Ukrainian Speakers Research Articles

Opozycja svij ‘swój’ – czużyj ‘obcy’: co zmieniło się podczas inwazji Rosji na Ukrainę?

Since cognitive linguistics explores the conceptual structures of human consciousness through their language manifestations relying on empirical methods, it provides a new approach to the study of binary oppositions. Despite numerous studies of this phenomenon, many of the questions raised here have not been fully answered. As binary oppositions are not absolutely stable structures inherent to human consciousness, we need to study them within specific linguacultures and explore their modification over different periods of time. This article presents an empirical study of the binary opposition sviy 'us (our)' – chuzhyy 'them (their)' in the minds of Ukrainian speakers based on the method of an associative experiment conducted in the period from 6 November 2022 to 29 February 2024. The data obtained were compared with the results of the experiments recorded in the Associative Thesaurus of the Ukrainian Language (UAS 2007). The aim of the study is to analyse the binary opposition sviy 'us (our)' – chuzhyy 'them (their)' and changes in its content and evaluative characteristics in the minds of Ukrainian speakers as a result of the Russo-Ukrainian war.

Recruiting refugees to reduce labour shortages in health care professions: experimental evidence on the potential of foreign-language outreach on social media

BackgroundMany high-income countries are grappling with severe labour shortages in the healthcare sector. Refugees and recent migrants present a potential pool for staff recruitment due to their higher unemployment rates, younger age, and lower average educational attainment compared to the host society's labour force. Despite this, refugees and recent migrants, often possessing limited language skills in the destination country, are frequently excluded from traditional recruitment campaigns conducted solely in the host country’s language. Even those with intermediate language skills may feel excluded, as destination-country language advertisements are perceived as targeting only native speakers. This study experimentally assesses the effectiveness of a recruitment campaign for nursing positions in a German care facility, specifically targeting Arabic and Ukrainian speakers through Facebook advertisements.MethodsWe employ an experimental design (AB test) approximating a randomized controlled trial, utilizing Facebook as the delivery platform. We compare job advertisements for nursing positions in the native languages of Arabic and Ukrainian speakers (treatment) with the same advertisements displayed in German (control) for the same target group in the context of a real recruitment campaign for nursing jobs in Berlin, Germany. Our evaluation includes comparing link click rates, visits to the recruitment website, initiated applications, and completed applications, along with the unit cost of these indicators. We assess statistical significance in group differences using the Chi-squared test.ResultsWe find that recruitment efforts in the origin language were 5.6 times (Arabic speakers) and 1.9 times (Ukrainian speakers) more effective in initiating nursing job applications compared to the standard model of German-only advertisements among recent migrants and refugees. Overall, targeting refugees and recent migrants was 2.4 (Ukrainians) and 10.8 (Arabic) times cheaper than targeting the reference group of German speakers indicating higher interest among these groups.ConclusionsThe results underscore the substantial benefits for employers in utilizing targeted recruitment via social media aimed at foreign-language communities within the country. This strategy, which is low-cost and low effort compared to recruiting abroad or investing in digitalization, has the potential for broad applicability in numerous high-income countries with sizable migrant communities. Increased employment rates among underemployed refugee and migrant communities, in turn, contribute to reducing poverty, social exclusion, public expenditure, and foster greater acceptance of newcomers within the receiving society.

Ordering preferences in Ukrainian multiple <i>wh</i>-fronting

We present the first systematic study of ordering restrictions in Ukrainian multiple wh-fronting (MWF) constructions, examining the effects of grammatical relation, case and animacy. Using an acceptability judgment task with pair-list primes, we tested the acceptability of Superiority-obeying and Superiority-violating questions with two wh-arguments. We found that Ukrainian speakers exhibit two distinct patterns with respect to Superiority: one group of speakers accepted Superiority violations while the other did not. Both groups, however, allowed free word order with wh-prepositional phrases and the lexical item ščo ‘what’. We conclude that these two patterns represent two distinct varieties of Ukrainian which differ in Superiority in matrix MWF constructions.

Slavonic Loanwords in the Book of Daniel Preserved in the South-Western Karaim Manuscript no. ADub.III.84

The paper discusses the etymology of Slavonic loanwords found in a previously unpublished South-Western Karaim translation of the Book of Daniel copied into manuscript no. ADub.III.84. South-Western Karaims were surrounded by speakers of Polish, Ukrainian and Russian, with the linguistic contact instigating changes in Karaim over a period of several centuries. The present article focuses only on the Slavonic impact upon Karaim vocabulary and attempts to determine whether the borrowed words can be traced back to Polish, Ukrainian or Russian etymons. The loanwords are additionally compared with their counterparts in ancient Polish Bible translations.

Anglų kalbos internacionalizavimo procesas Ukrainos švietimo paradigmoje

The research is devoted to the study of the problem of English loanword adaptation in the Ukrainian youth slang as a result of innovative processes in the educational system caused by the flow of language globalization. The globalization of the English language as a result of the information revolution and of all human activity is an unprecedented phenomenon in the world language system that is altering widely held beliefs about literacy and foreign languages. The main hypothesis of the study is an increase in the number of borrowed words in the speech of the Ukrainian youth. The paper attempts to analyze the trends in the use of the loanwords that have Ukrainian one-word equivalents over 5 years, from 2016 to 2021. To obtain data on the use of loanwords, respondents aged 15–17 (school pupils), 18–20 (university students), and 21–23 (university graduates) have been interviewed. According to the problems mentioned, the article aims to describe the use of English loanwords in the Ukrainian language caused by language globalization. The study intends to explore whether Ukrainian speakers prefer to use English loanwords instead of the Ukrainian equivalents that are connected with the role of English in the educational system and whether gender is a significant factor in the use and further assimilation of English loanwords.

Phonology and Attrition: Sociolinguistics of (Ukrainian) Sound Perception

Abstract This article’s research question is to explore the role of sociolinguistic factors in combination with phonology-driven perception. The preliminary hypothesis is that sociolinguistic factors like bilingualism and L2 interference (attrition, as in de Leeuw, E., Chang, C. 2023) may have a decisive role in the process of sound perception and is based on the example of English-Czech/Slovak and English-Ukrainian loanword adaptation cases involving the phonemes /ɡ/, /h/, /ɦ/, and /x/: Czech and Slovak speakers adapt [h] as [ɦ] while Ukrainian speakers tend to adapt the same phoneme as [x] despite having /ɦ/ in their phonological inventory. This tendency seems to correlate with phonological attrition (L2 interference of Russian) and has been a topic of active discussions, especially so since the 2022 full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine. The research method is based on a questionnaire with audio samples containing both already existing and made-up proper names and words. Half of the test vocabulary units are designed to contain the chosen sounds, the rest of the units are represented by established, already existing, names, and units that do not contain the chosen sounds to provide a cover for the experiment. The respondents are asked to listen to the audio samples and write down the units as they hear them using Ukrainian alphabet. The respondents were provided with a fake description, and a fake goal of the experiment to exclude possible bias.

POSTCOLONIAL SYNDROMES: PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCE ON LANGUAGE CHOICE IN A UKRAINIAN-RUSSIAN BILINGUAL ENVIRONMENT

The article presents the results of a survey that is a follow up of research on Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism, which began in 2011 in Vinnytsia (Central Ukraine). The target audience comprised high school students aged 15–18 (483 respondents). In this survey, we aimed to determine whether there have been changes in the psychological factors influencing language choice in bilingual settings compared to a similar survey run in 2016. The survey was conducted using a questionnaire distribution method. The survey results reveal an increase in interest in the Ukrainian language compared to 2016. According to the findings, most students identify Ukrainian as their mother tongue. Throughout the observation period, the percentage of students recognizing Ukrainian as their native language has remained high (from 87% in 2011 to 96% in 2024). Regarding language tolerance, the latest survey indicates that the number of Ukrainian-speaking respondents switching to Russian when addressed in Russian has sharply decreased: in 2016, 31% of respondents stated they would respond in Ukrainian, while in 2024, this figure was 67%. Since 2018, the percentage of high school students starting a conversation with a stranger in Ukrainian has increased from 70% to 94%. A comparison of psychological factors indicates polarization of attitudes between Ukrainian-speaking and Russian-speaking high school students. Among Ukrainian speakers, the three main reasons why respondents do not use Russian are: 1) “no need to use Russian” (59% in 2016 and 73% in 2024); 2) “secondary unattractive language” (increased from 24% in 2016 to 62% in 2024); 3) “consider Russian language unprestigious” (13% in 2016 and 45% in 2024). External factors (war with Russia) and internal factors (willingness/unwillingness to be tolerant towards someone who speaks another language) affect the change of attitude towards the choice of language in bilingual conditions.

PECULIARITIES OF THE LANGUAGE POLICY OF THE SOVIET AUTHORITIES IN THE USSR/USSR IN THE 1930 S.

The article highlights the peculiarities of the implementation of the Soviet language policy in the territory of the Ukrainian SSR in the 1930s. The main methods and means of implementing the process of Russification by the Soviet authorities, which began after the curtailment of Ukrainianization, are considered. A characteristic feature of the Soviet language and cultural policy was the combination offorce and ideological methods.In other words, the process of Russification under Soviet totalitarianism involved the physical destruction of the national intellectual elite, native Ukrainian speakers, the formation of preferences for the Russian-speaking population, interference with spelling, the formation of a list of forbidden words, the spread of Russian equivalents, the glorification of the Russian language as the language of the elite,the spread of the Russian language in education, science, the press and other spheres of society, etc. It is shown that this policy, which was based on mass terror, had a certain effect. It is established that the Soviet language policy in the Ukrainian SSR in the 1930s became the basis for the implementation of assimilation in the 1960s–1980s, which the Soviet authorities characterized as a process of «rapprochement of nations».The process of Russification in the educational, scientific spheres, and the press is highlighted. A detailed analysis of the available sources and materials has shown that the Soviet authorities used comprehensive approaches to Russification of the population of the Ukrainian SSR. In view of this, it was found that Ukrainian identity was significantly damaged, which has negative consequences at the present stage. In the context of this study, the Soviet language policy of the 1930s is characterized as an attempt to rapidly and forcibly assimilate Ukrainians and other ethnic groups. Given the current realities of Ukrainian state-building, the challenges of the Russian-Ukrainian war, and the importance of restoring historical memory, the study is of great theoretical and applied importance.

МЕТОДИ КОРПУСНОЇ ЛІНГВІСТИКИ В ДОСЛІДЖЕННІ ЕТНО- І ГЕТЕРОСТЕРЕОТИПІВ

The article presents an interdisciplinary study that combines a linguistic and corpus approach to solving the problems of intercultural and interethnic communication. The basis of the study is the concept of ethnic stereotype. We singled out auto- and heter-ostereotypes, analyzed the stereotypical ideas of Ukrainian speakers about Ukrainians and Russians. Ethnonyms denoting Ukrainians and Russians recorded in explanatory dictionaries of the Ukrainian language became the focus of attention. The ethnonyms «Ukrainian» and «hohol» were analyzed as verbal representatives of the ethnostere-otype. The lexemes «Russian», «katsap», «moscowyt» and «moskal» were analyzed as verbal representatives of the heterostereotype. In the conditions of a full-scale inva-sion of Ukraine, the use of stereotypical ideas about Ukrainians in enemy propaganda proves the importance of this aspect of studying inter-ethnic relations. Ethnonyms are considered according to two aspects: lexicographic and corpus. On the basis of the defi -nitions in explanatory dictionaries of the Ukrainian language, the structure of autostere-otypes and heterostereotypes is determined. By means of a search in GRAK (General Regionally Annotated Corpus) of the Ukrainian language, the specifi city of the compat-ibility of ethnonyms with adjectives of evaluative semantics was traced. The search was carried out both in the corpus in general and in the dynamics of 2014-2023 in media discourse. Comparing the frequency of the combination of ethnonyms with evaluative adjectives during Russia’s war against Ukraine made it possible to trace the transforma-tion of stereotypical ideas of Ukrainian speakers about Ukrainians and Russians

Analiza statystyczna polsko-ukraińskiego interjęzyka – najtrudniejsze miejsca polskiej fleksji dla osób ukraińskojęzycznych

This paper presents part of a statistical analysis (SPSS) of the Polish-Ukrainian interlanguage which is currently being conducted. The presented part of the research pertains to the most difficult forms from the morphological level of the Polish language for speakers of Ukrainian who learn Polish as a foreign language, regardless of their declared level of language proficiency (A1+ ‒ B2+). The analyses presented in the article are of a qualitative nature. The questionnaire for the research into the interlanguage contained both correct and wrong forms (i.e. interferential forms extracted from the previous author’s corpus-based error analyses) – the respondent had to decide which form was correct. Therefore, the study concerns language intuition. The results of the research are convergent with the analyses of actual errors made by Ukrainians in their written assignments, which constitutes a motivation for further statistical analyses of the interlanguage with the use of the same research tool.

Homeland on Foreign Maps: Toponymy of Western Ukraine on Austrian, Interwar-Polish, and Soviet Topographic Maps with Special Focus on Toponymy of the Carpathian Mountains

The goal of this research was to examine the linguistic properties of Western Ukraine’s toponymy as presented on Austrian, interwar-Polish, and Soviet topographic maps from the late 18th century to the 1980s. The research question was, “To what extent does this toponymy include languages other than Ukrainian?” As this article demonstrates, the changing toponymy corresponds with general language policies implemented in Western Ukraine by foreign states. The analysis in this work comprises 1,741 toponymic forms that refer to 207 geographical features on nine multi-sheet topographic maps. The toponyms examined are mainly oikonyms. The data collection was limited to the districts of eastern Galicia where Ukrainian speakers outnumbered Polish speakers by at least three to one. Given that linguistic context, it comes as no surprise that examples of non-vernacular “polonized” toponym forms were found to be especially prevalent in this examination. The general finding of this research is that the toponymies of Austrian and Polish maps comprise a mixture of Ukrainian and Polish/Polonized forms. The toponymic “polonization” was quite inconsistent and may reflect the diverse periods and forms of Polish policies.

Normeringen av ukrainsk i det selvstendige Ukraina

Applying Joshua Fishman’s typology for linguistic corpus planning, this article surveys corpus planning in independent Ukraine regarding changes in political conditions and in standard linguistic forms. Between 1991 and 1999, corpus planning addressed urgent issues such as transliteration and orthography, but corpus planning was sporadic and often initiated by private actors motivated by purism. Between 2000 and 2018, corpus planning gradually gave standard Ukrainian a firmer basis, peaking with the National Academy of Sciences’ monolingual general dictionary of Ukrainian issued from 2010. Since 2019, corpus planning has been remarkably streamlined, resulting both from the 2019 language law and from the 2019 orthography. I conclude that speakers of Ukrainian, including the numerous Ukrainian citizens who in the third millennium have shifted from Russian to Ukrainian – a development accelerating after Russia’s full-scale aggression in February 2022 – have at their disposal a standard language marked by ‘Ausbauization’ (Fishman, 2008): Standard Ukrainian is being built away from Russian and made more unique while accepting Western foreign languages components.

Psychometric indicators and adaptation ch. Osgud's method "semantic differential" (ukrainian version of the method

The article presents the results of adaptation and standardization of the Semantic Differential method (Ch. Osgood). The purpose of the article was to adapt the Ukrainian version of the Semantic Differential method and determine the possibilities of its use in further psychological research. In order to meaningfully validate the adapted version of the Semantic Differential method, five experts were involved - philological specialists in the field of English-Ukrainian translation. In the course of joint work with experts, the following was carried out: direct translation of the original text of the method of semantic differential by Ch. Osgood; retroversion; correction of the translated material in order to increase the degree of compliance with the linguistic features of Ukrainian speakers (taking into account compliance with the theoretical construct of the methodology); final substantive and linguistic evaluation of the Ukrainian-language version; selection of the optimal sequence of pairs of adjectives. The work was carried out in several stages: translation; expert substantive evaluation of the preliminary translation; standardization of the questionnaire; collection of relevant norms on the domestic sample (563 persons (24.01-11.95 years old), among whom 198 are carriers of the male gender; 365 – female). All subjects were fluent in the Ukrainian language; the level of knowledge of English is not lower than B1 (Intermediate). Language knowledge was tested using express methods on the eve of testing. The testing took place in the following order: the original (English) version of the Semantic Differential (the attitude towards oneself was assessed); Rosenberg self-esteem scale; subjective scaling of one's self; adapted author's Ukrainian modification of the Semantic Differential (attitude towards oneself was also assessed). During the analysis of the psychometric indicators of the adapted version of the methodology, its content and construct validity were checked; reliability and coherence of its points; in addition, test norms for the Ukrainian-speaking sample were obtained. Test norms were determined separately for groups of men and women. It was established that the adapted version of the Semantic Differential is characterized by high psychometric indicators, so it allows the use of the method for further study of the attitude to phenomena determined by the purpose of a separate study.

Лексикон диалектоносителей в этнолингвистическом аспекте: проблемы, задачи, методы исследования

The paper presents a comprehensive approach analysis on the lexicon of dialect speakers, chosen for the purpose of ethnolinguistic study of this research object. Attaining the objectives set contributes to the consideration of the problems relevant to the modern paradigm of scientific knowledge. Following the established methodological principles of linguistic units interpretation and using the recordings of the Don and Ukrainian dialects speakers as research material, the authors present a multilevel classification of a vast array of facts registered while surveying the informants in the residential areas with mixed population in the Volgograd region. The methods of differentiation of the vocabulary with an explicitly or implicitly expressed ethnocomponent of meaning are proposed, the means of linguistic continuum segmentation are determined. It is noted to reflect indirectly the realia, phenomena, processes and signs characteristic of traditional material and spiritual folk culture. The methodological system of dialectological, functional-and-semantic, and ethnolinguistic analysis of lexical units is introduced. It allows to present the person's ethnic identification means in the speech of Russian and Ukrainian speakers, taking into account the content-and-semantic principle of detailing information in the text (within the framework of themes and microthemes) and the semantic-and-categorial method of ethnocultural meanings verbalization in the context (within situations and microsituations). The fundamentals of the field modelling technique embracing a vast array of facts are characterised, their application enables presenting lexicon of dialect speakers as the hierarchical structure, and the ethnolinguistic significance of its individual segments and their components identification is discovered.

East vs West: Geopolitical Orientations and Language Practices of Residents of Central and Southern Ukraine

The paper based on quantitative and qualitative analysis on data on language attitudes and geopolitical orientations obtained in Central and Southern Ukraine shows significant differences between two regions. The assessment of linguistic changes occurred after the collapse of the USSR in both regions is unequivocal: most participants in open interviews noted a positive trend for the Ukrainian language, including the expansion of functional spheres of its use (on television, in politics, in education) and its higher prestige in society. Post-Soviet changes toward the expansion of the use of the Ukrainian language were viewed positively even by predominantly Russian-speaking respondents, who opposed “Ukrainization” in other aspects. Based on the answers to the questions in the “Geopolitics” and “Identity” blocks of questionnaire, two types of respondents were identified using cluster analysis: (1) “pro-European” and (2) “pro-Russian.” The language preferences of respondents belonging to different clusters differed in the regions studied: while more Ukrainian speakers, both in the Center and in the South, mainly belonged to the first cluster, and more Russian speakers (to a somewhat lesser extent) to the second, speakers who used a mixed idiom known as Surzhik in the Center, were more “pro-Russian,” and in the South, more “pro-European” oriented. That can signal of differences in language attitudes and labeling regarding Surzhik in those regions of Ukraine.

Iazyk moy pouczytsia prawdi twoiey»: слов’яноруські вставки польською графікою у трактаті Лазаря Барановича

The article draws attention to the Slavenrosska phonetics analysing the Slavenorosski insertions in Polish graphics in Lazar Baranovych’s theological treatise “Notiy pięć ran Chrystvsowych pięс” (1680). These insertions reflect the epoch’s tendencies in pronouncing the Slavenorosski texts by the speakers of Northern Ukrainian (Eastern Polisyen) patois, e.g. prove the well-established pronunciation of ѣ as [і]. The pronunciation of labials, velars, pharyngeal and [н’] before the front vowel [і] was systematicallysoft. The sibilant sounds, on the contrary, were hard (the corresponding letters were always followed by a y, not an i). The variations ri/ry, ti/ty, li/ly, si/sy, di/dy show an [и] sound that replaced the former [i], and the history of language corroborates this fact. The document presents the palatalized pronunciation of velars as well as the pharyngeal before the front vowel (it surely was an [i]) replacing their hard pronunciation before vowels). The hard pronunciation of consonants before an [e] and the fricative pronunciation of Slavenorosska г was confirmed. The Cyrillic щ was pronounced as a combination of two hard sibilants [шч]. The treatise recorded the hard pronunciation of the final stem sound [р] while the etymologically soft pronunciation inside the stem remains systematically intact. The document records the hard pronunciation of [ц] at the stem end of masculine nouns. The nominative and accusative forms of singular masculine adjectives are mostly pronounced with a reduced final [ǐ]. Proper names of Greek origin could have a fricative or, less frequently, a plosive pronunciation in lieu of γ, ѳ mainly sounded as [фт]. In the king’s name, it was transliterated as th.

IMAGES OF HUNGER, SATIATION AND THIRST IN THE MIRROR OF ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN PHRASEOLOGY. Article 3

This publication is the final, third article of the thematic cycle Images of feeding/eating food in the mirror of English and Ukrainian phraseology. It is devoted to the problem of figurative understanding and phraseological description of the processes (including causes and consequences) of CONSUMING food or drinks. The material considered by us offers the possibility of ethnocultural comparative analysis of two unrelated societies — Ukrainian-speaking and English-speaking ones. Based on A. Maslow’s thesis about the basic level of needs in the phylogenetic development of a person as a biological and social being, namely the need to quench hunger and thirst, the phraseological funds of both languages, which are focused on seeing exactly these needs, are considered. It has been proven that phraseological units (PhU) of gustatory semantics verbalize the deep cognitive model AGENT FEEDS THE PATIENT SOMEHOW and its mirror second half PATIENT CONSUMES SOMETHING (FOOD/DRINK) SOMEHOW. This publication highlights exactly this second half of the specified cognitive model. The purpose of this study was to investigate the phraseological fund of a language as certain clots of cultural heritage, cast into a figuratively transformed patterns of idioms, phraseological units, proverbs, sometimes maxims, i.e. prescriptions of ancestors, which they passed on to their descendants regarding the correct worldview and successful functioning in the surrounding world. The total sample is quantitatively distributed unevenly between the two languages, the English component is twice as small as the Ukrainian one: 117 English PhUs and 265 Ukrainian PhU. The semantic component CONSUMPTION is verbalized by 13 verbs in English and 28 in Ukrainian, which indicates a greater sensitivity of Ukrainian speakers to the semantic nuances of the process of consuming food and drinks (them being excessive or insufficient, approved or critically regarded by the speaker who nominates the phenomenon). It was found that the English-speaking sample is more focused on reflecting universal, philosophical aspects of life, while the Ukrainian sample is more “home-centric”, the state of hunger and thirst in the Ukrainian-speaking sample is reflected much more broadly and more emotionally than in the English-speaking sample, overeating is a frequent object of mockery and criticism of Ukrainians, which in no way coincides with the dominant code of political correctness in modern Western culture. The analyzed material testified to a certain role of alcoholic beverages in the lives of representatives of the two ethnic groups, both ethno-specific and cross-cultural customs and traditions were revealed, the presence of English-language PhUs regarding drug use was recorded, which is not observed in Ukrainian-speaking PhUs. In conclusion, let us emphasize that gustatory phraseology of any language reflects not only the processes and customs of FEEDING / CONSUMING something edible, but a much wider spectrum of human existence: personal and social relationships, philosophical interpretations of human needs and limitations, moral prescriptions and prohibitions. In the end, we will repeat the thought of Socrates, with which we started this series of articles: “One must eat to live, not live to eat.”

THE PROBLEM OF EXPRESSING THE ATTITUDE OF DIALECTAL AND LITERARY LANGUAGE NORMS IN LOCAL SPEECH

In the article studies attitude as a certain position, side of individuals or groups towards language variants, phenomena and elements, which has been theoretically and empirically studied in sociolinguistics, ethnosociology, ethnolinguistics and social psychology. The article states the transition of the concept of "attitude" to the linguistic plane in terms of comparing dialectal and literary strata of the language in diglossic language use. The conducted descriptive analysis of the language system states the difference between prescriptive data and the dialectal norm. The principles of the attitude of dialectal and literary language norms in local speech, verified by oral speech in the business sphere and in the vernacular, are clarified. The fact of acquiring and expressing knowledge of the literary language (for example, during the national upsurge in the 90s, during the period of Independent Ukraine and during the Russian-Ukrainian war) is stated, which constitutes a certain social readiness, a subject's inclination, which arises when he/she anticipates a certain language situation and ensures the purposeful nature of the corresponding language activity. The typology of attitudes defined by the authors puts forward the idea of a special sociological and linguistic codification of language norms. It is noteworthy that the increasing evidence of tendencies to react and reflect in attitudes in relation to specific circumstances (war, resettlement, famine, unemployment) and everyday collisions can be changed as a result of situational requirements, unforeseen or extraordinary events. At the same time, language attitudes are expressed through attitudes toward the military volunteers, critical infrastructure workers, volunteers, victims, donors, etc. External factors trigger corresponding behavioral intentions, such as questioning, citing the obvious, creative retelling of what one has seen or heard, and individual refusal to comment for personal reasons. In the long run, a clear and objective attitude of Ukrainian speakers based on legislative and language education reforms will give positive results in language use.

Не відрікаймося свого: лінгвістичні етюди з історії слововживання

The complex historical fate of the Ukrainian language has primarily affected its vocabulary, which has undergone significant changes over the past two centuries. In the new Ukrainian literary language, which emerged on a folk basis thanks to the works of Ivan Kotliarevskyi and Taras Shevchenko, many words inherited from the old Ukrainian literary language were replaced by synonyms from the vernacular speech. As a result, modern Ukrainian speakers may not perceive archaic lexemes as Ukrainian, even though these words of Proto-Slavic origin were already attested in Old Slavonic language and actively used in the Old Ukrainian period (14th–18th centuries), continued to be used in the new Ukrainian literary language until the first quarter of the 20th century, and are still in use in Ukrainian dialects. The article demonstrates the “Ukrainian-ness” of archaic lexemes such as время, год, нельзя, and послідній. Based on lexicographic works of the 19th to the first quarter of the 20th century, including the “Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language” by P. Biletskyi-Nosenko, the “Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language” edited by B. Hrinchenko, the “Ukrainian-German Dictionary” by Y. Zhelekhivskyi and S. Nedilskyi, the “Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary” by M. Umanets and A. Spilka, and the “Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary” edited by A. Krymskyi and S. Yefremov, as well as texts by Ukrainian writers of the 18th–19th centuries, including Hryhorii Skovoroda, Ivan Kotliarevskyi, and Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko, Romantic poets, Taras Shevchenko, and collections of paroemias compiled and organized by M. Nomys and I. Franko, the history of the usage of these words throughout the centuries is traced. Based on dialectal dictionaries, it is shown that these archaic lexemes continue to be used in various Ukrainian dialects, including Boyko, Bukovynian, Hutsul, Central Dnieper, East Slobozhanskyi, and others. This is a trace of the past literary-written tradition, evidence of our language-historical memory, and not elements of the Russian language or surzhyk. Misunderstanding the nature of such lexical units can distort Ukrainians’ perception of their national identity.

GERMAN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AND INTEGRATION POTENTIAL

Having found themselves in unpredictable and difficult life circumstances starting from the end of February 2022, Ukrainian refugees in Germany faced a barrier of a linguistic nature, and therefore of a social and cultural nature. In order to solve many urgent life tasks and meet the needs and maximum integrated functioning in the German-speaking environment, the question arose of learning not only the German language, but also culture through the language. The article outlines the current situation related to the study of the German language by Ukrainian refugees in Germany and outlines the difficulties of learning language collocations, fixed expressions and phraseological units at the initial stage of learning German as a foreign language in accordance with the conditionally level criterias of the European Language Standard in order to successfully understand and master the language in in the context of integration processes. The study contains survey and testing data of Ukrainian refugees in Germany, which relate to separate realities of the ethno-cultural level, fixed word combinations, collocations and idioms, phraseological expressions, reveal examples of difficulties in learning and acquisition the German language, which require transformations or switching language codes during the learning process. The survey and its results direct attention to ethnolinguistic components in the form of idiomatic expressions that do not have counterparts in the native language, their meaning is figurative, implies the possession of ethnocultural information, and can also be understood thanks to linguistic guesswork and previous experience. Set expressions in the form of collocations contain typical word combinations of the German language, which are not characteristic for Ukrainian speakers. Understanding and acquisition the above mentioned language categories is the key to the successful formation of sociocultural competence for intercultural communication in the context of integration processes.