Ukrainian Workers Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF MODERN TRENDS IN LABOUR MARKET TRANSFORMATION IN UKRAINE

The article examines the main aspects of transforming the labor market in Ukraine in the context of the destructive impact of the war and the associated economic instability. The primary factors affecting the labor market, such as migration processes, changes in the structure of employment, digitization of the economy, and the introduction of the latest technologies, are considered. The consequences of military operations on the transformation of the labor market are analyzed. Current trends in the demand for new professions, demographic changes, and the impact of state regulatory policy on employment support are explored. The prospects for developing the labor market in the context of Ukraine's European integration and the potential for increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian workers in the European labor market are determined. The necessity of enhancing the adaptability of the workforce to modern challenges and optimizing state employment programs to ensure sustainable economic development of the country in the future has been demonstrated.

Changes in recruitment plans of Polish enterprises caused by the outbreak of war in Ukraine

AbstractThe aim of the article is to identify the influence of the first months of Russian aggression against Ukraine on the recruitment plans of enterprises in the country receiving refugees, as exemplified by the Polish case study. Quantitative research was conducted among 500 Polish enterprises. Based on monthly measurements, before and after the outbreak of war in Ukraine, information was received from enterprises on their plans related to recruitment, including Ukrainian workers. Additionally, secondary data available from public databases was analysed. Clustering methods were used to analyse the dynamics and structure of the data gathered from the enterprises. Correspondence analysis was implemented to visualize the relationship between the structure of enterprises and recruitment decisions. The war in Ukraine influenced a deterioration of operating conditions for Polish companies. Regardless of the barriers faced by the companies, in April 2022, all enterprises willing to increase employment were thinking of hiring refugees from Ukraine. Such targeted demand from employers created the conditions for the rapid labour activation of refugees.

The impact of international labor migration on the socio-economic development of Ukraine

The article examines the impact of international labor migration on the socio-economic development of Ukraine. The theoretical aspect of the concept of «international labor migration» is clarified and the main components of the phenomenon of international labor migration are substantiated. The factors causing the emergence and continuation of international labor migration were analyzed and systematized. The number of Ukrainian workers abroad was analyzed and their dynamics m.shkurat@donnu.edu.ua during a certain period were studied. The factors that activate migration processes in Ukraine have been identified. Statistical data on the dynamics of migrant workers' remittances and their impact on the country's economy are provided. The main aspects that are affected by remittances of labor migrants have been identified and analyzed. A study of the impact of international labor migration on the economic progress of the country was conducted, as well as the positive and negative consequences of the outflow of skilled labor from Ukraine were assessed. Labor migration in Ukraine was marked by a decrease in social tension in society. It was found that monetary transfers helped to increase the country's exchange rate and increase the solvency of specific groups of citizens, which encouraged the development of the internal market of goods and services. Migrant workers also contributed to cultural exchange between countries, spreading knowledge about Ukraine and filling it with new cultural elements. However, labor migration also has negative consequences for Ukraine, as the country becomes dependent on remittances from labor migrants. The decrease in the number of young people in the country also negatively affected the filling of the pension fund due to their departure abroad. In addition, the loss of highly qualified personnel, known as the «brain drain», when scientists and specialists go abroad, leads to a shortage of skilled labor in Ukraine. It was concluded that despite certain negative consequences of international labor migration for Ukraine, it plays a significant role in the socio-economic development of the state in modern conditions, providing additional financial resources and promoting the employment of the population. However, it is necessary to find ways to stimulate the domestic economy and create decent jobs in Ukraine to reduce dependence on remittances.

Labor markets during war time: Evidence from online job advertisements

This study examines the short- and medium-term impacts of the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war on the labor market for Ukrainian workers. Using a unique dataset of 5.4 million online job advertisements for Ukrainian job seekers in Poland and Ukraine over the 2021–2022 period, we show a short-term surge in demand for Ukrainians to work in Poland, while the number of jobs available in Ukraine is relatively stable. Since February 2022, the demand for soft and analytical skills in Ukraine has increased, while the demand for such skills in Poland has remained the same. Moreover, the increase in Polish jobs available to Ukrainian workers is largest for medium/high-skilled jobs and female-oriented jobs. Further analysis suggests a persistent shift (to the left) in wage distribution driven by both the decline of wages within job titles and the change in the composition of jobs across Poland.

Labour market hierarchies within and beyond the EU: Poland’s politics of migration

ABSTRACT This article shows how the hierarchised nature of the EU mobility regime is underpinned by member states’ policies in a major country of emigration such as Poland. Drawing on historical institutionalism, this paper documents the path-dependent approach regarding policies that have contributed to the outflow of Polish workers and simultaneously to meet the demand for labour at home. While concerns about the consequences of emigration were raised already in 2005, Polish governments have kept defending the EU policies that underpin this outflow and its hierarchised nature. Rather than to improve the rights of Polish mobile workers, Polish governments have defended companies’ rights to use ‘wage competitiveness’ as a method of increasing mobility. In response to the increasing demand in the domestic labour market, governments first tried return campaigns, but they have since turned to importing labour, especially from Ukraine. In this way, the policies of the Polish state have helped reaffirm the hierarchised nature of the EU mobility regime by exporting workers to be subjected to poor conditions abroad while importing Ukrainian workers to experience poor conditions at home. Thus, Poland occupies an unusual place in the ‘migration chain’, being, simultaneously, a source of as well as a destination for migrant workers.

On the Issue of the Classification of IT Sphere Employees

The relevance of the article lies in the fact that new phenomena in the field of work of IT employees make it necessary to adapt and update institutions of labor law in order to preserve the effectiveness of legal regulation of labor relations by state bodies. Since the beginning of the full-scale invasion, Ukrainian workers and employers have been doing their best to adapt to new living and working conditions. The realities of war forced the national business to become more flexible and able to adapt quickly. In addition, the IT sector is rapidly developing in the conditions of digitization of society and production processes, so new professions and positions are emerging. Generalization and systematization of IT workers will make it possible to conduct an in-depth analysis of them as subjects of labor law. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to create a comprehensive classification of IT employees. In order to achieve this goal, the work was carried out in two stages: 1) determination of the role of classification in labor law; 2) identification of criteria for classification of IT workers. To solve the tasks of the article, the comparison method was used (allows you to compare IT specialists with each other according to selected criteria), interdisciplinary synthesis (allows you to synthesize data on the structural properties of objects of different disciplines, namely labor law and legal theory), the method of isolating abstraction ( makes it possible to single out some characteristics of IT workers, as a result of which a technical IT worker will be considered as a separate type of worker in this field), the specification method (allows you to check the correctness of the ideas obtained as a result of abstraction about the properties of real objects and to single out their essential connections ties, properties and relations), generalization (allows to extend the general characteristics of a group of objects to all objects of the set of IT workers, as well as to highlight the essential characteristics of individual types of IT workers), teleological method (allows to analyze the content of the legal prescription, revealing and revealing the goals of the adoption of the legal norm and, in relation to it, the grammatical and logical essence the legislator's formulations contained in the texts of normative and legal prescriptions), the comparative legal method (it makes it possible to compare legal concepts, phenomena and processes, to find out similarities and/or differences between them). During the study, the concept of "IT worker" was analyzed, the concept of "classification" was studied, two essential features (criteria) were identified for the classification of IT workers (by professional groups and by qualification level), the types of IT workers were determined in accordance with the established criteria In addition, the concept of "IT employee" was distinguished from the related concepts of "gig specialist", "IT specialist", "IT specialist". An opinion was expressed about the expediency of developing a separate edition of the Handbook of qualification characteristics of professions called "IT sphere". The results of the study will provide an opportunity to further examine the institute of occupational health and safety of workers in this field in more depth.

Non-salary employment conditions as a factor shaping migration decision-making: an example of workers from Ukraine in Poland

The paper studies non-salary employment conditions as a factor affecting labour migrants’ choice the host country and a particular employer. It argues that the extant literature, focusing mainly on wage levels offered by employers, is insufficient to understand the decisions taken by migrants, especially if there is persistently low unemployment and high demand for foreign labour in a given market. A secondary analysis of the results of two empirical studies conducted in Poland in the period 2017–2019, focusing on various categories of Ukrainian workers, was used to shed a light on the role of non-salary employment conditions in the migration decision-making process. At that time, Poland encountered both low levels of unemployment and persistent demand for foreign workers, as well as liberal immigration regulations for labour immigration from selected Eastern European countries. Therefore, it met the conditions of the so-called migration laboratory.

Associations of Work-Family Conflict with Family-Specific, Work-Specific, and Well-Being-Related Variables in a Sample of Polish and Ukrainian Adults during the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The conflict between work and family demands increased during the COVID-19 pandemic due to changes in lifestyle related to the lockdown. This study examines the associations between work-family conflict (WFC) and family-work conflict (FWC) with work-specific, family-specific, and well-being-related variables during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results may be used in practice to improve the well-being of employees by adjusting home-based work and family areas of life to dynamic changes during the pandemic. The sample of 736 adults from Poland (53.26%) and Ukraine (46.74%), aged between 19 and 72 (M = 39.40; SD = 10.80), participated in the study. The cross-sectional study was performed using an online survey, including sociodemographic variables, measures of WFC, time pressure, remote work assessment (RWAS), physical health (GSRH), life satisfaction (SWLS), perceived stress (PSS-10), anxiety (GAD-7), and depression (PHQ-9). This study showed numerous inter-group differences in all variables across the country, gender, relationship status, parenthood, caring for children under 12, and remote working status. A high WFC is more likely among Polish workers (than Ukrainian workers), people with a low level of self-perceived time pressure, and high symptoms of stress. Caring for children under 12, low self-perceived time pressure, and high stress can predict FWC. Various paths lead from perceived stress via WFC and FWC, physical health, anxiety, and depression to life satisfaction, as suggested by the structural equation modeling analysis. Parents of children under 12 and women are the most vulnerable groups for increased WFC, FWC, and worse mental health and well-being. Prevention programs should focus on reducing stress, anxiety, and work demands in these adult populations. A unique contribution to the existing knowledge revealed patterns of associations between WFC and FWC in relation to well-being dimensions in a cross-cultural context during the pandemic.

ВИБІР РЕСПІРАТОРІВ НА ОСНОВІ РЕЗУЛЬТІВ ВИМІРЮВАННЯ АНТРОПОМЕТРИЧНИХ РОЗМІРІВ СЕРЕДНЬОСТАТИСТИЧНОГО РОБІТНИКА АКХЗ ТА ШЕФФІЛДІВСЬКОГО МАНЕКЕНУ ГОЛОВИ

Purpose. Determination of the anthropometric distribution of the average Ukrainian worker to increase the reliability of the calculation of the protection factor of respirators due to the improvement of the procedure for laboratory assessment of the penetration factor. Methods. A comparison has been made of the method of selecting respirators based on the methods of mathematical statistics and statistical analysis to establish relationship between the anthropometric dimensions of the users' faces and the Sheffield mannequin of the head, in accordance with the ISO 16900-1:2020 standard "Respiratory protective devices - Methods of test and test equipment - Part 1: Determination of inward leakage" and the Technical Regulations. Results. The procedure for determining the penetration factor of respirators from the selection of the appropriate type of the Sheffield mannequin and the evaluation of the suction coefficient has been improved with regard to the selection of the number of testers who would ensure the compliance of the design parameters of the respirators with the anthropometric parameters of the face of possible users. The determined anthropometric distribution of the average Ukrainian worker for adjusting the parameters (cell size and number of testers in the cells) of the known parametric table for the selection of testers, in relation to conducting a laboratory study to determine the suction coefficient of half-mask respirators by the obturation band or valve system (if available). Scientific novelty. Improving the reliability of studies on the determination of the protection factor of personal respiratory protective devices (RPD) (filtering respirators) is an urgent task. However, in the domestic standards for determining the quality of RPD, there are no data on the anthropometric dimensions of the faces of Ukrainian workers, the Sheffield mannequin of the head, and the requirements for the faces of volunteer testers. The consequence of this is the discrepancy between the technical characteristics of the respirators declared by the developer and the actual ones obtained during their operation in production conditions. Practical significance. On the basis of the obtained data regarding 400 typical users of RPD, workers of Avdiivka Coke and Chemical Plant (ACCP) aged 20 to 55 years, their distribution by length and width of faces has been revealed. According to the results of the research, in which twenty-five volunteers, selected according to ten parameters, took part, the anthropometric dimensions of the face of the average worker of the ACCP and the corresponding Sheffield mannequin of the head have been determined.

Socially responsible human resource management towards migrant workers with the focus on the employees’ interests

Purpose: The following two main research questions were addressed in this article: 1) Which employees’ interests are the most important for Ukrainian migrant workers? 2) To what extent companies ensure the interests of Ukrainian migrant workers? Since migration is often associated with precarious employment, the problems of the relationship between the form of employment and the interests of migrants were examined as well. Design/methodology/approach: For the purpose of this paper, such methods as literature survey of publications indexed mainly in Scopus database and empirical research in the form of a survey were used. The survey was carried out in 2020 in Poland and the respondents were Ukrainian workers. The research was conducted using the PAPI technique and based on a with the use of a representative sample. Findings: Empirical research shows that the most important interests of migrants (of 22 analyzed interests) are salaries adequate to duties, ensuring good occupational safety and health, and clear evaluation criteria. At the same time, the second and third of the indicated interests are mostly ensured by employers, regardless of the form of employment in which the respondents work. This leads to certain practical and theoretical implications. Practical implications: The Ukrainian population is gradually growing in Poland which results from the armed conflict and the difficult economic situation in Ukraine. Therefore, the presented research is utmost valid. Originality/value: The concept of socially responsible HRM (SRHRM) emerged as an element of CSR focused on the inside of the company (its employees treated as the most important stakeholders). Surveys devoted to the implementation of the concept of CSR are carried out mainly among employees who are citizens of the country where the enterprise surveyed is headquartered. The issue of migration is discussed rather from the perspective of such academic disciplines as economics and sociology than the discipline of human resource management. This study aims to fill the gap in research on SRHRM through examining the HRM practices in the context of migrant workers with a focus on employee interests. Keywords: employees, expectations, interests, corporate social responsibility, sustainable HRM. Category of the paper: research paper.

THE RISK OF A "BRAIN DRAIN" EFFECT IN UKRAINIAN SPECIALISTS WHO LEFT UKRAINE AFTER THE RUSSIAN INVASION BEGAN

The Ukrainian refugee crisis is one of the most significant humanitarian problems since the Russian invasion. Many highly educated people have fled Ukraine to find a safe place where they can safely continue their personal and professional lives. It follows that qualified Ukrainian workers may face the effect of "brain drain" in the countries of their current residence, which will have a negative impact on the economies of refugee-hosting countries and on the economy of Ukraine in the future. The object of the study is the labor market in the field of information technology, as it is a highly demanded and developing sector around the world. The conceptual category "brain waste" and its impact on the economy of the host country and the source country is considered. In order to make a forecast of the possible impact of the "brain drain" effect on Ukrainian IT-specialists in the most visited countries, the state of the Ukrainian IT-industry was analyzed according to the results of 2021. The author identified the reasons for the change of place of departure before and after the war. The professional level of IT specialists who migrated because of the war was determined. Countries were chosen based on the number of refugees from Ukraine and a survey conducted in March 2022. The article also presents a comparative analysis of the overall level of economic and digital/technological skills in the destination countries of emigrants from Ukraine and in Ukraine itself. The methodological basis of this study was a systematic approach to the study of theoretical aspects of the impact of "brain drain" on contemporary Ukrainian emigrants in order to clarify and define the essence of the basic concepts of "brain drain", systematize concepts, factors of emigration of highly qualified persons after the Russian invasion, and determine the possible future impact of "brain drain" on Ukrainian society. The methods used in this article are observation of survey results and analysis of secondary data. Collaborative projects between governments, universities, and businesses are suggested as a possible way to tap the economic potential of migrants. The main conclusions of the research are formulated and further ways of scientific research are outlined.

Україна в процесах міжнародної трудової міграції

The purpose of the article is to study modern migration challenges for Ukraine and the problems of re-immigration of Ukrainians in the post-war period. The processes of globalization and integration of the world economy have their share in the growth of the dynamism of the international labor movement. International labor migration helps to overcome cultural, ethnic and traditional borders, but simultaneously creates risks regarding the development of the economies of recipient countries. In the history of migration processes in Ukraine in the twentieth century and up to the present one may allocate six stages of external labor migration. The current period includes two waves of forced migration: as a result of obtaining a visa-free regime with the EU and the russian invasion of Ukraine (2014 and 2022), as well as a wave of decline in the number of migrant workers due to pandemic restrictions during 2020–2021. The problem of labor migration existed in Ukraine even before the start of a full-scale russian intervention, because of the unregulated and imperfect legislation, low wages, and the lack of a policy of re-immigration of Ukrainian workers. The growth of external labor migration of Ukrainians can lead to an outflow of labor force, which is especially risky in the context of a demographic crisis. A higher level of wages in European countries creates a risk of Ukrainians losing their desire to work in Ukraine. This is true of both the recipients of remittances on our territory and those who have decided to change their country of residence forever, which may become an obstacle to the post-war recovery of the national economy. Therefore, already now, even in the conditions of wartime, the government should begin to implement measures for the re-immigration of Ukrainian labor. The implementation of the experience of other countries in similar situations in full is impractical due to the outdated approaches, other location, behavior of the authorities, reputation of forced migrants, etc. Thus, Ukraine should develop its own re-immigration policy with the involvement of European countries, international organizations and its own migrants.

The contribution of immigration from Ukraine to economic growth in Poland

From 2014 onwards Poland witnessed an unprecedented inflow of immigrant workers from Ukraine. Coupled with strong labour demand, this surge in labour supply provided a major contribution to Poland’s economic growth. However, due to problems with capturing immigration in Labour Force Survey data this contribution has remained hitherto largely unaccounted in official data. This paper uses a range of alternative official data sources to estimate the actual number of immigrants, and survey data on migrant characteristics, collected in four Polish cities, to estimate the effective labour supply of Ukrainian immigrants in terms of productivity-adjusted hours worked. The authors find that the arrival of Ukrainian workers was increasing the effective labour supply in Poland in 2013–2018 by 0.8% per annum. Imputing this additional labour supply in a growth accounting exercise they find that the (previously unaccounted) contribution of Ukrainian workers amounted to about 0.5 pp. per annum, i.e., about 13% of Poland’s GDP growth in 2013–2018. The same figure should be subtracted from the residual contribution of total factor productivity growth, suggesting that recent growth in Poland has been in fact much more labour-intensive than previously interpreted.

Migration and Sustainable Development: The Use of Ukrainian Workers’ Potential on the Polish Labour Market

Purpose: This paper features a case of using the potential brought in by workers from Ukraine who arrived in Poland. The paper's main objective involves assessing the evolution of Ukrainian citizens' potential by Polish employers and proposing recommendations for steps to be taken in the future by local governments and individual employers about the employment of immigrants from Ukraine to fulfill the assumptions of sustainable development. Design/Methodology/Approach: The presented article features both theoretical considerations and the results of the author's research. For these deliberations, the results of the author's research were used (in the form of a diagnostic survey) conducted between 03.2019 and 04.2020 among the citizens of Ukraine who resided in Poland. Findings: The analysis of the conducted study allows claiming that the potential of migrants from Ukraine is not fully utilized to fulfill the current needs of the Polish labor market. Practical Implications: The conclusion after analyzing the gathered theoretical and empirical material, demonstrating the need to undertake and devise an entire set of actions in order to implement the sustainable development in the operation of Polish companies and, in particular, to use the capabilities of the incoming workers. Such actions ought to be conducted both at the level of organizations, at a local level, and the level of the entire economy. Originality/Value: The conducted research may be treated as a pilot study to research the issue further.

Complex analysis of the state of the main elements of the mechanism for the development of the economic potential of the enterprise

The complexity of the relationship between the existing elements of the organizational and economic mechanism for the development of the economic potential of an enterprise, as an integral system, is revealed, which is a consequence of the fact that its individual subsystems and components are of a probabilistic nature. A comprehensive analysis of the state of the elements of the mechanism for the development of the economic potential of an enterprise is represented by types of analysis, objects of analysis, and the results of analysis. To determine the place of the organizational and economic mechanism for the development of economic potential, using the model of R. Solow, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the enterprise’s functions is investigated. Factor analysis according to the Solow model shows the special importance of modern scientific and technological progress, and the Solow remainder in his model reflects a number of other factors, including labor resources. The analysis shows that the overall economic growth in 2015-2019 cannot be compensated for only by an increase in labor and total capital. First of all, it can only be justified by the use of the state. The use of the Cobb-Douglas production function in the Solow model allows one to determine the nonlinear dependence of labor productivity on its capital-labor ratio. The Harrod-Domar model was also used, which showed that enterprises are able to provide capital gains in the current year through investments in the previous year. This was demonstrated by the example of the fixed capital of the country’s industry as an integral element of production potential.
 Also, on the basis of the research, more generalizing conclusions can be drawn. The influence of industry on the national economy as a whole is as follows: the development of industry will stimulate the growth of other sectors of the economy through an increase in demand for their products and this will become the main catalyst for the development of the Ukrainian economy and will increase GDP; the growth of the industrial sector will increase the competitiveness of Ukrainian workers in the global labor market and reduce the unemployment rate; industrial development will increase the role of Ukraine in the international economic market and will increase the volume of foreign exchange earnings; industrial modernization and the introduction of high-tech production will increase the potential of the economy as a whole.

����� �����̲� ������²���� COVID-19 �� ������� ����������� �������� ²������ � ������

Features of regulation of labor relations under the influence of measures aimed at preventing the occurrence and spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are revealed. It was emphasized that the problem of regulation of labor relations during quarantine restrictions became especially acute, as it was necessary to amend the legislation in order to reduce the negative impact of the spread of coronavirus COVID-19. A set of both general and special methods of scientific cognition was used to study the problem. The main thing in this system is the general scientific dialectical method, which was used to clarify the new content of the responsibilities of the employer during the pandemic COVID-19, identify the main changes in Ukrainian legislation. Using the formal-logical method, the consequences of quarantine restrictions in the field of employment and ways to overcome them are revealed. On this methodological basis, the collection, processing and analysis of empirical material were carried out. General scientific methods are also used, such as: comparison, generalization, induction, deduction and analysis. In addition, system-structural analysis is used in the analysis of current legislation. Legislative changes are analyzed in order to reduce the negative impact of coronavirus spread. Attention is paid to the consequences of the introduction of quarantine restrictions, which affected the level of economic development of the country, social protection and employment. The economic level of Ukraine is analyzed taking into account the impact of quarantine shock, as a result of which the decline in Ukraine�s gross domestic product in 2020 was highlighted. As a result, there was a sharp reduction in jobs and loss of livelihoods of the working population. The causal links that led to a decline in employment, job cuts and rising unemployment have been identified. The main reasons for the reduction of employees in enterprises due to the difficult economic situation - the loss of a significant part of profits, reducing the number of employees to keep the company, forced sending of workers on unpaid leave, transfer to part-time work. Emphasis is placed on such a phenomenon as hidden unemployment, which is not included in official statistics. This happens when some employers send employees on unpaid long-term leave for the duration of quarantine, others transfer employees from full-time to part-time employment. Forms of hidden unemployment are highlighted. Attention is paid to the impact of quarantine restrictions imposed to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on labor migration processes and the trend of behavior of Ukrainian workers. The main reasons for the decline in migration processes, including the closure of borders for entry and exit of foreigners by most European countries, the temporary suspension of enterprises and job losses during the quarantine period, etc. are highlighted. The ways of the decision of the raised questions are offered.

Labor Migration from Ukraine to Poland: Regulatory Framework, Key Issues and Challenges

The article deals with the conceptions of the international migration, focusing on the most relevant strategies in terms of migrant workers adaptation. The authors analyse the following conceptions: the “Pull/Push” theory, Adaptation (acculturation) Strategy, Relative Inequality Theory of Migration, the Human Capital Theory. Legal framework of Ukraine and Poland in the sphere of labor migration regulation, including set of legal acts, adopted by both countries in order to minimize possible negative outcomes caused by evolving migration flows have been analyzed. The main “pushing” migration factors of the donor countries and “pulling” factors of the recipients are clarified. The main motive for migrating to Poland is to form a so-called "airbag" for their families in Ukraine. The point is that thanks to remittances, clothes, food, etc., Ukrainian labor migrants form a sense of confidence in the future of their family members in the “era of poverty”, which is identified with the Ukrainian state. The positive and negative consequences of the migration flows intensification of Ukrainian workers for both Ukraine and Poland are highlighted. Future scenarios for modeling migration flows are shaped, namely: optimistic, pessimistic, and realistic and the Covid-19 migration pattern. Recommendations for strengthening the effectiveness of Ukrainian-Polish cooperation in solving of the labor migration problems are suggested. The assessment of the trends of current migration policy of Warsaw has been carried out in accordance with multilateral MIPEX Index. Thus, migration policy is assessing as the “equality in the paper” and is rating lower (40/100 points) than average indicator among EU-countries. The conclusions assert that migration policy should be based on the principle of “tripartism” and serve the donor state, the recipient state and the migrants themselves.

LABOUR MIGRATION FROM UKRAINE UNDER THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC TURBULENCE

The purpose of the article is to analyse the trends of labour migration from Ukraine under the global economic crisis caused by COVID-19. The subject of the research is international labour migration in Ukraine. The study should predict the consequences of the coronavirus crisis for labour migration and place of Ukraine in the world labour market in the nearest future. Methodological basis of the research comprised the list of theoretical and empirical methods of research; there was provided the analysis of recent research publications subject under the discussion, compared the results obtaining with statistical data, suggested the practical recommendations that were received on the base of survey results. Researches in a number of OECD countries have found that the risk of infection among migrants is at least two times higher as among locals. The number of international migrants is declined in 2020 for the first time in recent history, as the number of new migrants slows down and re-emigration rates substantially increased. Ukraine has the highest rates of permanent immigrants among European countries. In 2019, there was among approximately 5 million people of foreign origin in Ukraine, the largest migration groups were from Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia, and Uzbekistan. At the same time, Ukraine ranked 8th in the world and 2nd in Europe for emigration in 2019. Ukraine was the largest country of origin of refugees in Europe amounted to 93 thousand people at the end of 2018. In 2019, as in previous decades, the largest migration corridors in Europe were in Ukraine, including the Russia-Ukraine and Ukraine-Russia corridors, which held the first positions in the volume of migration in this part of the world. The military conflict in the East of Ukraine has strengthened the current trend towards reorienting of Ukrainian migration to the West. The employment structure of Ukrainian labour migrants is mostly inefficient, as only 26.8% of Ukrainian workers are employed abroad according to the qualifications obtained. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected virtually all spheres of public life; it has affected emigration from Ukraine, a crucial factor of which has been the introduction of lockdown in key host countries of Ukrainian labour migration, in particular, in the EU. However, the existence of an unconditional demand for Ukrainian workers in the labour-importer countries has led to the solution of problems with access of workers in an ad hoc manner in the first half of 2020, in particular, through the organization of workers transportation from Ukraine for seasonal work. The results of the study have shown that despite the fact that the structure of permanent migration from Ukraine is dominated by migration to the Russian Federation, trends in long-term and especially in temporary labour migration since 2014 and until now, clearly indicate a change in the vector of labour movement towards the EU. Labour emigration is not able to solve the problem of Ukraine’s economic development; it just solves the task of maintaining the welfare of the migrant families and provides the opportunities to develop the human capital of migrant children, primarily through funding by means of migration capital their education in Ukraine. Analysis of the current global and national economic situation, regulatory measures, both in Ukraine and in the countries of migration destination, which directly or indirectly affect migration flows, indicates that in the medium term we cannot predict that the COVID-19 pandemic will significantly affect large-scale labour migration.

НАУКОВО-ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ГЕНЕРАЛ-ХОРУНЖОГО ВСЕВОЛОДА ПЕТРІВА (1920–1930-ТІ РОКИ)

The article considers the peculiarities of the scientific and organizational activity of General-Cornet Vsevolod Petriv. The main aspects of his cooperation with higher educational institutions, scientific and military organizations are determined. The specifics of the development of the scientific and educational sphere for the training of officers in the conditions of camp internment are highlighted. The museum-archival activity of Vsevolod Petriv is considered. The purpose of this article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of scientific and organizational activities of Vsevolod Petriv. The object of research is the figure of General-Cornet Vsevolod Petriv. The subject of research is the scientific and organizational activities of General-Cornet Vsevolod Petriv. The source base of the study are the documents of the Central State Archive of Public Associations of Ukraine and the collection Petrov Vsevolod. Military-Historical Works. Letters and Petrov Vsevolod. Military-Historical Works. Memories. The historiography of the study is represented by the works of V. Sergiychuk, S. Narizhny, O. Sukhobokova, O. Kuzhilna and L. Cherniy. In the process of preparing the article, such research methods as analysis and synthesis of source and historiographical information, historical-comparative and problem-chronological were used. With their help it was possible to comprehensively consider this problem and solve the tasks. According to the results of the research, the following conclusions were obtained: scientific and organizational activity of General-Cornet Vsevolod Petriv consisted of scientific and educational work among internment camps, lecture and teaching work in higher educational institutions of Ukrainian emigration, museum and archival work and cooperation with Ukrainian emigrant military-scientific societies. In particular, Vsevolod Petrov developed the project of the General Staff Academy, organized training courses for staff officers and officers for service in operational headquarters, prepared the publication of the magazine Ukrainian Trumpet, taught a number of subjects on military history, military theory, sociology and physical education in Ukrainian Higher Pedagogical Institute in Prague, the Ukrainian Institute of Social Sciences and the Ukrainian Workers University. He developed a number of conceptual provisions for the activities of the Ukrainian National Museum-Archive, participated in cultural and scientific events and lectures and publishing activities of the Ukrainian Military Scientific Society in Prague, cooperated with the Ukrainian Military Historical Society and the Ukrainian Historical and Philological Society in Prague.

The Philosophical Attitude of Eugene Hütz, Singer of Gogol Bordello

The Philosophical Attitude of Eugene Hütz, Singer of Gogol Bordello