Ukrainian Lands Research Articles

The role and significance of Kyril Trylovskyi in the legal formulation of the Ukrainian «Sich» movement

The article analyzes the role and significance of K. Trylovskyi in the legal formation of the Ukrainian «Sich» movement. It is noted that the first «Sich» organizations arose in the Ukrainian lands as a result of constitutional reforms and political reform of the imperial power of Austria-Hungary. The Constitutional Law of 1867 provided that all nationalities living in the territory of the empire were declared equal before the law. They were declared equal rights. However, in practice, the proclaimed norms often did not correspond to the letter of the law. This led to the self-organization of Ukrainian national-patriotic forces and contributed to the emergence of a number of educational, public and cultural-educational organizations. One of such organizations was the «Sich» society founded by K. Trylovskyi. It is noted that one of the important directions of the functioning of «Sich» organizations was their preparation for the future struggle for their own statehood and independence. Considering the state-political disputes between European countries and their possible consequences for Ukrainians, K. Trylovsky and his like-minded people realized that the «Sich» should act in the future conflict as a separate military force. Given this, there was a need to legally register the «Sich» society, which was extremely problematic under the Polish-Austrian regime. That is why, in the process of legalizing the Sich organizations, K. Trylovskyi declared them as fire and sports public associations aimed at popularizing sports and cultural and educational activities among the population. The network of «Sich» societies rapidly spread across the territory of Western Ukrainian lands and in a short period of time united several thousand Ukrainian patriots. It is stated that an important goal of the activities of «Sich» organizations K. Trylovskyi saw the revival of the best traditions of the «Zaporizhian Sich», thereby ensuring the principles of equality and justice among the population, respect for the traditions of Ukrainian statehood in past historical eras. At the same time, the statutory documents were also aimed at taking into account similar experience of statehood of national-patriotic organizations that had been operating for a long time in the territory of Czech and Polish lands.

The oldest international treaties of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus and Samogitia (second half of the 14th century)

The article highlights the processes of formation of a complex of monuments of international law – the most ancient of the treaties of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia and Zhemaitia, which were concluded during the period when the lands of modern Ukraine became part of the GDL, which gradually began to play an important role since then in contemporary European international relations. It is noted that during the Middle Ages, the law of international treaties developed significantly. Gradually, the agreements began to be applied more and more often and over time began to occupy one of the important places in the system of international law of that time, in particular, in the practice of international relations of the Ukrainian People’s Republic of Ukraine with other states and quasi-state entities. A certain part of them was recorded in writing, thanks to which modern researchers now have the opportunity to familiarize themselves with the content of these monuments of law. The article provides a source-based analysis of the Lithuanian-Russian-Polish treaty of 1352, two treaties of 1366 – between the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd, his brothers Keistut, Yavnut and Lubart and their sons, on the one hand, and the Polish king Casimir III the Great together with his vassals - on the other hand, and the special agreement with Lubart, which supplemented the first one. Attention is also drawn to the Lithuanian-Russian-Moscow treaty of 1368 – a peace agreement that ended the first stage of the Lithuanian-Russian-Moscow war of 1368–1372. July 1372. The Treaty of Ljubutsk is a peace treaty that ended the Lithuanian-Russian-Moscow War of 1368–1372. The prerequisites, content and significance of the treaty on the conclusion of the Union of Krebs in 1385 are highlighted. The content of the treaty of Smolensk prince Yuri Svyatoslavovych on the alliance with the Polish, Lithuanian, Russian, etc. king Vladyslav (Jogaila, Yagello) and Grand Duke (viceroy) for Lithuania Skirgaila (September 16, 1386) was analysed, which established alliance relations between the parties and guaranteed the provision of comprehensive assistance to the king. It is emphasized that an important place among the international treaties of the Great Patriotic War of this period is occupied by the Treaty of Ostriv of August 4, 1392 – the treaty that put an end to two wars - the Lithuanian-Russian civil war of 1389–1392 and the war for the Galician-Volhynian inheritance. The Salynas (Sallinwerder) Treaty between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Order of October 12, 1398 was also considered. The conclusion that the range of texts of the GDL treaties of the specified period, which have survived to our time in the originals or chronicle lists, is quite limited. Contracts could be not only bilateral, but also multilateral. They had a personal character; the heads of all the most influential states and quasi-state entities of the region (Poland, the Teutonic Order, Muscovy) acted as counterparties to the Lithuanian princes when concluding treaties. All the considered agreements, to a greater or lesser extent, influenced the further state-legal development of the Ukrainian lands that were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus and Samogitia. Some of them led to changes in the form of the state, others became the basis for changes in the legal regulation of civil relations, led to the emergence of new norms of military law and, of course, all these sources significantly contributed to the development of legal regulation of international relations in the region.

Euro-atlantic course of Ukraine as a reflection of political traditions of ukrainian society and a guarantee of national security

The article analyzes the processes of formation of political traditions of Ukrainian society and political mentality, their impact on public sentiment and political decision-making, which can be both supportive and legitimate basis, and rejection and objection without rational understanding and justification, and a barrier to political and economic development. Ukraine's accession to the EU and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is in line with Ukraine's national interests and the fundamental mental principles generally typical for the Ukrainian people. Ukrainians' choice of the democratic path of development in the community of European countries is one of the main reasons for Russia's current full-scale war in Ukraine. Despite Russia's desire to change this and return Ukraine to its sphere of influence, Ukrainians have consolidated around the idea of victory and the Euro-Atlantic vector of their Motherland. Due to its history and geopolitical position, Ukraine has strong ties with European countries and geographically belongs to Europe. Ukrainian political traditions have a historical basis and are in consonance with fundamental European values. The closeness of Ukrainian political traditions to European ones primarily are in the support of democratic values and freedoms, in persistence and unity in defending justice, in rejection of dictatorial authoritarian practices, in the ability of Ukrainian society to self-organize and build effective horizontal ties, and in individualism. Ukrainians, like Europeans, consider the dignity of the human person as a fundamental value, and violence as unacceptable and humiliating. The Russian-Belarusian narrative about the right of the state to use force against its citizens has not worked in Ukraine. During national revolutions and in times of war, Ukrainians have shown courageous resistance, defending their freedom even at the cost of their lives, and have been admired around the world. These fundamental features of the Ukrainian political mentality contributed to the formation of the Ukrainian political nation, and in combination with the Cossack military traditions, the experience of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and a number of patriotic organizations, they are now influencing the heroic military resistance to the Russian occupiers. However, there is another side: the long stay of Ukrainian lands as part of other state entities had its impact and is also reflected in current political attitudes, preferences, and patterns of behavioral reactions that hinder Ukraine's modernization. Especially destructive was the influence of Russian state entities, the period of being part of the USSR, during which there was an intense extermination of the Ukrainian elite and patriotic activists and their families, banning everything Ukrainian, imposing inferiority complexes, and powerful propaganda that weakened and disorganized Ukrainian society, shaping the consciousness of Homo soveticus, a person with very limited rights and opportunities, a cog in an undemocratic state system. Ukrainians are freeing themselves from this Soviet legacy, and the bitter irony is that the Russian war against Ukraine has contributed to that most of all. The processes of Euro-Atlantic integration require hard work and efforts from both the government and society, not only modernization and qualitative reform of the main spheres of life, but also a certain restructuring of consciousness and lifestyle, ensuring individual responsibility and freedoms. On the one hand, these processes are significantly complicated by the full-scale war with Russia, but on the other hand, the war is also a catalyst for socio-political changes in the Ukrainian political system and more intensive cooperation with the Western world.

Modern legal problems of restoration of lands damaged as a result of military operations

Military actions have had a global negative impact on the land and soil of Ukraine as a whole, causing widespread contamination and degradation. Daily airstrikes and shelling leave deep craters, heavy metals from shells and military equipment penetrate the soil and groundwater, soil permeability decreases, oxygen is displaced, biochemical and microbiological processes are disrupted, vast areas are scorched by fires, and the risk of toxic waste emissions from industrial enterprises in temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine increases. Additionally, there is massive flooding of closed and war-damaged mines. Furthermore, Ukraine is the most mined country in the world. Unfortunately, this list is not exhaustive. The restoration of Ukrainian land and soil is one of the priority tasks in the post-war period, as it affects not only the ecological safety of the state but also its economic stability and development. Given the scale of the problems facing Ukraine, a comprehensive approach is needed, including legal, technological, and organizational support for land restoration. Important stages in this process are the assessment of the degree of damage, the development of an effective methodology for damage compensation, the implementation of modern technologies, the development and implementation of new regulations governing land restoration procedures, and the establishment of clear standards for soil quality. Ukraine also needs to take into account the experience of other countries in land restoration after military conflicts, particularly those that have applied innovative approaches and modern technologies for soil rehabilitation. This will help implement the best practices and restoration methods, ensuring effective and rapid land recovery. International cooperation and support will play a crucial role in this process, as the issue of restoring land and soil damaged by war is not only a domestic matter for Ukraine but also a challenge for the entire global community. Successful examples of land restoration in other countries demonstrate Ukraine’s readiness and ability to cope with the consequences of war and ensure sustainable development in the future, which is a priority task on which Ukraine’s future depends. Considering environmental, economic, and social aspects in the restoration process will allow not only to restore soil fertility but also to create conditions for sustainable development and prosperity of the country.

COMMERCIAL PROPOSAL TO AN AGRICULTURAL MANUFACTURER REGARDING THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FUEL WITH THE CALCULATION OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY

The market of petroleum products in Ukraine, in particular diesel fuel, over the past three years has been analysed. A decrease in the use of the main types of fuel in 2022 compared to 2021 has been determined across the country due to shortages and price increases due to market reorientation in wartime conditions. The year 2023 showed an increase in the use of petroleum products due to the stabilization of supply and demand, although these volumes are still lower than in 2021. The amount of fuel used for growing of the main agricultural crops in Ukraine using various technologies is given, taking into account the productivity indicators and the area of sowing. A specific assessment of the component of production costs for fuel was carried out, on the basis of which, taking into account the price of diesel fuel and the area of arable land in Ukraine, the market shares of diesel fuel accounted for by agricultural production was estimated. The forecasts of scientists regarding the need for diesel fuel on the scale of the country, which will grow every year, increasing the demand for biodiesel fuel, are considered. A reasoned position is presented regarding the relevance of biodiesel production in Ukraine for the needs of agriculture. The measures and regulations that stimulate the production of biodiesel fuel in the countries of the European Union and the state of state support for it in our country, as well as the oil products market for 2023 from the point of view of sales volumes and fuel prices, are analysed. It is proposed to start the production of biodiesel fuel on the basis of agricultural farms or processing enterprises on the order of producers of agricultural products from their raw materials. A methodology for assessing the economic efficiency of biodiesel production has been developed, based on the price of raw materials, which involves primary and secondary processing (raw material - rapeseed), or only secondary processing (raw material – rapeseed oil). During the primary and secondary processing, the added value obtained from the by-products is taken into account, which reduces the cost price of the produced biofuel. This methodology also takes into account such a factor of increasing the cost of production of biodiesel fuel as an excise tax. When evaluating the economic efficiency by comparing it with the market value of standard diesel fuel, the concept of energy coefficient, which takes into account the ratio of the lower heat of combustion of two types of fuel, was introduced. This scientific work presents the results of the initiative research work 0122U002187.

HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE STUDY OF STATE PRACTICES AND THE JUDICIARY OF SOUTHERN UKRAINIAN TERRITORIES: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

For a long time, domestic historians of law and the state and other branch scientists, who were engaged in the study of the southern territories, were focused on the practices of the imperial period, and later – of the period of Soviet occupation. However, the approach to the analysis of the processes of development of the southern Ukrainian territories in the core branches of historical science has now been radically changed and deepened. Methodological approaches to conducting research in related scientific fields also need rethinking. The methodological basis of scientific research is the results of historiographical analysis, a step-by-step understanding of the achievements of each historical period. The object of the history of Ukrainian statehood, and therefore of historical and legal studies of this topic, given in the 9th–10th centuries. and geographically delineated by the north and west of modern Ukraine. On the other hand, the sources about the experience of statesmanship and the Ukrainian colonization of the southern territories are relatively limited and have important features. From the beginning of the annals, domestic authors adhered to pro-Ukrainian rhetoric in matters of the formation of the Kyiv state and its interaction with the Khazar Khaganate, which controlled the southern Ukrainian lands at that time, with the polities of the Pechenegs, Polovtsians, and other steppe peoples who lived there. For an objective analysis of the experience of state practices in southern Ukrainian territories and their impact on the formation of Ukrainian culture and the state, priority should be given to documentary sources and specific archaeological data. Not a small role in this context is currently assigned to the study of oriental sources, taking into account the historiographic achievements of the scientific field of oriental studies. It is important to rethink the position of domestic scientists who pointed to the close connection between the state practices of the Kyiv State and the Steppe, the influence of the steppe culture on the formation of Ukrainian culture and statehood. The analysis of the processes that took place during the period when the Ukrainian and Polovtsian troops were defeated by the Mongols was marked by similar historiographic features. Domestic sources and folklore of this period are full of traumatic experiences. Therefore, for a comprehensive analysis, one should take into account eastern sources, in particular chronicles, and historiographical monuments of other European states. This approach will serve to objectify the experience of the southern Ukrainian terrain. During the period of statelessness, the statist practices of the Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Polish states on the one hand and the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire on the other were widespread in the southern Ukrainian lands. Important historiographic sources for a comprehensive understanding of the experience of the southern territories in this period, as well as taking into account the modern vector on the pan-European context of Ukrainian history, are taking into account the provisions proposed by Lithuanian and Polish scientists, the Polish-Lithuanian historiography of Ukraine, documents of the Crimean Khanate, archives of the Ottoman Empire etc. In the course of conducting historical and legal studies of the southern territories, one cannot ignore the numerous domestic sources of the period of the Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate state, their content and significance for national state-building should be thoroughly reconsidered. Such a methodological approach to the expansion of historiographical horizons is predicted to contribute to the renewal of the subject of historical-legal and other branch studies, which until now has been focused on the study of state practices and judicial bodies of the imperial period, and later – the period of Soviet occupation; popularization of objective scientific knowledge about the history of the Ukrainian law, state and judiciary; the role of the experience of southern Ukrainian territories in their formation.

The main features of military law in Ukrainian lands during the XVIII century

The study of Ukrainian military history in general and military law in particular is of paramount importance in the context of Russian aggression against Ukraine. The period of the 18th century occupies a prominent place in Ukrainian history due to the incorporation of Ukrainian lands into other states, primarily the Russian Empire. Codification by the Russian administration was understood as the absorption of Ukrainian law into Russian law and the complete obliteration of the Ukrainian legal tradition. However, Ukrainian codifiers, using the principle of legal continuity, were able to create original legal collections which had an obvious connection with previous achievements in the field of law. It has been established that the focus of regulation of military-legal relations was on the problems of mobilisation, which was applicable to all segments of Ukrainian society. It has been determined that military service has become the main condition for acquiring land ownership. The article enshrines in law the need to abolish the possibility of evading mobilisation by transferring land as a loan, pledge, inheritance, etc. The law required military service by the legal owner of the land. It has been found that the law provided for the possibility of refusing conscription in case of emergency, but even in such circumstances, the landowner had to take care and appoint another serviceman from among his relatives. Moreover, it has been proved that legal norms also regulated the prosecution of military personnel who violated law and order during redeployment, cantonment, and communication with each other and the local population. In addition, it has been shown that the most common universal type of punishment for violation of military laws was a fine, but certain features of the punishment were determined by the social status of the offender – the nobility was deprived of their social privileges as an additional punishment, and lower-ranking soldiers were subject to corporal punishment. Thus, it has been determined that military legal norms paid special attention to the regulation of personnel policy: people who were unconditionally brave, experts in military affairs, and those who enjoyed universal respect were recommended for command positions. Considering all the above circumstances can be useful in developing a new military doctrine of Ukraine and enrich it with invaluable historical experience.

Особливості організації навчального процесу в Київській духовній семінарії (друга половина 19 – початок 20 ст.)

The aim of this article is to explore the features of the educational process in the Kyiv Theological Seminary during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. The authors examine the fundamental principles of the functioning of a secondary educational institution of the Russian Orthodox Church. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, and systematics. First of all, general scientific methods of historical knowledge—analysis, synthesis, and systematic analysis—are employed. Scientific novelty. The educational process at the Kyiv Theological Seminary during the late 19th and early 20th centuries is analyzed as an integral part of the spiritual education system of the Russian Empire on the Ukrainian lands. The study demonstrates the Russification-oriented nature of this process. Conclusions. The theological seminaries were a significant component of spiritual education in the Russian Empire, designed to train clergy as leaders of the imperial ideology within society. The Kyiv Theological Seminary was an integral part of this system, without any particular distinguishing features compared to other seminaries across the Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, a deliberate process of unification and centralization in the educational sphere was underway, with the 1867 and 1884 Seminary Statutes playing a crucial role. The educational process, as well as the overall activities of the Kyiv Theological Seminary, were strictly controlled by the Educational Committee of the Holy Synod. The curriculum was highly regulated and structured. Seminary students were under constant supervision by their instructors, ensuring their loyalty, if not devotion, to the Russian imperial regime. Graduation from the Kyiv Theological Seminary provided access to admission to the Kyiv Theological Academy, but only 1% of seminarians chose to continue their studies there.

Belgorod as a Reception Center for Newcoming Cherkassy in the First Half of the 17th Century

Introduction. During the 17th century, Belgorod, built close to the border with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, retained its importance as an important military strategic point. Methods and materials. The article is devoted to the study of the history of Belgorod in the context of migration processes that affected many cities of the South of Russia in the first half of the 17th century. The methodological basis of the research was the fundamental principles of historical cognition – objectivity and historicism. The source base of the study covers diverse materials, the most important of which are volumes of documents and materials on the reunification of Ukraine with Russia, published under the editorship of P.P. Gudzenko. The materials of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts – the columns of the Belgorod and Prikaz offices – were also involved in the research. Analysis. Belgorod became one of the most popular centers, where cherkassy, immigrants from the Ukrainian lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, came with their families. The voivodes of the border city administered them an oath, temporarily placed them, gave them salaries, and, if necessary, appointed attendants to move to other Russian settlements. Results. The study concluded that Belgorod became not only one of the points of reception and further relocation of cherkassy but also the place of permanent residence of a small group of cherkassy – 60 people led by Ataman Khandogoy, who is mentioned in written sources from 1640 to 1655. Larger groups of cherkassy did not live in Belgorod during the period under review.

Analysis of organizational and legal aspects of mine action regulation in Ukraine

During the repulse of armed aggression, the issue of demining territories contaminated with explosive objects arose acutely before Ukraine. In accordance with international standards, demining territories includes such components as: studying the risks associated with explosive objects; destruction of explosive ammunition and substances; propaganda measures to prohibit the use of anti-personnel mines; demining and disposal of explosive objects; assistance to persons injured as a result of explosive devices. The conducted research studied modern domestic legislation that regulates mine action, analyzed foreign and international law, as well as the procedure for certification and testing of technical means of demining in Ukraine. Problematic issues in the practical application of normative acts on the regulation of demining in Ukraine have been identified. In the course of researching this topic, the authors came to the conclusion that the problem of demining is of a global nature. Ukraine ranks first in the area of mine-contaminated territories. It should be taken into account that a large part of the territories cannot be cleared, given the active hostilities. According to experts, it will take several decades for maximum guaranteed demining. An example of long-term demining can be explosive objects that did not explode during the Second World War and are still in significant quantities in the lands of Ukraine. Taking into account the fact that the activity of cleaning the territories of Ukraine from explosive substances and objects requires significant efforts of state and local self-government bodies, public organizations, social institutes and interstate and international organizations. From foreign partners and international organizations, Ukraine strives to receive a lot of help, the components of which are the provision of demining equipment, the involvement of foreign specialists, the financing of appropriate equipment and measures for medical and social rehabilitation. In order to implement effective state control over mine action in Ukraine, it is necessary to establish clearly defined standards and regulations that ensure the most effective management in this area.

The genesis of the establishment and development of the legal profession in the Ukrainian territories during the Lithuanian and Austrian Rule

The article is devoted to the study of the formation and development of the legal profession in the Ukrainian territories during the period of Lithuanian and Austrian rule. It is established that when Ukrainian lands became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the legal norms in force on its territory not only streamlined the judicial process, but also gave the prosecutor’s activity a labor character, transforming it into a profession. With the development of municipal self-government, in particular Magdeburg law, prosecutorial activity began to acquire a formalized framework, and with the introduction of the Lithuanian statutes, the legal status of prosecutors was enshrined in the highest legal acts. Despite certain shortcomings, the institution of judicial intercession was firmly rooted in the judicial process and became an integral element of the democratization of the judicial system in the Ukrainian territories in the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. During the period when the Ukrainian territories were under the rule of the Austrian monarchs, the legal profession was regulated in accordance with Austrian law, providing a clear regulatory framework for the functioning of the Bar. Austrian legal acts defined the conditions for admission to the bar, the duties of attorneys and their liability, contributing to the formation of high standards for the personality of an attorney. The rigorous selection of applicants not only ensured that attorneys provided quality services, but also contributed to strengthening the authority of the bar in society, increasing confidence in it as an institution that performs a special social function, defending the rights and interests of citizens. As a result, the Bar of that time gradually gained public recognition, becoming an important factor in the legal life of the country and a significant social force. It is established that during the nineteenth century, the role of an attorney-at-law went beyond the traditional advocacy in court: attorneys-at-law provided legal advice, facilitated the settlement of legal transactions, and explained to citizens their rights and opportunities in the context of current legislation. In this way, lawyers contributed to the dissemination of legal knowledge and the formation of legal awareness in society. During the Austrian rule, the practice of law became the foundation for the observance of the rights and freedoms of Ukrainians, subjects of the Empire, and strengthened the level of public trust in legal institutions in the Ukrainian territories.

Some historical and legal aspects of the formation and development of the human right to alternative (non-military) service in Ukraine

The article provides a general characterization of the evolutionary stage of development of the human right to alternative (non-military) service based on historical and legal sources. It is noted that the basis for the establishment and development of the human right to alternative (non-military) service in Ukraine was the transformation of socio-political views on military service as a result of the religious and cultural development of the population and personal self­improvement of an individual in the spirit of the Gospel commandments. The analysis of certain historical legal sources also shows that the question of the attitude of true Christians to war and, accordingly, to military service and participation in hostilities was of fundamental importance among various segments of the population living on the historical Ukrainian lands. It was the development of pacifist ideas of that time, which were the product of the spiritual quest of the peoples living in Central and Eastern Europe, whose religious teachings also had Ukrainian roots, that became the basis for the refusal of military service. It is established that initially, the laws of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were aimed at persecuting and punishing Christians who refused to serve in the army, as a result of which they were deprived not only of noble titles and the right to own their estates, but also subjected to significant imprisonment. That is why the ideologues of the Christian movements of the time offered those who refused to take up arms and serve in the military because of their religious beliefs, so to speak, dual, compromise options for behavior to adapt to the existing reality. In order to avoid not only punishment for such a person, but also material and moral impoverishment of his family, they advised him to serve and participate in battles, but not to kill anyone. Such ideologues also assured that if, in defense of themselves, such a person killed someone, including representatives of other non-Christian religions, it was considered a minor sin that did not close the path to salvation. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that the impetus for deep spiritual changes and, as a result, the emergence of a humanistic, pacifist worldview not only in the lands of modern Ukraine but also in the lands of Central and Western Europe was the difficult life in the conditions of endless medieval wars and violence, mockery of the moral dignity of man. It is argued that the first people in the Ukrainian lands to declare their right to conscientious objection were representatives of one of the most widespread trends in the Christian religion, namely Protestants. However, different streams of Protestantism exercised their right to conscientious objection in different ways. Such as Unitarians, Anabaptists, and Stundists refused not only military service, but any replacement of it with other civilian service in state bodies, and as a result were subjected to various types of persecution and punishment. Instead, Baptists and Mennonites agreed to and performed civilian service of various kinds in lieu of military service, which was supported by the state authorities. From 1880 to 1917, Ukraine had a direct analog of the modern alternative (non-military) service.

The role of ethnic Poles in the educational and cultural life of the Northern Left Bank of Ukraine in the 19th – the first quarter of the 20th centuries

The article analyzes the activities of scientific, educational, and cultural figures of Polish origin in the Ukrainian lands of the Left Bank, their place in education, and determines their place in cultural life, and their contribution to the development of science and art. It was established that despite all attempts to assimilate the Polish population by the kings, representatives of the Polish intelligence in the north of Ukraine retained an interest in the national culture and language, Polish studies in general during the 19th and the first quarter of the 20th centuries. In the context of general trends, the activities of the most prominent figures of Polish origins, such as A. Andrzejowski, B. Verzykiwski, W. Wilkonski, W. Novodvorski, K. Shapolinski, and others, are outlined.

Legal support for post-war reconstruction measures of land resources of Ukraine

In the article, the authors provided a description of the legal regulation of approaches, methods and measures of post-war recovery of land resources of Ukraine. It is emphasized that this topic is extremely relevant in the current conditions of the ongoing full-scale war, especially considering the circumstances that significant areas of land are degraded, unsuitable for use, mined, or are generally under occupation. The authors stated that one of the most important tasks of modern land legislation is the development and further legislative consolidation of legal methods of regulating land relations in the field of restoration. A prerequisite for this is a large number of Ukrainian land areas close to a critical condition. Fertile soils in Ukraine are recognized as one of the most important natural resources and national wealth. Military actions have the most destructive effect precisely on the most fertile layers of the land cover. Because of this, our country suffers numerous losses, primarily in the economic sphere, since almost a third of the world’s chernozems are concentrated on the territory of Ukraine. Natural recovery of these soil layers is extremely slow and may take tens or even hundreds of years. All this means that there is already a need for the development and legislative regulation of national strategies aimed at the accelerated restoration of soils after the end of hostilities on the territory of Ukraine. As well as the practical application of the developed methods and measures of land restoration in the territories where this is possible due to the absence of hostilities. The authors determined that approaches to restoration and reclamation of war-damaged land resources should be comprehensive and include legislative, ecological, economic and social aspects. A progressive idea seems to be the involvement of international aid (it can consist of various measures: provision of technologies and modern equipment; training and education of domestic specialists; provision of various methods developed in the field of land resource restoration; attraction of investors to finance various restoration projects, etc.). The authors conclude that the improvement of the legislative framework in the field of regulation of land restoration is an essential prerequisite for starting the process of reclamation of Ukrainian lands after hostilities.

The evolution of the idea of state independence and sobrality in the Ukrainian political and legal thought of the interwar period in Galicia and its influence on the unity of the Ukrainian liberation movement

The political situation that developed in connection with the change in the status of Western Ukraine after March 18, 1921, when an agreement was concluded in Riga between Soviet Russia and Ukraine, on the one hand, and Poland, on the other, that is, after the Ukrainians of Galicia lost their statehood and independence, is considered. At this stage, a regrouping of national-state forces in Ukrainian politics took place, which initiated a new stage in the development of Ukrainian political and legal thought in the region. It is shown that the idea of statehood and unity, which developed on the basis of the formed concept of a national state, taking into account both civilizational and national and international factors, was reflected in the program documents of Ukrainian parties that stood on state positions, as well as in the journalism of political leaders. All of them defended the Ukrainian national idea, but each of the political forces had its own vision of the solution of the national perspective, which affected the development of the party structure of Galician society. What was common to the legal Ukrainian parties (UNDO, USRP, USDP, FNE) was that they did not recognize the legitimacy of Polish rule in Western Ukrainian lands and used legal forms of struggle for the restoration of national statehood. The difference was that they had different state-building concepts, ways and methods of their implementation, foreign policy orientations, attitudes towards Poland, Soviet Ukraine, foreign representation headed by E. Petrushevych, etc. Illegal political organizations (UVO-OUN) on the path to the restoration of statehood recognized only revolutionary methods of struggle and occupied diametrically opposed positions in the Ukrainian liberation movement. It was found that depending on internal and external circumstances, the Ukrainian parties of Galicia changed their tactics, which influenced the evolution of Ukrainian political and legal thought of a particular ideological trend. This is evidenced by party decrees, resolutions and journalistic materials published on the pages of contemporary printed media.

SOCIO-POLITICAL LIFE OF THE VOLYN PROVINCE DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR: HISTORIOGRAPHICAL DIMENSION

The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities and representativeness of the historiography of the socio-political life of the Volyn province during the First World War. The research methodology is based on general scientific research methods: logical presentation of the material, literature analysis, synthesis, description, systematization, and generalization of information. The use of principles, approaches, and special historical methods, in particular the historical-systemic and problem-chronological methods, is determined by the subject of research. The scientific novelty of the research is characterized by the comprehensive coverage of historiographical information concerning the socio-political life of the Volyn province in the context of general historiography regarding the First World War. Conclusions. The analysis of the historiographical works of the period of the First World War revealed a considerable number of historiographical studies, allowing the conclusion that domestic historians made significant research progress in studying the Ukrainian lands, in particular the Volyn province, during the First World War. However, the issue of studying the social and political life of the regions, in particular the border region of Volyn province, which was at the epicenter of military operations and revolutionary changes, requires a more detailed study.

The Role and Significance of Monastic Chronicles in Reflecting Social and Monastic Life in Ukrainian Lands in the

The article presents the role and significance of monastic chronicles from Ukrainian lands as an important element of reflections on the historical processes of a given era. They were written in Ukrainian, which is very close to the people’s spoken language. Keeping chronicles in monasteries was one of the main tasks of monks and nuns, who left behind a rich spiritual and historical heritage. The development of historical events in the Church and the state during those times is shown using one such chronicles, namely the chronicle of the monastery of the Protection of the Mother of God in Yavoriv in the years 1897–1935. The monastery of the Basilian Sisters in Yavoriv was the center of spiritual and cultural life for Ukrainians. The chronicle compiled there reflects not only the facts of the monastic life of the Basilian Sisters, but also events from the social, political and cultural life of the region at that time. It is a valuable source of research for both historians and linguists.

Problems of female emancipation in Orest Avdykovych’snovelistics: text and context

The article examines the sources of the author's interest and the peculiarities of thefeminist social discourse interpretation in the novels of Orest Avdykovych, a second plan Western Ukrainian modernist writer, whose work belongs to a rather short period of the border between the ХІХ - ХХ centuries. The author emphasizes that the social and political factors of the Ukrainian women's movement development in the western Ukrainian lands have already found a fairly wide coverage in the Ukrainian humanitarian scientific space. Known not only as the author of several collections of short stories ("Poetry and Prose" (1899), "Netley" (1900), "Butterflies" (1900), "The Demon of Ruin" (1901), "My Popularity and Other Stories" (1905)), a teacher and an active public figure, in his prose the writer addressed various top problems of Ukrainian social life, while not renouncing the movement towards decadent stylistics. However, the writer's appeal to gender issues is determined not only by his civic position, but also by personal motives. His wife, Klimentуna Avdykovich-Glynska, was an active participant in the women's movement, and after her husband's death, she became much more famous thanks to her commercial, philanthropic and feminist activities, founding the "Fortuna" candy factory in Przemyshl (later - "Fortuna Nova" in Lviv), which became one of the subdivisions of modern "Svitoch". Several short stories of the writer from the collection "My Popularity and Other Stories" were selected for consideration of the featuresof feminist issuesembodiment.A special interest in gender is given to the analysis of the author's reception naturefor the position of Ukrainian women in the small-town Galician environment during ХІХ-ХХ centuries and the problem of female emancipation from a male point of view. The analysis of the writer's texts from the collection "My Popularity and Other Stories" allows us to assert that Orest Avdykovich's short stories revealed a general trend of awakening interest in gender issues, which became an important component of the formation of Ukrainian modernity.The inconsistency and caution of the author in his views on the question of the patriarchal tradition destruction illustrates the process peculiarities of social consciousness modernization in Galicia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Supervision and control over factory law compliance in Ukrainian lands within the Russian Empire (1884–1917)

Supervision and control over factory law compliance in Ukrainian lands within the Russian Empire (1884–1917)

Magdeburg Law as a Factor in the Formation of Democratic Principles in the Ukrainian Political Tradition

Magdeburg law, which began to be introduced in the Ukrainian lands in the fifteenth century, became one of the important tools for the formation of local government and the legal system in the future. In this aspect, it was not an absolute novelty for the local population, but was a logical continuation of the political tradition of the viche system that existed in the times of Kievan Rus and in the democratic policy of the Lithuanian princes who consolidated their power in Ukraine in the fourteenth century. Based on the collected materials, the origin, implementation and functioning of the Magdeburg Law in Ukraine, substantiates the similarity of democratic principles in the European and Ukrainian political mentality, and demonstrates the integration of the national political tradition into pan-European processes are analyzed. A comparative analysis with the Muscovy, where such innovations did not take root, shows how different the cultural and political traditions of Ukrainians and Russians are, which is one of a number of factors that debunk the myth of the so-called “brotherly peoples”.