welding of thick section materials in terms of high power intensity and high beam quality. This paper investigated the influence of fiber laser welding conditions, including welding speed, beam spot size and defocused distance, on the weld bead geometry in welding of thick section stainless steels. The result showed that the beam spot size had significant influence on the penetration depth, and the penetration depth at 0.1 mm beam spot size was shallower than that at 0.2 mm beam spot size. The maximal weld penetration at 10 kW laser power and 0.3 m/min could be obtained at the defocused distance of about -7 mm. Wine-cup weld bead geometry with excessive wide bead surface was formed in range of low welding speeds (lower than 1 m/min). As a result, the decrease in welding speed induces considerable increase in bead width, but only slight increase in penetration depth. In order to obtain deeper penetration at low welding speed range, it is important to enlarge and deepen the keyhole opening and suppress the plume/plasma. Thus an ultra-deep penetration laser welding method, which is characterized by using a gas jet nozzle to modify the keyhole and melt flow behavior, was developed. With two high-speed CMOS cameras and X-ray transmission apparatus, the behaviors of the keyhole, the melt flow and the plume in gas jet assisted laser welding were observed. The effects of the gas jet parameters and welding conditions on the weld bead geometry were investigated. By adoption of the gas jet, the penetration depth was increased from 18.2 mm to 24.5mm in the conditions of the laser power of 10 kW and the welding speed of 0.3 m/min. Moreover, the instability of penetration depth induced by thermal lens effect was also discussed.

Development of an advanced A-TIG (AA-TIG) welding method by control of Marangoni convection

A new type of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding has been developed, in which an ultra-deep penetration is obtained. In order to control the Marangoni convection induced by the surface tension gradient on the molten pool, He gas containing a small amount of oxidizing gas was used. The effect of the concentration of O 2 and CO 2 in the shielding gas on the weld shape was studied for the bead-on-plate TIG welding of SUS304 stainless under He–O 2 and He–CO 2 mixed shielding gases. Because oxygen is a surface active element for stainless steel, the addition of oxygen to the molten pool can control the Marangoni convection from the outward to inward direction on the liquid pool surface. When the oxygen content in the liquid pool is over a critical value, around 70 ppm, the weld shape suddenly changes from a wide shallow shape to a deep narrow shape due to the change in the direction of the Marangoni convection. Also, for He-based shielding gas, a high welding current will strengthen both the inward Marangoni convection on the pool surface and the inward electromagnetic convection in the liquid pool. Accordingly, at a welding speed of 0.75 mm/s, the welding current of 160 A and the electrode gap of 1 mm under the He–0.4%O 2 shielding, the depth/width ratio reaches 1.8, which is much larger for Ar–O 2 shielding gas (0.7). The effects of the welding parameters, such as welding speed and welding current were also systematically investigated. In addition, a double shielding gas method has been developed to prevent any consumption of the tungsten electrode.

Effect of oxygen content in He–O2 shielding gas on weld shape in ultra deep penetration TIG

The effect of the shielding gas concentration on the weld shape was studied for the moving bead on plate TIG welding of SUS304 stainless steel under He–O2 mixed shielding. The small addition of oxygen to the helium base shielding gas can precisely control the oxygen content in a liquid pool and the weld shape. Oxygen is a surface active element for stainless steel. When the oxygen content in the liquid pool is above the critical value of ∼ 70 ppm, the weld shape suddenly changes from a wide shallow type to a deep narrow one due to the change in the Marangoni convection from the outward to inward direction on the liquid pool surface. Weld shape variations influenced by the welding parameters including welding speed, welding current and electrode tip work distance under pure He and He–0.4%O2 mixed gas shielding were systematically investigated. The investigation results showed that the final shape of the TIG weld depends to a large extent on the pattern and magnitude of the Marangoni convection on the pool surface, which is governed by the combined effect of the oxygen content in a liquid pool, temperature coefficient of the surface tension (dσ s/dT) and the temperature gradient on the pool surface (dT/dr, r is the radius of the weld pool surface). It is considered that the change in welding parameters alters the temperature distribution and gradient on the pool surface, and thus, affects the magnitude of the Marangoni convection and final weld shape.

超深溶込みTIG溶接における溶融池形状に及ぼすHe-O2シールドガス中のO2量の影響

超深溶込みTIG溶接における溶融池形状に及ぼすHe-O2シールドガス中のO2量の影響

Mechanism of the ultradeep penetration of accelerated particles into metals and the conditions of its realization

The phase composition and microstructure of the 110G13 (Hadfield) steel cooled to −196°C and subjected to the action of the flux of explosively accelerated white-iron particles (shots of 2 mm in diameter) were investigated by the metallographic, X-ray diffraction, and electron-microscopic methods. It is shown that the ultradeep penetration of the white-iron microparticles into the steel target can be realized at a relatively low speed of the particle flux (100–150 m/s) in the case where the steel target (and particles) are subjected to deep cooling, which results in the elastic (brittle) character of the interaction between the target material (110G13 steel) and iron particles. This experimentally confirms that the processes of elastic (brittle) interaction between the target material and the accelerated particles play the most important role in the processes of the ultradeep penetration of microparticles into metals and shows that the opportunities of the realization and, consequently, of the commercial use of this effect are wider than it was assumed previously.

Analysis of the conditions for ultradeep penetration of powder particles into a metallic matrix

The critical conditions for ultradeep penetration of particles when a flux of high velocity particles interacts with a matrix material are examined from the standpoint of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The problem of the change in entropy consistent with their deformation during loading is solved qualitatively for the example of aluminum and copper samples. It is shown that ultradeep penetration of particles is a system process of mass and energy transfer owing to a developed instability in the material caused by the shock-wave action of the particle flux. The degree of disequilibrium of the process is described by the dependence of the change in entropy on the deformation of the matrix material. It turns out that the ultradeep particle penetration process occurs only in a region lying beyond a bifurcation point.

Penetration of individual microparticles into rigid barriers on collision of powder streams with them

In a number of experiments with high-velocity powder streams, ultra-deep penetration of individual microparticles into obstacles has been observed on impact of them with rigid barriers. Previous ideas about crater formation are not in a state to explain this penetration. A hypothesis is suggested and discussed for capture of microparticles by an SW front which has a finite width in real materials. From equilibrium conditions for all of the forces acting on a particle, a condition is obtained for this entrainment. A number of numerical experiments are provided which point to the competence of this hypothesis.