Ulleung Island Research Articles

울릉도 조면암질 유리의 변절에 의한 할로이사이트의 생성

울릉도의 조면암질 응회암의 저온변질작용으로 할로이사이트가 생성되었다. 할로이사이트는 자연 상태에서 수화된 상태로 발견되었으며, 양파구조의 구상 또는 가장자리가 휘어진 판상 입자로 산출된다. 할로이사이트는 Si의 함량이 고령토 광물의 이상값보다 높아서 약간의 비정질이 혼재한 것으로 해석되었다. 또한 할로이사이트의 높은 Fe 함량은 판상 할로이사이트 생성의 원인이다. 조면암질 유리가 변질되면서 용탈된 원소들이 주로 화산유리의 입간 공극에 할로이사이트로 침전되었으며, 유리를 교대한 Si가 풍부한 반구상 비정질 집합체도 부분적으로 구상할로이사이트로 변질된 것으로 보인다. 할로이사이트는 조면암질 화산활동이 활발했던 울릉도에서 화산재의 주요 변질물 중의 하나이다. Hydrated halloysite was formed by the low temperature alteration of trachytic tuff in onion-like spherical or curly platy forms. The Si content was higher than that of ideal kaolin minerals, indicating the possible presence of amorphous materials. The high Fe content is responsible for the platy morphology of halloysite. The leached ions precipitated as halloysite filling the interparticle pores, while trachytic glass was replaced by Si-rich amorphous materials in an hemispherical form, which was further evolved into spherical halloysite. Halloysite is one of the major alteration products of the volcanic ash in Ulleung Island underwent intense trachytic volcanism.

Performance Analysis of a Toroid-Type HTS SMES Adopted for Frequency Stabilization

Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) can overcome fluctuations in frequency because of its fast response time in charging and discharging energy. To stabilize the fluctuations in frequency of wind power generation systems (WPGSs), HTS SMES systems should be connected to the terminal of the WPGSs. Ulleung Island's power network in Korea was modeled with a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) to demonstrate the effectiveness of SMES at stabilizing frequency. A toroid-type HTS SMES cooled by conduction cooling and a DC/DC chopper to charge and discharge current were fabricated for the experiment. The simulation results show the frequency stabilization effected by the HTS SMES system with its operational characteristics such as real time variation in current and temperature.

Geochemical identification of late Quaternary cryptotephra layers from marine sediments, southwest Japan, using INAA

New compositional data were obtained from glass shards from cryptotephra layers in five marine sediment cores from the Ulleung Basin in the East (Japan) Sea. The shards were extracted from cryptotephra layers that were distinguished in a previous study by INAA core scanning, and analysed by EDS-SEM for major elements and INAA for trace elements. Most of the glass shards have alkaline, trachyte–phonolite, compositions, and have similar major and trace element compositions to eruptive units on Ulleung Island to the west. Stratigraphic inferences indicate the presence of at least four alkaline tephras (referred to in order of increasing age as: U-3, Post U-Oki, U-Oki, Pre-U-Oki) in the interval between the K–Ah rhyolitic tephra (7.3 cal ka BP) and the TL1 regional dark sediment layer (12.4 cal ka BP). The new geochemical data indicate minor compositional distinctions between these tephras that help to infer fine-scale regional correlations. Paleoceanographic conditions in the East (Japan) Sea changed drastically during the late Quaternary, linked to global environmental changes, and the development of a more comprehensive alkaline tephrostratigraphical framework for this region will greatly aid in the reconstruction and chronology of regional stratigraphic variations. The recognition of new alkaline cryptotephra in the marine sediments of the Ulleung Basin also contributes towards a better understanding of the volcanic history of Ulleung Island and nearby seamounts.

곰취(Ligularia fischeri), 미역취(Solidago virga-aurea), 삼나물(Aruncus dioicus) 복합 추출물의 항염증 효과

본 연구에서는 울릉도 특산 약용 작물 추출물이 항염증에 대한 실험연구가 이루어져 있지 않은 것에 착안하여 LPS에 의해 활성화된 대식세포로부터 유도되는 염증반응에 대한 억제효과를 조사하였다. 울릉도 자생 식물인 곰취, 미역취, 삼나물의 세가지 식물 추출물을 이용하여 피부 염증에 대하여 연구를 하였다. 산화질소와 cytokine의 생산은 면역세포의 대표적인 염증인자이다. 세포는 LPS 처리 후 한 시간 뒤에 곰취, 미역취, 삼나물 70% 아세톤 추출물을 처리를 하였다. 세포 독성이 나타나지 않는 농도인 1, 10, 100 ug/ml를 사용하였다. 곰취, 미역취, 삼나물 70% 아세톤 추출물은 NO, <TEX>$PGE_2$</TEX>, TNF-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>, IL-1<TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2의 생성을 저해 시켰다. <TEX>$PGE_2$</TEX>는 100 ug/ml의 농도에서 60%에 가까운 저해율을 나타내었다. iNOS와 COX-2 역시 100 ug/ml의 농도에서 각각 54%, 65%가 저해가 되었다. 게다가 곰취, 미역취, 삼나물 70% 아세톤 추출물은 염증성 사이토 카인인 TNF-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>, IL-1<TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>, IL-6의 생성을 감소 시켰다. 이러한 결과로 곰취, 미역취, 삼나물 추출물은 염증 예방과 치료에 효과적임을 확인할 수 있었다. The objective of this study was to evaluate the skin inflammation effects of three herb mixture extracts, Ligularia fischeri, Solidago virga-aurea and Aruncus dioicus, which are from Ullung island in Korea. Regulatory mechanisms of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) are involved in the immunological activity of Raw 264.7 cells. Tested cells were pretreated with 70% acetone extracts of Ligularia fischeri, Solidago virga-aurea and Aruncus dioicus (LSA-A) and further cultured for an appropriated time after lipopolyssacharide (LPS) addition. During the entire experimental period, 1, 10, and 100 <TEX>${\mu}g/ml$</TEX> of LSA-A had no cytotoxicity. In these concentrations, LSA-A inhibited the production of NO and prostaglandin <TEX>$E_2$</TEX> (<TEX>$PGE_2$</TEX>), tumor necorsis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-1<TEX>${\beta}$</TEX> (IL-1<TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>), interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). LSA-A showed a 60% <TEX>$PGE_2$</TEX> inhibition rate at 100 <TEX>${\mu}g/ml$</TEX>. iNOS and COX-2 inhibition activities were 54%, and 65% at 100 <TEX>${\mu}g/ml$</TEX>, respectively. In addition, LSA-A extract reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-a, IL-1<TEX>${\beta}$</TEX> and IL-6. These results suggest that LSA-A may have significant effects on inflammatory factors, and may be a potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent.

A feasibility study on HTS SMES applications for power quality enhancement through both software simulations and hardware-based experiments

Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) which promises the efficiency of more than 95% and fast response becomes a competitive energy storage device. Because of its advantages, SMES can provide benefit as a power quality enhancement device to an utility especially in connection with renewable energy sources. In this paper, a software simulation and an experiment aiming for power quality enhancement are reported. The utility was referred to Ulleung Island in Korea which had one wind power generation system. The simulation was performed using power system computer aided design/electromagnetic transient including DC (PSCAD/EMTDC) and power-hardware-in-the-loop simulation (PHILS) was implemented to monitor the operational characteristics of SMES when it was connected to utility. This study provides a highly reliable simulation results, and the feasibility of a SMES application is discussed.

A five-year observation of atmospheric metals on Ulleung Island in the East/Japan Sea: Temporal variability and source identification

We investigated seasonal characteristics (concentration, enrichment factors, and correlation coefficients) of chemical constituents, including sources for sea salt-corrected metals (Al, Fe, K, Ca, Mg, S, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn), in 334 aerosol samples collected during October 2003–October 2008 at Ulleung Island in the southern East/Japan Sea. High Al concentrations were found in spring (geometric means of 1.23 and 1.28 μg m−3 in March and April, respectively) due to Asian dust (yellow sand) originating from northeastern China. The dust mineral transport by strong winds resulted in a change of metal composition showing soil-dominated condition. In the rainy period (June–September), the aerosol metal concentrations and composition were influenced largely by wet deposition and the summer monsoon, together with anthropogenic aerosol transport. The correlation coefficients in the summer period (July and August) showed a positive correlation of Al with K (r = 0.74) and As (r = 0.63), probably reflecting anthropogenic-originated Al coming from coal burning. In autumn (October and November) and winter (December and January), mixed sources of soil and anthropogenic-originated aerosols were pronounced by the development of northwesterly winds from the Asian continent. Especially, the soil-originated proportion was relatively higher in autumn than in winter when the anthropogenic-originated aerosols from heating fuels predominated. Anthropogenic As, Sn, Mo, Zn, Pb, and Cd between low- and high-dust periods that had similar air–mass movements in spring were at similar concentrations, but higher in the air masses including eastern China trajectories and/or slow movement at lower height during high-dust periods.

Design of a generator control system for small nuclear distributed generation

Small-scale reactors have recently attracted attention as a potential power generation source for the future. The Regional Energy Research Institute for Next Generation is currently developing a small-scale reactor called Regional Energy rX 10 MVA (REX-10). The current paper deals with a power system to be used with small-scale reactors for multi-purpose regional energy systems. This small nuclear system can supply electric and thermal energy like a co-generation system. The electrical model of the REX-10 has been developed as a part of the SCADA system. REX-10’s dynamic and electromagnetic performance on the power system is analyzed. Simulations are carried out on a test system based on Ulleung Island’s power system to validate REX-10 availability on a power system. RSCAD/RTDS and PSS/E software tools are used for the simulation.

산마늘(Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum)에서 바이러스병의 최초보고

2005년 울릉도에 자생하고 있는 산마늘에 대하여 바이러스병을 조사하기 위하여 성인봉 부근에서 61점의 시료를 채집하였다. 채집한 시료를 동정하기 위해 전자현미경 검경과 종 특이적 프라이머(GCLV, LYSV, SLV, OYDV) 및 속 특이적 프라이머(Allexivirus)를 이용하여 RT-PCR을 각각 수행하였다. 전자현미경 검경을 실시한 결과 61점의 시료중 4점의 시료에서 600~900 nm의 긴 사상형 입자가 관찰되었으며, RT-PCR 진단결과 SLV가 4점, 이 중 하나는 Allexivirus가 복합감염되었다. 바이러스에 감염된 산마늘은 외관상으로 병징을 나타내지 않았다. RT-PCR 분석결과 SLV와 Allexivirus로 동정된 울릉도 산마늘 바이러스의 외피단백질 유전자 염기서열을 비교 분석하였다. 분석결과, SLV로 분류된 울릉도 산마늘 바이러스 개체간은 약 99%의 상동성을 가지고 있었으며, 이전에 보고된 다양한 SLV와 GLV의 strain과의 염기 서열의 비교에서는 75.7~83.7%의 상동성을 보였으며 아미노산 서열의 비교는 89.2~97.0%의 높은 상동성을 나타냈다. 또한 산마늘에서 검출된 GarV-A는 이전에 마늘에서 보고된 GarV-A와 99.2% 외피단백질 유전자 염기서열 상동성을 보였으며, 아미노산 서열은 98% 상동성을 보였다. 그러나 다른 Allexiviruses(GarV-C, GarV-E, GarV-X, GMbMV and Shal X)와 아미노산 서열을 비교한 결과 60.6%~81.5%의 상대적으로 낮은 상동성을 보였다. 이러한 자료들을 바탕으로 산마늘에서 분리한 SLV와 GarV-A를 각각 SLV-Ulleungdo와 GarV-A-Ulleungdo로 명명하였다. 본 논문은 산마늘에서 발생하는 바이러스에 대한 첫 번째 보고이다. In 2005, a survey was conducted to identify virus diseases on victory onion, Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum grown in Ulleung island located in the East Sea. A total of 61 samples were collected from victory onion in the neighborhood of Seonginbong. The identification of viruses from the samples were carried out by electron microscopy and RT-PCR using primers species specific to GCLV, LYSV, SLV, OYDV and genus specific to Allexivirus, respectively. From sixty-one samples, filamentous rod particles (600-900 nm) were detected from four victory onion samples in EM, three samples containing SLV and one sample containing both SLV and Allexivirus in RT-PCR analysis, respectively. Victory onions naturally infected by the viruses were asymptomatic apparently. The viruses detected by RT-PCR were further characterized by the nucleotide sequence analysis of the coat protein region. Three isolates of SLV showed approximately 99% identities in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences, suggesting that they were likely to be the same strain. On the other hand, they showed approximately 75.7~83.7% identities in the nucleotide and 89.2~97.0% in amino acid sequences compared with the previously reported SLV isolates in Allium. The CP gene of the Allexivirus showed approximately 99.2% nucleotide identities and 98.8% amino acid identities with Garlic virus A. However, there was relatively low homology ranging from 60.6% to 81.5% compared with other Allexiviruses (GarV-C, GarV-E, GarV-X, GMbMV, and Shal-X). These data suggested that two viruses, SLV and GarV-A identified from victory onion, are named SLV-Ulleungdo and GarV-A-Ulleungdo, respectively. This is the first report of viruses infecting victory onion.

울릉도의 자생란과 공생하는 난균근균의 분자생물학적 동정

울릉도에서 채집된 6종의 지생란의 뿌리에서 난균근균을 확인하였다. 난균근균의 감염이 확인되었다. 각 종의 뿌리로 부터 분리된 난균근균이 분자적인 분석을 통하여 확인되였다. 뿌리로부터 분리된 균에서 DNA를 추출하여, 담자균류에 특이적인 프라이머인 ITS1-OF와 ITS4-OF를 사용하여 ITS 지역을 증폭한 후 염기서열을 분석하여 두 식물의 뿌리에 공생하는 난균근균을 동정하였다. 분자적인 분석을 통해 Tulasnellaceae 와 Ceratobasidaceae에 속하는 난균근균이 확인되었다. Orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) were examined in roots of the six terrestrial species of orchids collected in Ulleung Islands. Seven OMF isolates from the roots of orchids were identified based on morphological and molecular characters. Internal transcribed spacer region of OMF DNA was amplified using basidiomycete-specific ITS primers, ITS1-OF and ITS4-OF. OMF beloning to Tulasnellaceae and Ceratobasidaceae was identified through molecular analysis.

Trichome morphology of Fallopia sect. Reynoutria (Polygonaceae) in Korea

The microstructure of the leaf epidermis and trichomes of Fallopia sect. Reynoutria are examined using scanning electron microscopy. Fallopia sachalinensis was distinguished from other taxa in this section by its prominent epicuticular wax layer consisting of protruding wax rodlets. In addition, epicuticular rodlets of F. sachalinensis individuals from Ullung Island and Dok Island appear to be thinner than those from other regions, including Japan and Sakhalin. The stomatal size appears to be related to the ploidy level in the sect. Reynoutria, as the hexaploids, octoploids and dodecaploids tend to have larger stomata as compared to tetraploids. Three basic types of trichomes were found in the section; (1) conical unicellular trichomes, (2) uniseriate filiform trichome consisting of 1-8 cells, and (3) peltate glandular trichomes. The trichome types and their distribution appear to be useful in distinguishing the taxa in the section.

Powdery Mildew of Acer takesimense Caused by Sawadaea polyfida in Korea

Acer takesimense Nakai, called Seom-Danpung-Namu in Korean, is native to Ulleung island, which is about 120 km east of the Korean Peninsula. Though the tree is also found in some islands of the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, its geographical distribution is very limited. There have been no previous records of plant diseases from this species up to now (Farr and Rossman, 2010). In October 2008, a severe outbreak of a powdery mildew was observed on several trees of A. takesimense planted along the road in Ulleung island, Korea. A representative voucher specimen is deposited at Korea University (KUS-F23868). Powdery mildew infections were prominent on both leaf surfaces, which were covered by dense white mycelial mats with abundant chasmothecia (Fig. 1A & B). Fresh materials were water-mounted and examined for identification of the pathogen. Photos were taken using a Zeiss Axio Imager microscope. Macroconidiophores were 80−120×7−10 μm, producing macroconidia in chains with sinuate edge-lines, with a basal septum 5−16 μm away from the branching point of the mycelium. Macroconidia were lemon-shaped, 22−30×12−15 μm, containing conspicuous fibrosin bodies. Microconidiophores were 25−55×3.5−5 μm, producing (1−)3−4 microconidia in chains. Microconidia were broadly ellipsoidal to subglobose, 7−11×5− 7.5 μm, containing conspicuous fibrosin bodies. Chasmothecia were 120−210 μm in diam., blackish brown, depressed globose. Appendages were about 100−180 in number, less than half of the chasmothecial diameter in length, (1−)2−3 times branched from the middle of the stalk, uncinate to circinate at the apex, hyaline, aseptate, thick-walled at the base and thinner upwards. Asci were 10−26 per chasmothecium, 60−75×32−46 μm, 8-spored. Ascospores were ellipsoid-ovoid, 20−25×12−16 μm (Fig. 1C). The complete ITS region of rDNA from KUS-F23868 was amplified with primers ITS5 and P3 as described by Takamatsu et al. (2009) and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 473 bp was deposited in GenBank with accession number of GU989322. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA4 with neighborjoining method and Tajima-Nei distance calculation. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed that the Korean isolate shared a high sequence similarity (approximately 99%) with S. polyfida isolated from Acer species from Japan (Fig. 2).

오징어 가공 부산물의 해양투기에 따르는 주변해양환경의 영향에 대한 검토

Squid by-product like viscera has just been recognized as one of the serious pollutants on the surrounding marine environment in Ulleung island of Korea. The effect as a marine pollutant, however, has not been examined and evaluated properly. It was carried out the comprehensive examination of the marine pollution by disposing squid by-products. The sediments and water qualities were investigated in several positions, including the dumping position around Ulleung island. It is also estimated a spreading of by-product in terms of estimating the sinking speed and evaluating the attracting characteristics as a feed. As a result, There were no significant pollutions of the sediment and water quality. The spreading of by-product by the local current was 2-2.5 times of the depth, and it will become longer in spring tide. It was confirmed that the squid by-product has attracting ability for local fish by acoustical survey. Furthermore, it can be useful for the local fish species as feeds.

Major Lineages of the Genus Lilium (Liliaceae) Based on nrDNA ITS Sequences, with Special Emphasis on the Korean Species

We present most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of 196 accessions of Lilium representing 83 species and 14 varieties of Lilium and three outgroup genera (Cardiocrinum, Notholirion, and Fritillaria) to investigate infrageneric relationships within Lilium as well as to determine the origin and evolution of Korean species of Lilium. We used the internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA and phylogenetic analysis using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference identified several major lineages within Lilium. Only one section, Martagon, turned out to be monophyletic in the study. Three sections, Archelirion, Liriotypus, and Pseudolirium, are not monophyletic because two, one, and two species in each section were placed in other lineage, respectively. Two major lineages of section Leucolirion were confirmed in this study, and as several previous studies suggested, section Sinomartagon is highly polyphyletic. The origin of Lilium hansonii, a Korean endemic to Ullung Island, is perplexing given the fact that it has ribotype of Martagon, while its cpDNA haplotype is similar to Sinomartagon. The origin of another endemic, Lilium amabile, is equally elusive and additional phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies will shed light on their evolutions in Korea. We determined that Lilium callosum var. flavum originated from L. callosum in Southern Korea.

Cosmeceutical effect from native medicinal plants of blue belt Ulleung islands

ABSTRACT Objectives：The purpose of this research was total polyphenol contents, ant i-oxidant activities, anti-inflammatory activities and anti-wrinkle activities of Ulleung islands plants for application as a cosmeceutical ingredientsMethods：We were experimented total polyphenol contents, anti-oxidant ac tivities, anti-inflammatory activity and anti-wrinkle activities.Results：In the physiological activities, most Ulleung islands plants is showed the highest anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory activity in ABTS+ radical cation scavenging a ctivity, hydrogen peroxide(H 2 O 2 ) scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity. All experiment of t he water and ethanol extract from the Ulleung islands plants ingredients were gradually increased as well. Conclusions：These results suggest that extracts from Ulleung islands plants can be used in natural ingredient in food or cosmetic industry.Key words：anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-wrinkle, plants of blue b elt Ulleung, Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus Hara, Athyrium acutipinnulum, Solidago virga-aurea var. Gigaatea

First record of the family Cletopsyllidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from Korean waters, with description of a new species

A new species of the Cletopsyllidae belonging to the genus Isocletopsyllus Huys and Lee, 1999 is described from the materials collected from subtidal sandy bottoms at Jeju Island and Ulleung Island, Korea. So far, only two species of the genus Isocletopsyllus, viz. I. tertius (Por, 1964) from Israel and I. quartus (Soyer, 1966) from Banyuls-sur-Mer (France) are recorded, both from the Mediterranean Ocean. The new species can be clearly distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following characters: (1) female antennule with a large process on the outer margin of first segment, (2) caudal rami with a bulbous proximal inner expansion, and shorter than those of other species (about four times long as wide in the new species), (3) second segment of P1 exopod with a short rod-like inner seta, (4) sexual dimorphism presented in the second endopodal segment of male P2, not in exopod of P4, and (6) female P5 with a very long exopod with very short second outer seta. A table comparing the modifications of swimming legs in the family Cletopsyllidae Huys and Lee, 1999 is presented. This is the first record of this family from Korea.

New Records of Endocoelantheainea and Nynantheae (Anthozoa: Zoantharia: Actiniaria) from Korea

Actiniarians were collected from the rocks and sand bed of Jejudo Island, Ulleungdo Island, and Wangdolcho in Korean waters from 2004 to 2009. They were classified as two species of two families belonging to the suborders Endocoelantheainea and Nynantheae. Especially, suborder Endocoelantheainea, with distinct development of mesenteries, was firstly added to Korean athenarian fauna with the species, Halcurias carlgreni McMurrich, 1901. Calliactis polypus (Forsk<TEX>$\aa$</TEX>l, 1775) showing the commensalism with hermit crab, was easily distinguished from C. japonica by external features and the composition of cnidae. These two species were described in detail with tables and figures.

HTS SMES Application for the Frequency Stabilization of Grid-Connected Wind Power Generation System

Output power of the wind power generation system (WPGS) fluctuates due to wind speed variation and affects the frequency and voltage fluctuations of the utility. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) can overcome these fluctuations because of fast response time for energy charging and discharging. To stabilize the frequency fluctuation, HTS SMES should be connected to the terminal of the WPGS. Ulleung island power network in Korea was modeled to demonstrate the effectiveness of SMES for frequency stabilization. Based on the simulation results using EMTDC, a toroidal-type HTS SMES cooled by conduction cooling method and a DC/DC chopper for current charging and discharging were fabricated for experiment. Power network including WPGS was implemented through a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). The simulation and experimental results for frequency stabilization using real HTS SMES and RTDS are discussed in detail.

Intraspecific sequence variation of trnL/F intergenic region (cpDNA) in Sedum takesimense Nakai (Crassulaceae) and aspects of geographic distribution

Sequences of the trnL/F intergenic spacer of chloroplast DNA were used to investigate the intraspecific evoution and phylogeography of Sedum takesimense (Crassulaceae). The trnL/F intergeneric spacer sequences from 32 individuals of S. takesimense were either 291 bp (17 samples nwithout in the following) or 297 bp (15samples indel 1) in length due to an indel of 6 bp. Two main cpDNA haplotypes were detected within S. takesimense. The haplotype with indel was found on Ulleung Island and without indel on Ulleung Island and Dok Island. This confirmed the existence of two cpDNA lineages with different geographical distributions. The cpDNA sequence analysis also suggested a putative long-distance dispersal event between Ulleung Island and Dok Island.

Four unrecorded moss species from the Korean flora

Four unrecorded species (Barbella flagellifera, Isothecium hakkodense, Mnium orientale and Fissidens gardneri) and with one unrecorded genus, Barbella, are reported new to the Korean moss flora. B. flagellifera (Meteoriaceae) was found on a tree at alt. 300-350 m of parasitic Seogeomun-oreum Volcano on Jeju Island. The species are mainly distributed in subtropic regions. I. hakkodense (Lembophyllaceae) was found around the top of Seongin-bong on Ulleung Island. This species is similar to I. subdiversiforme, however, it can be distinguished by the morphologies of branch leaves and alar cells. M. orientale (Mniaceae) was collected from Mt. Jiri. This is similar to M. heterophyllum, however, it can be distinguished by plant size, number of teeth in leaf margin and cell size on leaf. F. gardneri (Fissidentaceae) was found along the valley of Mt. Palyeong, Jeollanam Province. This species is similar to F. obscurirete, but distinguished by the size of the plants and their leaves as well as the costal lengths of the leaves.

울릉도 해안지역 염기성암의 자기적 성질 연구

울릉도의 해안지역에서 염기성암 시료에 대하여 X-선 형광 분광 분석, M<TEX>$\ddot{o}$</TEX>ssbauer 분광 분석 및 SQUID 분석으로 물리적 특성을 조사하여 화산암의 화학적 조성과 시료 내에 존재하는 Fe의 원자가 상태와 자기적 성질을 연구하였다. 울릉도 해안지역의 염기성암은 알칼리 장석 계열의 광물들이 주 광물로 구성되어 있으며, 적철석인 hematite(<TEX>${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$</TEX>)을 포함한 총 Fe 화합물의 중량비는 10.6~14.5 wt%의 범위에 있음을 알 수 있었다. M<TEX>$\ddot{o}$</TEX>ssbauer spectrum과 자기이력 곡선을 조사한 결과로 부터 모든 시료들의 자기적 성질이 hematite(<TEX>${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$</TEX>)에 의한 강자성을 나타내고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 10 K~350 K 온도 범위에서 외부 자기장인 +1 T를 인가하고 온도에 따른 자기화의 변화를 측정한 결과로부터 41 K~60 K 사이의 온도에서 시료들의 자기전이가 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있었다. Magnetic properties of basic rocks samples distributed in the seaside area of Ulleung island were investigated by means of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), M<TEX>$\ddot{o}$</TEX>ssbauer spectroscopy and SQUID magnetometer. We found that samples were typical basic rock which had the total amount of iron compounds varies from 10.6 wt% to 14.5 wt% depending on the different regions by XRF. The M<TEX>$\ddot{o}$</TEX>ssbauer spectra and magnetic hysteresis behaviors of the samples show ferromagnetic properties due to hematite. Also, temperature dependences of magnetization at applied magnetic field of 1 T for samples show magnetic transitions at 41 K~60 K.