Ukrainian Ethnicity Research Articles

Novel ABCD1 variant causes phenotype of adrenomyeloneuropathy with cerebral involvement in Ukrainian siblings: first adult hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for ALD in Ukraine: a case report

BackgroundThis article presents a case study of two white male siblings of 24 and 31 years of age of self-reported Ukrainian ethnicity diagnosed with adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) associated with a novel splice site mutation in the ABCD1 gene. AMN represents a form of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) characterized by demyelination of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves. The case also presents the first adult haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) for adrenomyeloneuropathy in Ukraine. The rarity of this mutation and its cerebral involvement and the treatment make this case noteworthy and underscore the significance of reporting it to contribute to the existing medical knowledge.Case presentationThe patients of 24 and 31 years initially exhibited progressive gait disturbance, lower extremity pain, and urinary incontinence, with the older sibling experiencing more advanced symptoms of speech, hearing, and vision disturbances. A comprehensive genetic analysis identified an unreported splice site mutation in exon 3 of the ABCD1 gene, leading to the manifestation of AMN. The inheritance pattern was consistent with X-linked recessive transmission. The article also outlines the clinical features, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nerve conduction study (NCS) findings. Moreover, it discusses the genetic profile of the affected individuals and female carriers within the family. The younger sibling underwent HSCT, which was complicated by mediastinal lymph node and lung tuberculosis, adding to the complexity of managing adult ALD patients.ConclusionsThis report emphasizes the importance of genetic testing in diagnosing and comprehending the underlying mechanisms of rare genetic disorders, such as AMN with cerebral involvement. The identification of a novel splice site mutation expands our understanding of the genetic landscape of this condition. Additionally, the challenges and complications encountered during the hematopoietic stem cell transplant procedure underscore the need for cautious consideration and personalized approaches in adult ALD patients.

Multidimensionality of the Institutionalization of the Values of the Ukrainian Ethnic Group

Multidimensionality of the Institutionalization of the Values of the Ukrainian Ethnic Group

Epidemiological characteristics of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy in the Sumy region

The aim of the study was to investigate the characteristics of the spread of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1A in the Sumy region, in terms of administrative units and specific ethnic groups of the population.
 Materials and methods. An epidemiological study of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) type 1A in the Sumy region was conducted based on patient referrals to various healthcare facilities from 2014 to 2017. The prevalence of HMSN in the Sumy region was studied using an epidemiological approach. The prevalence rate of HMSN was calculated for different administrative units of the Sumy region, as well as for specific ethnic groups of the population.
 Results. The study registered 67 patients with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1A in the Sumy region. The prevalence rate of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1A in the Sumy region was 5.96 per 100,000 population. Of the HMSN patients, 47.8 % (32 individuals) resided in urban areas, while 52.2 % (35 individuals) lived in rural areas. In terms of gender distribution, 59.7 % (40 individuals) were female, and 40.3 % (27 individuals) were male. Most patients were of Ukrainian ethnicity (77.6 %), followed by Russians (20.9 %). Belarusians accounted for 1.5 % of HMSN patients in the Sumy region. Among other ethnic groups present in the Sumy region, HMSN type 1A was not detected.
 Conclusions. Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1A is unevenly distributed in the Sumy region. The heterogeneous distribution of the disease is primarily attributed to the characteristics of settlement in specific geographic regions, which have led to the formation of territorial, national, and religious isolates with the accumulation of genetically heterogeneous types in these populations, resulting in an increased genetic burden

INEDIBLE COMPONENT IN UKRAINIAN GUSTATORY PHRASEOLOGY: ETHNOCULTURAL DIMENSION

The study confirmed our hypothesis that the perception and verbalization of reality is performed through a certain cognitive lens. In our case, such a lens was the vision of different situations of human existence in Ukrainian society through the gustatory images of feeding and eating. The hypothesis originates from Maslow’s pyramid theory, according to which all human needs are hierarchically arranged from the phylogenetically oldest (need for food, drink, sleep) to later (social and then spiritual) needs. The need to satisfy hunger is basic in this hierarchy, and therefore serves as a certain background on which the figurative world picture of a particular ethnos is “embroidered”. The article considers a separate fragment of the Ukrainian phraseological world picture: namely, pejoratively (negatively) evaluated phrasal units (idioms) of gustatory semantics with the basic component FOOD, which is denoted by a noun that nominates a certain inedible substance. The subject of the studied idioms varies from social, behavioral relations, to psychological characteristics and appearance of people. According to the logical proposition, verbalized by the corresponding phrases, they are divided into two groups. The first group includes the phrasal units that are based on the proposal pattern AGENT FEEDS PATIENT WITH FOOD, the second one includes the phrasal units that verbalize the proposal pattern AGENT CONSUMES FOOD. The second group comprises twice as many phrases as the first one. The linguo-cultural perspective of the performed research clarified the specifically Ukrainian ethnicity of the described material. We consider cross-cultural study of the stated issues to be a promising direction for further investigations.

Stress resistance as a feature of character of the Ukrainians

The article discloses the peculiarities of stress resistance of the Ukrainian ethnicity. Has been analyzed the importance of the national character of Ukrainians as an important determinant of stress resistance. Also, the main features of the Ukrainian national character, which are related to stress resistance have been highlighted. The significance of the collective traumatic experience as a factor in increasing vulnerability to stress has been considered. The author includes sensitivity, cordocentrism, individualism, freedom-loving, intolerance to coercion and violence, hard work, antaeuism, and optimism to the features of the national character that are associated with stress resistance. Emphasis is placed on the positive or ambiguous relationship of selected features with stress resistance. A positive or ambiguous relationship of the selected features with stress resistance was noted. The propensity of Ukrainians to provide social support in crisis situations has been disclosed, which has a significant positive effect on the psychological well-being of large groups. In the opinion of the author, taking into account the previous and past historical experience of the Ukrainian ethnicity, collective trauma appears to be a growing problem, which has a long-term negative impact on psychological well-being and stress resistance

The Concept of Ethnocultural Development of Ukrainian Society (1991—2022) in the Context of the Escalation of the Russian-Ukrainian War

The author supplemented the concept of ethnocultural development of Ukrainian society in the context of the policy of revenge of the Russian Federation, taking into account the change in socio-political conditions after the escalation of the Russian-Ukrainian war on February 24, 2022. The research is based on the theory and methodology of Ukrainian studies as a system of Ukraine sciences. To identify and summarize changes in the ethnocultural sphere of society, the author tracked media reports, took into account certain assessments of experts. Changes in ethnocultural development are considered in different territories of the country. The Russian-Ukrainian war started by Moscow in February 2014 was the determining factor that polarized the ethnocultural development of Ukrainian society in its various parts. And the escalation of the war in February 2022 led to the strengthening and acceleration of existing development trends. The implementation of the genocide of the Ukrainian nation has now become undisguised, this intention is reflected in the statements of Russian politicians, and actions and their consequences fall into the object of video cameras. On the territory of the country additionally captured by the russists the «Russian world» comes: restrictions on rights, various types of violence, looting and appropriation of other people’s property, enhanced imperial propaganda, filtration camps, repressions, forced movements to the Russian Federation, interruption of all channels of communication with the territory free from the occupiers, the spread of ethnophobia, Russian professional culture, Russian standards in education, in the work of the media, etc. In the territories free from the invader, ethnopolitical and ethnocultural consolidation processes are taking place on the basis of Ukrainian ethnicity. The heritage of the Russian Empire and the USSR is becoming smaller. The Russian language, Russian professional culture, the Russian «church», and other Russian cultural acquisitions of imperial times are losing ground here. From areas under Russian shelling, people go deep into Ukraine and abroad.

Державотворчі процеси у Південній Київщині XVI – середини XVII ст.: етносоціальний компонент

Introduction. The article states the historical processes in the Southern Kyiv region, characteristic of the early modern era and the period when the birth of those state-building and ethnosocial processes that led to the emergence of the Ukrainian nation. In particular, we are talking about the genesis, historical evolution and establishment of the Ukrainian Cossacks on the territory of South Districts of Kyivan Province in the 16th – the first half of the 17th, that is, until 1648, when the National Liberation War of the Ukrainian people began, which was led by the Cossacks as a new ethnosocial elite of the Ukrainian community. In the middle of the 17th century, the processes of ethnosocial (essentially national) consolidation developed more dynamically in the Ukrainian community. The main attraction factor in such circumstances was the Ukrainian Cossack and, above all, its most politically active part, concentrated within the boundaries of the Southern Kyiv region. Purpose. To analyze how ethnosocial processes influenced the formation of the state-building paradigm among the Ukrainian Cossacks just in the day before the revolution of the middle of the 17th century. Results. The geopolitical importance of the South Districts of Kyivan Province in the 16th – the first half of the 17th century steadily increases, not least as a result of the international activity of the Ukrainian Cossacks. In the first half of the 17th century Ukrainian Cossacks became an indispensable political subject of international relations in Central-Eastern Europe. An important place in this was the relative autonomy of the Southern Kyiv region. More and more noticeable was the declarative nature of the Cossacks’ subjects to the royal authorities. Such political independence of the Ukrainian Cossacks significantly annoyed the government circles of the Rzecz Pospolita (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). An important factor in the formation of the state-building paradigm of the Cossacks was the process of transformation of the ethnosocial structure of the Ukrainian community. The Cossacks became its new ethnosocial (national) elite. As in the ethnosocial focus, it concentrates the main parameters of the new life model of the Ukrainian early modern nation, including the state-building idea. At the same time, Cossacks developed new elements of Ukrainian ethnic identity, thanks to flexible contacts with the traditions of other communities, whose representatives replenished the ranks of Ukrainian Cossacks. Conclusion. The most important consequence of ethnosocial processes in the Southern Kyiv region in the 16th – the first half of the 17th century there was a significant politicization of Ukrainian ethnicity. This had a tangible positive impact on the process of Ukrainian state formation. At the same time, this became an important basis for the formation of a qualitatively new type of ethnosocial organism of Ukrainians – an early modern nation. Our main conclusion is that the Ukrainian Cossacks themselves played a primary role in this ethnosocial (in content, character and consequences) process.

Areology of the Birth and Christening Tunes of the West of the Ukrainian Ethnic Territory and Adjacent Lands: the Perspective from Northern Pidlassia

The considerable progress of Ukrainian ethnomusicology in the field of structural and typological researches in the recent decades has generally clarified the melotypology and melogeography of the most ritual genre cycles of ethnic Ukraine and the adjacent areas, except the birth and christening songs. This is due to the small number or complete absence of recordings of this kind of songs in most regions of Ukraine.
 However, there are some areas where birth and christening songs exist in more than a few numbers and form a sufficiently integral melotypological complex. These areas are Northern Pidlassiaand Nadsyannia (the Syan river region). Generally, Western Ukraine is represented by a small number of records of birth and christening songs, but this nevertheless dominate over the rest of the territory, which is represented mainly by single samples. In the represented study, an attempt to fill the existing gap in the typological study of birth and christening songs of the western territories of Ukraine is made. The sources are published recordings, the author’s own materials, as well as materials from the Archive of the Laboratory of Music Ethnology at the Lviv National Music Academy named after Mykola Lysenko.
 Musical and folklore studies of birth and christening rites are not numerous. Among them it is necessary to mention a sizable monograph of Anatolyi Ivanytsky «Songs are from Birth and Christening» (Ivanytsky, 2013) and also collections of Halyna Sokil, Stephan Copa and others.Iryna Klymenko dedicated a special paragraph to this genre in the monograph «Ritual Melodies of the Ukrainians in the Context of the Slavic-Baltic Early-Traditional Melomassive: Typology and Geography» (2020).
 The comparative analysis of the total amount of the birth and christening tunes reveals a significant role in this genre cycle of the melotypological group on the basis of the spondeic seven-component structure, which is the most represented in the western Ukrainian and adjacent territories.
 The next melotypological group combines various forms based on the five component structure. Melodic type with a lyric structure V(5+5)2 has two rhythmic versions. Quite often, the same texts can be performed in different rhythmic variants. It has been observed that the tunes of the first rhythmic type are connected mainly with ritual lyrics. Instead, the second type combines mainly with common plots.
 A unique type based on a five-component structure, which has no analogues, is a three-part form V(5+5+5)2, which spreads on Nadsianna, less on Opillia territories. These melodies usually are combined with the same poetic lines «Early on Sunday, early on Sunday as a white day» rarely with some slight variants in the first line.
 Speaking of five-syllable structures we should mention songs with the so-called «arrow-like» rhythm. Although only a few fixations are known in Western Ukraine, the central and eastern territories of Ukraine and Belarus are represented more richly. Instead, the West part represents a kind of «hybrid» form based on this rhythmic structure.
 Perhaps the most widely used ritual melodic type in Eastern Europe with the verse structure V(5+5+7)2 and birth and christening function distribute on the territory of north-western Ukraine with a concentration on Nadsyannia.
 Another widespread ritual rhythmical form based on the iambic six-component structure is represented in tirade and strophic compositions, but the records of these songs, unfortunately, are rare.
 Summarizing the melotypological and meloareological characteristics of the birth and christening melodic types of the ethnic west of Ukraine, it should be noted that the two densest centers of their existence are Northern Pidlassiaand Nadsyannia. However, Northern Pidlassiais characterized by a richer melotypological set: six melotypes, while in Nadsyannia there are only three ones. In addition, the folk melodic types of these two areas actually differ.
 In general, the birth and christening genre cycle of Nadssiannia seems to be separated from the surrounding territories with its «unique» song «Early on Sunday», which partially spread to neighboring territories. Additionally, there is no any recorded sample based on the seven-component structure, as well as no samples of six-syllable melodies were encountered.
 The range of melotypes based on the five-component structure is the most numerous and most widespread in the territory of the ethnic west of Ukraine. A group of related seven-components melodic types is spread in the BelarusianUkrainian area. The melodic basis of the vast majority of the birth and christening songs is a system of stable tones at a distance of a fifth with a minor inclination of the scale.

The Political-Economic Causes of the Soviet Great Famine, 1932–33

This study constructs a large new dataset to investigate whether state policy led to ethnic Ukrainians experiencing higher mortality during the 1932–33 Soviet Great Famine. All else equal, famine (excess) mortality rates were positively associated with ethnic Ukrainian population share across provinces, as well as across districts within provinces. Ukrainian ethnicity, rather than the administrative boundaries of the Ukrainian republic, mattered for famine mortality. These and many additional results provide strong evidence that higher Ukrainian famine mortality was an outcome of policy, and suggestive evidence on the political-economic drivers of repression. A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that bias against Ukrainians explains up to 77% of famine deaths in the three republics of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus and up to 92% in Ukraine.

The Political-Economic Causes of the Soviet Great Famine, 1932–33

This study constructs a large new dataset to investigate whether state policy led to ethnic Ukrainians experiencing higher mortality during the 1932–33 Soviet Great Famine. All else equal, famine (excess) mortality rates were positively associated with ethnic Ukrainian population share across provinces, as well as across districts within provinces. Ukrainian ethnicity, rather than the administrative boundaries of the Ukrainian republic, mattered for famine mortality. These and many additional results provide strong evidence that higher Ukrainian famine mortality was an outcome of policy, and suggestive evidence on the political-economic drivers of repression. A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that bias against Ukrainians explains up to 77% of famine deaths in the three republics of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus and up to 92% in Ukraine. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

«Етнічне підприємництво» української спільноти у Болгарії

«Етнічне підприємництво» української спільноти у Болгарії

Загальна характеристика суспільно-культурного середовища етнічних груп (русинів, лемків та руснаків) в історичному контексті

Метою статті є висвітлення суспільно-культурного середовища русинів, лемків та руснаків в історичному контексті. У дослідженні використано методи аналізу історичних джерел, що відображають основні тенденції розвитку та функціонування суспільно- культурного життя етнічних груп українців. Соціокультурний метод дозволив розглянути русинську, руснацьку та лемківську культуру як складову частину національних традицій українського народу крізь призму детермінуючого фактора культури. Для одержання всебічної інформації щодо висвітлення загальної характеристики суспільно-культурного життя етнічних груп було використано ряд теоретичних методів: оглядово-аналітичний аналіз наукової, фольклористичної, історичної, етнографічної, культурологічної та мистецтвознавчої літератури в межах досліджуваної тематики; історичний метод, завдяки якому прослідковано історичні етапи руснаків, русинів та лемків; а також феноменологічний метод для осмислення вагомості культури етнічних груп українців у контексті культуротворчих проявів ідентифікації. Наукова новизна роботи полягає у комплексному висвітленні суспільно-культурного середовища в контексті історії. Висновки. Отже, східнослов’янська група Карпатського регіону, зокрема України, яку становлять закарпатські русини-українці та русини Сербії, протягом століть зазнавала впливу тих народів, які її оточували (поляків, словаків, угорців, румунів, німців, сербів, хорватів), однак вони також збагачували культуру цих народів, зокрема, Бачки, Керестура та інших місць. Та, незважаючи на такі обставини, у своїй основі русини-переселенці та українці- переселенці не втратили своєї національної ідентифікації. Культурні зв’язки між русинами Бачки та населенням Карпат ніколи не переривалися. Можемо говорити про єдність лемків і руснаків Бачки у національній свідомості, культурі та мові, їх взаємодію у культурній та етнічній площині усіх русько-лемківських діаспор ще на початку ХІХ століття, перед проголошенням політизації лемківського та русинського питання. Свідченням спорідненості руснаків Бачки з усім русько-українським етнокультурним простором є поширення жанру коломийки, традицію ж шкільництва русини принесли з собою до Бачки із Закарпаття. Тож можемо стверджувати про спорідненість українського етносу на території Сербії і Хорватії. Проте русинська ідентичність може зміцнюватися лише тоді, коли буде орієнтуватися на українську націю. Доведено, що вивчення історії, особливостей визначення ідентифікації українського населення на різних теренах є одним із головних питань сьогодення. Народна культура етнічних груп русинів, лемків та руснаків має ознаки загальноукраїнської культури. Незважаючи на складні історичні події, у своїй основі лемки, русини та руснаки-переселенці зберегли свою національну, зокрема українську, специфіку ідентифікації.

Scholarship and Power: “Research of the Ukrainian Ethnic Group” – An Academic Project in Slovakia Under the Communist Regime

AbstractThis paper considers the relations between political power and scholarly activity during the period of the communist regime in Slovakia, then part of Czechoslovakia. Taking the example of a research project on the Ukrainian minority, undertaken by the Slovak Academy of Sciences during the years 1954–70, the paper traces the relationships between scholars and politicians and among academic institutions in the Czech lands and Slovakia, and the interventions by political power in academic work. The author focuses on the following questions: how did the project originate, and what were its aims and results? In what political, economic and social context did scholars undertake the project? How did the power relations between scholars and politicians develop and change in the course of the project? Why did political power intervene in research of the Ukrainian ethnic group? The paper draws upon M. Foucault’s views on the exercise of power, develops questions of the legitimacy of power (R. Barker), conceives scholarly work as an activity of a certain kind (P. Rabinow), and concentrates on the actors in power relationships, their strategies and motivations. Empirical data for the answer to research questions were acquired from archival documents about the project and from interviews with scholars who had participated in its work. The findings from analyses show what the specific possibilities and limits were for scholars functioning in the respective network of power relationships. They furthermore reveal a gamut of successful or unsuccessful strategies which scholars employed to bring about changes in the processes of the exercise of power.

Challenges of the differential diagnosis between the subtypes of the junctional epidermolysis bullosa: presentation of two clinical cases

Background: Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare hereditary skin disease. It is subdivided into EB simplex (EBS), junctional EB (JEB), dystrophic EB (DEB) and Kindler syndrome. JEB is diagnosed in 2 per 1,000,000 of the population. There are few descriptions of clinical JEB cases in the literature. Clinical diagnosis of JEB and its subtypes is a challenge, especially in the early age. The paper presents 2 clinical cases of JEB in patients of the West Slavonic origin. Clinical case No. 1 was a girl of Ukrainian ethnicity, with confirmed definitive diagnosis of severe generalized JEB. Molecular genetic tests identified mutations of the LAMA3 gene that had not been described previously. The patient died at the age of 24 months from acute respiratory failure. When the patient was alive, her EB type and subtype was not possible to identify, because she had a combination of clinical manifestations typical for various JEB subtypes. Despite such symptoms as hoarse voice, stenoses, granulation tissue of typical location, laryngeal granulations, the girl was steadily gaining weight, with some periods of relative stabilization of the skin disease; she also had longer life longevity than was common for patients with severe generalized JEB. All this made a precise diagnosis difficult. Clinical case No. 2: an ethnic Russian boy with non-classified JEB. Molecular genetic testing helped to identify a homozygote mutation in the LAMA3 gene that had not been previously described; reliable determination of the subtype was not possible. The patient had mixed clinical manifestation similar both to generalized severe JEB and to laryngo-onycho-cutaneous (LOC) syndrome. During his lifetime, the patient was clinically diagnosed with Hallopeau acrodermatitis and LOC syndrome. The differential diagnostic problems were associated with the presence of signs not typical for each of the subtypes. Significant life longevity of the proband is not characteristic for severe generalized JEB (at the time of the publication the patient is 13 years old), whereas for LOC syndrome the absence of eye involvement is not typical, as well as severe laryngeal involvement at adolescence.Conclusion: Detailed descriptions of phenotype of JEB subtypes including rare and minimal clinical signs can be useful to study the clinical manifestations and natural course of the disease, including its differential diagnosis.

ARCHETYPE OF UKRAINIAN ETHNIC TURISM IN SYMBOLIC CONTEXT OF LOCAL IDENTITY: MANAGEMENT ASPECT

The article is devoted to the study of the management aspects of the influence of archetypal components of Ukrainian ethnics on the process of formation of the collective local identity of the population living on a certain territory. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the archetype of the place influences the peculiarities of development of tourism varieties in Ukraine. Ukrainian ethnic tourism is singled out as one of the popular domestic resources of the country’s promotion, which is “tied” to the authentic indigenous traditions of the people. It is specified that the specificity of Ukrainian ethnic tourism lies in its polyculture and is manifested through such varieties as: rural ecological, religious, pilgrimage, festival, ethnographic, cultural and cognitive, extreme, event and other types of tourism, which are clearly reflected in the symbolic contexts of local identity. The emphasis is on the timely introduction of the definition of “ethno tourism” in the legal field of tourism. An importance of participation of the local community in the formation of principles of collective local identity is illustrated through the work of the Dnipro Development Agency Public Utility Company in Dnipro. The original procedure of cross-links that determine the interdependence of peculiarities of formation of collective local identity from the mental archetype of the population on some areas of the administrative-territorial unit is presented. We determined the directions of activity of local government bodies in the process of public-private partnership with the representatives of business and the public, among which: creation of conditions for the recognition of the heredity of the traditions of the population of the territory; organization and conduct of socio-educational, moral and spiritual, cultural and cognitive events, that unite the ethnic community; development and implementation of socio-economic and cultural historical programs of the territory development etc. The conclusion is drawn that the Ukrainian mental archetype is formed under the influence of socio-political, cultural and historical development of the Ukrainian state. Its current stage is under the influence of Ukrainian ethnic Renaissance, which determines modern vectors of the development of domestic tourism through Ukrainian ethnic tourism, which is based on the values of Ukrainian ethno-geocultural phenomenon.

LANGUAGE AND ETHNO-NATIONAL FEATURES OF THIRD AND FORTH UKRAINIAN IMMIGRATION VAWES IN USA

The article is devoted to the issues of theoretical and empirical exploring of Ukrainian migration to USA in its sociocultural dimension. It is aimed to inquire such issues as migrants’ language identities and corresponding practices and special ethnonational features of Ukrainians in USA. The authors’ theoretical concept is a basis for empirical survey on Ukrainian migration to USA conducted in 2015. 40 semistructured interviews with Ukrainians who experienced living in USA were collected during the research. The benefits of this study are the isolation of language identities and practices from ethno-national and cultural ones. Moreover, this study tested its main issues in the context of «old» (postwar) and «new» (independence period) Ukrainian immigration.The main outcomes of research are as follows. Language identities and practices of Ukrainian immigrants are not simple, they consist of several parts. For the third wave, Ukrainian and English language identities/practices are common. For the fourth wave three constituents are common, namely, Ukrainian, Russian, and English ones. The use of definite language depends on communication context. Language question turned out to be stumbling block in the third and fourth waves’ immigrant’s relations. «Old» immigrants were not ready to accept Russian-speaking Ukrainians. At the same time, «new» immigrants (even Ukrainian speaking) do not identificate themselves with the Ukrainian «diaspora language», that contains Polonisms, Ukrainian archaisms, English-structured sentences in Ukrainian. Other differences there also detected. Though the respondents of «old» wave prefer the membership of traditional official organizations, the respondents of «new» wave prefer new, network-structured informal organization/communities. Besides, Ukrainian constituent of «old» immigrants’ cultural identity and corresponding practices is based mainly on Ukrainian ethnonational belonging. At the same time, Ukrainian constituent of «new» immigrants’ cultural identity and corresponding practices is influenced by Ukrainian ethnicity, Soviet period of Ukrainian history and some outlandish cultural practices widespread in independent Ukraine. Soviet past is also significant in the post-Soviet belonging recognition of fourth wave immigrants and common naming of immigrants from post-soviet states as «we». The main criteria of settlement area choice is another difference. For the «new» immigrants it is job opportunities instead of old Ukrainian diaspora presence. The difference in types of third and fourth waves of migration could explain this choice. Third wave is mostly political migration and the clear majority of the fourth wave immigrants, in contrary, represents classical labor migration. In summary, the survey showed a row of differences in language and ethno-national features of studied waves of Ukrainian immigrants in USA.

Ukrainian Ethnicity and Language Interactions in Saskatchewan

This paper explores the reported ethnic self-identity of Saskatchewan residents with Ukrainian ancestry, the role of the Ukrainian language in this identity, and the correlation between the factors of ethnic identity, Ukrainian language proficiency, age, gender, and generation. The results show that most participants (Saskatchewan residents with Ukrainian ancestry) identify themselves as “Ukrainian Canadians,” about a quarter of respondents identify themselves as “Ukrainian,” and about 15% as “Canadian.” The results confirm the importance of language in the construction of ethnicity. Most individuals with self-identified “Ukrainian” and “Ukrainian Canadian” ethnicities had Ukrainian as their sole mother tongue in childhood, whereas individuals who self-identify as “Canadian” did not. The use and knowledge of Ukrainian, as well as the level of comfort with the language, are the highest in the “Ukrainian” ethnic group, followed by the “Ukrainian Canadian” group, and are the lowest in the “Canadian” and “Other” groups. The study shows that the immigrant generation, gender, and experience with bilingual schools are also contributing social factors in perceived ethnic self-identity. The results suggest that the opportunities to take Ukrainian language courses in Saskatchewan could be improved. The study helps to establish the components of Ukrainian Canadian ethnicity and explore its diversity and complexity, particularly in relationship to the maintenance of the Ukrainian language. Dans cet article, nous explorons l’identité ethnique auto-déclarée des résidents de la Saskatchewan d’origine ukrainienne, le rôle de la langue maternelle dans cette identification et la corrélation entre ces divers facteurs : identité ethnique, maîtrise de l’ukrainien, âge, genre et génération. Il ressort de notre étude que les participants, (les résidents ci-dessus) s’identifient pour la plupart aux “Ukrainiens Canadiens”, un quart d’entre aux comme “Ukrainiens” et environ 15% aux “Canadiens”. Ces résultats confirment l’importance de la langue dans la construction identitaire : la plupart des personnes qui se voient ethniquement comme “Ukrainiens” ou “Canadiens ukrainiens” ne parlaient que la leur dans leur enfance, alors que celles qui se perçoivent comme “Canadiens” ne le faisaient pas. Ainsi, le degré auquel les participants ont recours à leur langue maternelle, la connaissent et la parlent avec aisance est le plus élevé dans le groupe ethnique “ukrainien”, suivi par celui des “Canadiens ukrainiens”, et il est le plus bas chez les “Canadiens” et groupes “autres”. D’après cette étude, les facteurs sociaux que sont la génération de ces immigrants, leur genre et leur expérience dans des écoles d’immersion ukrainiennes ont aussi contribué à renforcer ce qui est à leurs yeux leur identité ethnique. Les résultats donnent à penser qu’on pourrait accroître les occasions de suivre des cours d’ukrainien en Saskatchewan. Cette étude aide à établir les composantes de l’ethnicité canadienne ukrainienne et permet de sonder sa diversité et sa complexité, particulièrement en relation avec le maintien de la langue maternelle.

The Ukrainian Canadian Chaplaincy during World War Two

This paper discusses the creation, development, and significance of the office of Ukrainian chaplaincy in the Canadian military forces during World War II. Seven Ukrainian chaplains—three from the Ukrainian Catholic Church of Canada and four from the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada—served the approximately 32,000–35,000 military personnel. Of these, three chaplains served in England and two in Europe. The work of the chaplains is discussed as is the role of their superiors in Canada and abroad. The paper evaluates the significance of the Ukrainian chaplaincy in the military effort, as well as in the development of the post-WWII Ukrainian Canadian community. Cet article présente la création, le développement et l’importance du bureau de l’aumônerie ukrainienne dans les forces militaires canadiennes pendant la seconde guerre mondiale. Sept aumôniers ukrainiens – appartenant aux Églises ukrainiennes du Canada, dont trois catholiques et quatre orthodoxes – ont œuvré auprès d’environ 32,000–35,000 officiers et soldats. Parmi eux, trois ont servi en Angleterre et deux sur le continent européen. Nous étudions ici le travail de ces aumôniers, ainsi que le rôle de leurs supérieurs au Canada et outremer. Nous y évaluons aussi l’importance du rôle de l’aumônerie ukrainienne dans l’effort militaire, ainsi que dans le développement de la communauté canadienne ukrainienne d’après la seconde guerre mondiale.

Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine (review)

Reviewed by: Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine Tanya Skubiak Laada Bilaniuk. Contested tongues: Language politics and cultural correction in Ukraine. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005. [xvi] + 230 pp. [Culture and society after socialism, 6.] Language in Ukraine has been a point of social and political contention for several centuries, especially so since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Since the establishment of Ukraine as an independent nation, language has been a focal point of social tension as "histories, identities, and economies [are] revised and reinterpreted, as people [seek] to exalt, reject, or combine the contending pre-Soviet, Soviet, Western, and newly invented traditions" (14). The declaration of Ukrainian as the official state language, along with the realities of its implementation, has left the nation in a state of linguistic flux. In Contested tongues: Language politics and cultural correction in Ukraine, Laada Bilaniuk analyzes the current situation in Ukraine, illustrating the political roots of the struggle between Ukrainian and Russian along with the hybrid language that has arisen as a consequence of their long coexistence. The author identifies her personal connection to Ukraine as a member of the Diaspora but vows to maintain an objective stance in her book. My initial reaction to this apparent contradiction was skepticism. However, Bilaniuk adhered to this promise by methodically working through three goals set forth in the introduction: to examine language ideologies and politics in Ukraine, to analyze the "mixed language," Surzhyk, and to look at the transformation of symbolic values in post-Soviet Ukraine. Her focus on the theoretical and ideological aspects of the issue—particularly on the definition of identity through language choice, the nation-building potential of a standard language, and the reality of two coexisting languages in one country—has allowed her to produce an interesting analysis of the sociological, political, historical, and, of course, linguistic factors of Ukraine's recent history. The book begins with an introduction to Soviet russification policies and post-Independence ukrainianization policies and their effect on language use in Ukraine. This develops into a theoretical discussion [End Page 169] of language and its symbolic value in a developing nation. The author discusses the paradox in considering any language as a single, stable system, when in fact language is not static and regularly varies across speakers. This variation is dependent on "habitus" (Bourdieu 1990)—"the dispositions instilled in each individual through their upbringing and myriad aspects of daily life in their society, as a result of which they come to accept certain practices and ideas as 'natural'." Despite the linguistic reality, it is far more convenient to categorize language as a single, distinct system if it is to be used as a marker of group membership and identity. In twentieth-century Ukraine, standardized Ukrainian and Russian have come to represent "correct" versions of language that have helped shape the social structure of a nation: once the standard is set, linguistic adherence to or deviation from that norm act as identifiers of class membership, education, and political beliefs. Due to the significance placed on language as a result of its ability to define a person or group, language choice can be a great source of social tension. In a country like Ukraine, where people of Ukrainian ethnicity and self-identified Russians continue to compete for places in the social hierarchy, individual and national language choices become powerful political tools. Another player in Ukraine's language dynamic is language purism, or an intolerance of non-standard language variants. Bilaniuk states that the elevation of Ukrainian to the status of an official national language has caused "an increased awareness of class- and regionally-based linguistic differences, with the elevation of a 'pure' or 'most refined' variety" (19), forming a hierarchical diglossia. Even though this diglossia has shifted in recent years, removing the "low" stigma from standardized Ukrainian, Bilaniuk cleverly observes that purism remains. The modern "low" language is Surzhyk. Its low status and demeaning function in class assignment are exemplified by the literal meaning of the word surzhyk, which refers to a low-grade mixture of wheat and rye flours (17). In her second chapter, "Lives of language," Bilaniuk brings the language struggle to...

Language in the balance: the politics of non-accommodation on bilingual Ukrainian–Russian television shows

The practice of speaking one's preferred language, Ukrainian or Russian, regardless of the language spoken by one's interlocutor has become widespread in media and public life in Ukraine since independence. I refer to this practice as “non-accommodating bilingualism,” since for communication to occur the participating individuals are necessarily bilingual to some degree, but neither accommodates by switching to the language spoken by the other. In this article I investigate the prevalence, variety, and significance of non-accommodating bilingualism in Ukraine, with particular focus on television talk and game shows. I argue that while in some ways bilingual non-accommodation functions to defuse the contested issue of language choice, it can also perpetuate existing linguistic inequalities and tensions. Even in conversations where speakers are free to speak whichever language they prefer, the politics of Ukrainian and Russian language and ethnicity continue to be engaged.