Ukrainian Civil Research Articles

Status of scientific research on issues of the civil liability of the State for acts of state authorities and acts of legal entities owned by the State

The development of statehood, profound sociological changes, and the establishment of humanism and justice contribute to the progressive interpretation of the philosophical foundations of civil liability, as well as foster the ongoing reevaluation of the legal categories, mechanisms, and limits of this legal institution. This enhances the growth of the scientific environment by enriching it with new and relevant research and ideas, which are important to track and study. An effective analysis of the current status of scientific research on the issue of civil liability of the State for acts of state authorities and acts of legal entities owned by the State not only helps to update knowledge, but also proves valuable for finding new approaches and forming practical recommendations for innovative solutions to existing legal matters. Review of the contemporary scientific achievements in this field stimulates intellectual exchange among researchers and helps to identify and eliminate scientific flaws. This article is dedicated to analysing the current state of scientific research on the issue of civil liability of the State for acts of state authorities and acts of legal entities owned by the State, performed by domestic authors of independent Ukraine. A review of scientific publications and thesis allows for determining key perspectives and development vectors of Ukrainian civil law science. The aim of this article is to evaluate how domestic scientific environment is adapting to contemporary challenges, particularly how this adaptation affects the speed and tendencies in study of the legal nature of the civil liability of the State and its components. The author points out key domestic scientific studies that, in his opinion, provide a solid general theoretical understanding of the concept of the civil liability, its functions, and conditions for its occurrence, noting that those papers serve as a reliable foundation to narrow down the studies. However, the issue of civil liability of the State is still covered by those theses rather fragmentarily. Besides significant scientific achievements, the author seeks to highlight aspects that have not yet been duly scrutinized by domestic scholars, identify the existing scientific gaps, and outline new directions for further study of the civil liability of the State. The article contains recommendations for improving the scientific approach to researching the outlined issue.

The concept of civil law incentives

Civil law incentives are characterised by both general legal and sectoral (specific) features. The dialectical combination of these features determines the civil law image of the category of “incentives”, which may be represented by the following provisions. In Ukrainian civil law, incentives are a type of legal means intended to positively ensure the fulfilment of obligations and other civil duties. Civil law incentives may be established not only by law, but also by agreement of the parties to civil legal relations themselves, which allows them to determine and implement the most appropriate incentive legal regime to ensure the fulfilment of the relevant obligations. The positive enforcement effect of civil law incentives is manifested in the fact that they influence the will of duty-bearers not through the threat of negative property consequences (especially negative personal consequences), but by means of a proposal expressed in the provisions of law or in the terms of contracts to perform a “meritorious” duty (duties) in exchange for receiving an incentive benefit. In contrast to the use of incentives in disciplinary legal relations, the provision of incentive benefits to “meritorious” performers of civil duties does not lead to a change in their civil status; incentive benefits in civil law are mainly associated with the occurrence of positive property consequences for ‘meritorious’ subjects (provision of monetary or other property rewards, cancellation of property liability, etc.) In the context of organising and conducting competitions, winners may also be awarded moral incentives. All parties, not just the party to whom the incentive is applied, are interested in the positive consequences of the use of incentives in civil legal relations. This is especially evident in contractual relations of obligation. The regulatory (security) function of civil law incentives is associated with the legal formalisation of achieving, first and foremost, private interests. The same conclusion applies to the educational function of this type of legal incentives.

Sustainable Development, Digital Democracy, and Open Government: Co-Creation Synergy in Ukraine

Abstract The article examines the interplay between the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), digital democracy, and open government in Ukraine in 2018 and 2020. The authors employ a mixed methods exploratory approach combining desk research with expert interviews. The study finds that during public consultations in Ukraine, the SDGs served as discussion themes, while the Open Government Partnership provided an executable platform. These e-consultations helped collect policy ideas, e-discussions facilitated policy drafting, and non-binding internet voting assisted in prioritising open government draft policies. The Agenda for Sustainable Development framework introduced policies with an education, youth, inclusion, and gender focus to open government. Public consultations increased awareness about the SDGs in Ukrainian civil society and prompted authorities to implement them. The combination of real-life, online, and hybrid consultation formats enabled elements of participatory, direct, and consensus democracy in post-revolutionary and pre-full-scale invasion Ukraine.

The role of non-governmental organisations in documenting and investigating war crimes in Ukraine

The paper examines the system of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) documenting war crimes in the context of Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine. The research analyzes the unprecedented consolidation of Ukrainian civil society in documenting international crimes committed since 2014, particularly focusing on the period after February 24, 2022. The study reveals the classification of NGOs involved in documentation activities, including international human rights organizations, specialized NGOs focusing on specific documentation methodologies, and organizations specializing in particular types of international law violations. The paper identifies the advantages of NGO documentation activities, including flexibility in resource allocation, freedom from procedural constraints, higher public trust, rapid information exchange, and liberty in choosing ways to utilize collected information. The research outlines various forms of documentation used by NGOs: interviewing individuals, examining crime scenes, photo and video recording, collecting physical evidence and digital information, Internet-based investigations, documenting injuries, and self-documentation by witnesses or victims. The study analyzes the risks and challenges in NGO documentation activities, including fragmentation of approaches, non-compliance with basic documentation principles, untimely information sharing, and security concerns. Special attention is paid to the procedural aspects of using NGO-collected information as evidence in criminal proceedings. The paper examines the recent developments in the framework for cooperation between NGOs and law enforcement agencies, particularly focusing on the Memorandum of Understanding signed by the Office of the Prosecutor General. The research concludes by proposing the development of standard operating procedures for information exchange and recommending the adoption of a comprehensive strategy for cooperation between investigative bodies and civil society institutions in investigating international crimes.

The application of the Constitution of Ukraine during the settlement of civil and economic cases in terms of compensation for property damage in the case of decisions on exemption from criminal liability on the basis of Art. 49 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine

It is pointed out, the erroneous application by the courts of the economic and civil links as evidence of the decision of the criminal court to close the criminal proceedings in connection with the expiration of the terms of bringing to criminal responsibility, as a non-rehabilitating circumstance during the establishment of property damage in the resolution of relevant disputes. The author notes that, from the available access to court decisions and their analysis, it is clear that when considering cases related to the compensation of property damage, not every court provides a correct assessment of the legal nature of the closure of criminal proceedings, which leads to the incorrect application of the requirements of procedural legislation in terms of the adoption and evaluation of evidence. The article examines the problematic issue of the application of the practice of Ukrainian civil and commercial courts in resolving issues of compensation for property damage in the presence of a decision to release a person from criminal liability due to the expiration of the statute of limitations (in particular, the decision of the Supreme Court of Ukraine), as well as theoretical aspects related to this issue with reference to the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine and the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. According to court practice, in Ukraine, the expiration of the statute of limitations in a criminal case does not automatically mean the absence of civil liability for the offense committed. In cases where a person has been acquitted in criminal proceedings due to the expiration of the statute of limitations, there may still be grounds to seek civil damages for property damage. Ukrainian courts may take into account such factors as the nature of the offense, the amount of damage caused and the evidence provided when determining liability for compensation in civil cases. Civil proceedings in this case should be separate from the criminal case with the need to focus on legal responsibility for the property damage caused in the presence of relevant admissible evidence submitted by the party in the case. As of today, it is extremely important to effectively navigate the peculiarities of such cases and to achieve the correct interpretation of evidence in cases of potential compensation for property damage in civil proceedings.

Reception of Roman Private Law in Ukrainian Civil Law as Confirmation of Belonging to the European Legal Family

The article is devoted to current issues of civil law, as well as Roman private law in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to trace the influence of Roman private law on the development of civil law. In the course of the research, a number of general scientific and special methods of cognition were used, including: historical, dialectical, comparative-legal, logical analysis, formal-legal and other methods. Our legal culture has received Roman law, which became the basis for civil law and is still reflected in modern Ukrainian legislation. In the course of the study, it was established that the Civil Code of Ukraine contains articles that are evidence of both direct and indirect reception. Direct reception occurs when the ideas and provisions of Roman private law are transmitted directly from the primary sources of Ancient Roman law. Indirect (derivative) reception occurred when Roman legal ideas and legal solutions were borrowed not directly from primary sources, but through those legal systems where reception had occurred earlier. That is, indirect reception is the perception of the law of other states where this process has already taken place, and not directly through the primary source. We can affirm the successful reception of Roman law in Ukraine through the basic principles of law, moral and social values, which became the basis of the legal provisions of Roman law and the achievements of human social culture. Therefore, the achievements of Roman law are not only in the formation of civil law in Ukraine, but also in the ability to expand legal thinking and respect for law as a value and the main achievement of society. It can be unequivocally stated that civil law, being part of the Romano-Germanic legal system, is a reproduction of Roman private law, which on the one hand, through centuries-old transformation, has acquired a corresponding theoretical content and remains unchanged and relevant to this day. The conclusions obtained during the study of the influence of Roman private law on the development of civil law as a whole develop both the theory of civil law and the philosophy of law and serve as a subject for further research on the genesis of civil law institutions, the origin and essence of most legal norms in Ukrainian civil law.

Role of Central Executive Authorities in the Formation and Implementation of the State National Memory Policy in Ukraine

Abstract In Ukraine there is a powerful public demand for national memory policy because, in the context of the Russo -Ukrainian war, the awareness of the Ukrainian civil identity has intensified. Therefore, revising the system of public administration in the field of national memory is relevant, given the compliance with European standards for the formation and implementation of European collective memory. In view of this, this article is aimed at researching the central executive authorities that ensure the formation and implementation of the state policy on national memory in Ukraine. The achievement of this goal is carried out by determining the subjects of the state policy on national memory in Ukraine, analysing their functional duties, structural and organisational characteristics, regulatory support, as well as relationships and interaction during the formation and implementation of the policy on national memory. It is established that Ukraine has an extensive multi -level system of public administration in the field of national memory, which is made up of state authorities and local self -government, as well as various institutions of civil society. Finally, an effective state policy on national memory is possible only if a strategy and clear mechanisms for its implementation by state institutions are developed with the obligatory involvement of the public.

Ukrainian Civil Society: Past Lessons and Future Possibilities

Ukrainian Civil Society: Past Lessons and Future Possibilities

Social and psychological features of the mental component of the modern hybrid war against Ukraine

The concept of “hybrid war” and its structural elements, to which we added a mental component, have been considered. It is shown that in the course of such a war, “hybrid” means are used as a specific tool for ensuring the success of military intervention with the simultaneous involvement of the population in the conflict, which is carried out in the covered military territory, and misleads the international community with the aim of its desired influence on the said conflict. A set of tools with which the aggressor country exerts simultaneous influence on the social sphere of the country's life is analyzed. The main components of hybrid forces are informational, ideological, psychological, economic, political, diplomatic, military, technological, energy. It is proposed to add one more component to their composition - mental warfare. It is shown that in the course of the mental war against Ukraine, the enemy set itself the goal of growth to destroy the independent state, the Ukrainian nation and the Ukrainian civilization as a whole and to appropriate its historical heritage. For our research, this is a rather alarming conclusion, so it raises the question of how to confront it. The social and psychological features of waging a psychological war against Ukraine by the russian federation are outlined and analyzed. It is shown that the mental war against our country with the help of hybrid information technologies, which easily influence the consciousness of the population, manipulates it. It is the information activity as a component of the hybrid war that involves a massive psychological impact on the emotional state of a person, the delivery of distorted information to the country’s population. The author’s definition of the concept of “mental war” is formulated as a complex psychological influence by the aggressor country on the consciousness of the population of the country that was attacked, using changes in its national outlook, historical memory, values, national-historical identity in the interests of the aggressor country. Taking into account the peculiarities of the hybrid war and its components, recommendations have been formulated for countering the hybrid aggression of the enemy, which is trying to destroy and change the mentality of Ukrainians for its own use: increase the number of publications and video materials in the information space about the opinions of foreign politicians and experts condemning russian aggression; to create an Institute for the study of war, the work of which will involve both domestic specialists in the field of hybrid warfare and mental warfare, as well as leading scientists of Western countries; to develop the National Doctrine of mental protection of the population in the conditions of a full-scale war against Ukraine.

FEATURES OF TERRITORY MANAGEMENT DURING MARITAL STATE IN UKRAINE

The article discusses the current problems of territory management in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, which has been going on for two years. A description of the real state of territorial communities is offered, their problems caused by the war are outlined. A cluster model of the distribution of territorial communities depending on the situation during the war is presented. Possible ways of solving the main problems arising in the management of territories during martial law are determined. The article emphasizes that Russia's war against Ukraine, which has been going on for two years, has become the sharpest and most dangerous test of Ukrainian society since independence. Virtually all state and public institutions and organizations, government and executive institutions underwent significant changes in form and content. This especially applies to territorial communities, which, despite their short existence, have actually become the centers of the reconstruction of Ukrainian civil society on the lines of martial law. Territorial communities shouldered the main burden of volunteer assistance to the Armed Forces of Ukraine and territorial defense, reception and accommodation of forced migrants, provision of humanitarian aid, educational, medical, legal, communal services, organization of business and employment, as well as mobilization work. The article notes that under the conditions of martial law, the forms and content of territory management activities, in particular municipal management bodies, have changed: military-civilian administrations have appeared in regions and former districts. During the two years of the war, the functions and boundaries of the administrative activities of local self-government bodies were agreed upon, taking into account the challenges that were caused by the full-scale aggression of Russia. The article notes that the burden of the war had the greatest impact on the stability and vitality of territorial communities. Despite the fact that today it is generally possible to positively evaluate the administrative-territorial reform that was carried out on the eve of the war, territorial communities are in unequal conditions of life, have different possibilities of functioning, and require management decisions that are adequate to the real situation. The article emphasizes that the primary task at the moment is to improve relations between the central government and local self-government bodies, taking into account the actual military, economic, demographic, social, political, and humanitarian situation. We are talking about a significant expansion of the powers of territorial communities in all spheres of social life. It is impossible to rule in wartime by peaceful methods. This is all the more important because the administrative and territorial reform depends on the results at the front.

Features and subjects of the contract for the supply of electricity to the consumer

In this study, the author examines in detail one of the types of sales contract - the energy supply contract, which in the late 20th - early 21st centuries is a necessary element of the life of society, a mandatory condition for the development of the economy, since the supply of energy resources to one degree or another requires all physical and entities. Over the past ten years, Ukrainian civil legislation, which regulates contractual relations, in particular relations in the field of energy supply, has radically changed. In the Civil Code of Ukraine, a whole group of articles regulating relations related to the conclusion, execution and termination of contracts in the field of energy supply appeared. The legal norms governing the relationship between electricity suppliers and its consumers have undergone radical changes. The relationship between the owner of energy and the organizations that transport it (electricity and heat networks) is being built in a fundamentally new way. Today, the question of whether energy is a thing and whether it can be the object of property rights is problematic and debatable. To what type is the contract according to which the power plant (as a supplier) undertakes to provide the consumer with electric energy? Can such an activity be considered contractual, since the power plant undertakes to carry out the work, the necessary delivery of energy to the consumer, or is it still another activity? In the article, the author considered the rules for concluding an energy supply contract and the features of a universal service provider. Particular attention is paid to the supplier of the «Last Event», the powers and duties of such an entity are disclosed. The author concludes that the contract for the supply of electric energy to the consumer can be considered both as a public contract and as a connection contract. The basic requirements for the electricity supplier from the consumer, the legality of its activity, the possibility of switching to a new supplier are indicated. Special features of the energy supply contract include: provision of energy through the connected network; availability of consumer energy metering devices; the right of the counterparty (energy supply organization) under the energy supply contract to supervise the technical condition of the consumer’s current receivers in order to ensure safety and reliable energy supply.

Problems of correspondence between contractual and tort liability in the Civil law of Ukraine

The article explores the regulation of civil legal relations between parties arising from the breach of contract terms and the infliction of harm in Ukraine, specifically analyzing the correspondence between the grounds for the emergence of such legal relations. Although the topic of the relationship between contractual and tort liability has been addressed by scholars repeatedly, there is still no consensus on resolving this issue in Ukrainian legal doctrine. The doctrine contains many contradictions and gaps, negatively impacting the level of legal science, which is reflected in the quality of national civil legislation. The research analyzes the theoretical foundations of the legal phenomenon of legal liability in the context of defining the legal nature of contractual and tort liability. It examines scientific approaches and general principles underlying Ukrainian civil legislation, focusing on the correspondence between types of liability and the grounds for applying corresponding liability measures. The analysis also delves into Ukrainian legal doctrine regarding contractual and tort liability, highlighting the problems and contradictions that have led to legal uncertainty on the research topic. The current state of Ukrainian legislation indicates the absence of a systematic approach to defining and regulating contractual or tort liability. The Civil Code of Ukraine does not contain such definitions or use such concepts in its provisions. While these concepts are common in legal theory, the array of different, often conflicting, scholarly positions prevents the formation of a unified conclusion. Due to the legal uncertainty arising from theoretical approaches in relating contractual and tort liability, there is still a need for further research on this matter. As a result of this article, an analysis of the imperfections of Ukrainian legal doctrine is conducted, and ways to address legal uncertainty are proposed.

The political economy of public procurement in Ukraine

This article links Ukraine’s response to Russia’s unprovoked invasion in February 2022 to institutional reforms in the decade before the current war. After the Revolution of Dignity in 2014, Ukrainian civil society, business, and government jointly established an institutional framework to monitor public procurement. The problem of devising institutions to monitor behavior on an ongoing basis is not generally solved through constitutional reforms and revolutions. Public procurement reforms contributed to a culture of coproduction of monitoring that has persisted even when pressure was exerted on open government after Russia’s full-scale invasion. The reforms implemented after the Revolution of Dignity created a robust institutional framework to scale up institutions to monitor public procurement during Ukraine’s ongoing reconstruction effort.

Smartphone resilience: ICT in Ukrainian civic response to the Russian full-scale invasion

In modern warfare, digitalization has blurred the line where civilian ends and military begins. Embedded in the participative warfare theoretical paradigm, this article looks into how the information and communication technologies (ICT) enable civic resilience under the conditions of the foreign armed aggression. Specifically, the authors explore how smartphones and smartphone applications empowered the Ukrainian civil society in the aftermath of the Russian full-scale invasion of 2022. Based on an online survey and semi-structured interviews, the article highlights how the device and its features not only allowed civilians to adapt to living in conditions of a constant threat, but also to respond and support the defence from the rear. The authors conclude that, while the smartphone becomes an ‘online resilience hub’, acquiring many new functions like a mobile office, an online volunteer (frontline logistics and procurement) hub, an air-threat warner, a first-hand news source and so on, its security provision functions are not unconditional and may turn to the opposite, depending on the physical circumstances on the ground as well as the virtual information battlefield.

Environmental (in)security, peacebuilding and green economic recovery in the context of Russia’s war against Ukraine

In addition to the loss of many lives and livelihoods, Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine has also led to direct and indirect harm to the environment in Ukraine and other parts of the world: local ecosystems have been destroyed and polluted, affecting human security and health as well as biodiversity for many years to come. Any attempt to build a sustainable peace after the war will have to consider these environmental insecurities and their origins in historically asymmetric relationships between Ukraine and external actors centred around resource extractivism. In this paper, we pursue a complementary approach between the political ecology and environmental peacebuilding scholarships: while the former offers an interrogation of larger power structures and practices at this environment–conflict nexus, ranging from Russian imperialism to a sought-after European integration, the latter enables a discussion of the conditions under which the necessary environmental recovery and remediation initiatives may contribute to local peacebuilding instead of further conflict. Taking both approaches together, we argue that the key to a politically and environmentally sustainable peace lies in the centring of Ukrainian civil society and local communities.

ГРАНТИ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО ФОНДУ РОЗВИТКУ ДЕМОКРАТІЇ ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ

The article examines the grant opportunities of the European Endowment for Democracy for Ukraine. It is emphasized that this grant institution makes a significant contribution to supporting projects that focus on strengthening democratic values, democracy and the rule of law in Ukraine. It is emphasized that Ukrainian civil society organizations, democratic initiatives, activists, independent media and journalists who contribute to the development of a pluralistic and democratic political system in Ukraine can apply for a grant from the European Endowment for Democracy. It is demonstrated that the fund is loyal to those representatives of civil society who cannot find support from other donors. The study indicates that the main priorities of the European Endowment for Democracy are: anti-corruption and accountability, independent platforms and social media, civic engagement and participation, human rights activism and monitoring, women’s civic and political participation, inclusive society, sexual orientation and gender identity, arts and culture, and youth support. It is emphasized that grant funding from the European Endowment for Democracy in the amount of 10,000 to 150,000 euros is available for both registered organizations and informal groups, for political and social movements, and for individual activists, for organizations with experience and for newly established ones. The article demonstrates that the fund’s advantage is its flexibility in providing grants in emergency cases. The algorithm of participation of potential grantees in the fund’s grant competitions is presented and it is emphasized that the fund accepts applications without any deadlines throughout the year, reviewing them 4-6 times a year; applications for emergency funding can be considered outside the usual schedule. To summarize: the grants of the European Endowment for Democracy are an autonomous and additional tool for prompt and flexible provision of financial and technical support to democratization and human rights initiatives in European countries, including Ukraine. It is emphasized that the implementation of the projects funded by the Foundation will help Ukraine strengthen democratic institutions, increase public confidence in the government, and promote sustainable development.

Legal framework for national identity policy: purpose, legal basis, main tasks and principles

The purpose of the article is to analyze the legislative framework of national identity policy as defined in the Law of Ukraine «On the Basic Principles of State Policy in the Field of Affirming Ukrainian National and Civil Identity» (hereinafter referred to as “the Law”). The results of the study show that unity around common national values, overcoming socio-cultural, linguistic and regional contradictions, declared in the Law as its purposes, are urgently important and currently feasible in Ukraine. A significant number of Ukrainian citizens who had been loyal to the ideas of the «russian world», have now realized that in practice, for the russian federation, the destruction of Ukrainian identity means the elimination of the Ukrainian people or their voluntary renunciation of their national identity and their own individuality with all the consequences that follow (the main consequence, according to the russian plan, should be the cessation of the very existence of the Ukrainian State). The scientific novelty of the study lies in the study of the legislative framework of the national identity policy. Based on the analysis of the Law, the author systematizes the principles of state national and civil identity policy, identifies its basic principles and urgent tasks, and studies the legal definitions of the concepts of «Ukrainian national identity» and «Ukrainian civil identity» in the context of an inclusive national identity doctrine. Conclusions. The author analyzes the legal basis of the national identity policy, as defined by the Law, the fundamentals of the public national and civil identity policy, its basic principles and urgent tasks, as well as outlines the ways of implementating the said policy in the public administration field. It is substantiated that unity in all its collective manifestations is of utmost importance for the Ukrainian society. It should be ensured by removing contradictions within the society (of sociocultural, linguistic, regional, etc., character) and by effectively implementing Ukraine's European and Euro-Atlantic integration policy.

ENHANCEMENT OF ENGLISH-LANGUAGE TRAINING FOR UKRAINIAN CIVIL SERVANTS IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

The integration of Ukraine into the European Union necessitates extensive preparations across various sectors, with language proficiency playing a critical role in facilitating seamless interactions within EU frameworks. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the specialized English language training programme designed for Ukrainian civil servants by the Research Service of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, aimed at enhancing their linguistic skills to meet the demands of European integration. The primary focus of this study is to assess how this training programme equips civil servants with necessary English language competencies, which are crucial for negotiating, legislating, and communicating within the EU's multilingual environment. The paper discusses the structure and content of the current language training programme, highlighting their strengths, such as the emphasis on EU-specific terminology and interactive learning methodologies, and weaknesses, particularly the lack of consistent programme evaluation and limited access to advanced language practice. Additionally, the study explores the broader implications of language proficiency for policy implementation and administrative efficacy in the context of EU integration. Challenges identified include insufficient training customization to different skill levels and a general underestimation of the role of cultural understanding in language education. The conclusions drawn from this research contribute to ongoing discussions about the strategic development of language training programmes for civil servants, emphasizing that such initiatives not only support individual career development and enhance institutional readiness for international cooperation. By aligning language training programmes more closely with the practical needs of civil servants engaged in European affairs, Ukraine can more effectively advance its EU integration objectives.

Характеристика проблем і викликів, із якими стикаються громадські організації України, що надають соціальну підтримку внутрішньо переміщеним особам

The full-scale invasion of Ukraine has led to a worsening humanitarian situation for those who have lost their homes, been injured or wounded, and have been forced to leave their permanent places of residence. The significant increase in the number of displaced persons has created a substantial burden on social infrastructure, necessitating the optimization and enhancement of activities of social institutions and facilities. Currently, Ukraine ranks ninth in the world in terms of the number of internally displaced persons. The issue of internally displaced persons, their social adaptation, protection, and restoration of rights has become widespread and holds global significance in our country. This means that the majority of internally displaced persons are in a state of vulnerability and sometimes face difficult life circumstances. Ukrainian civil society organizations, along with state entities, provide social support and services to internally displaced persons, implementing numerous social projects and programs. Overcoming the challenges they face, civil society organizations strive to collaborate, provide proper training to their specialists for working with the target group of social work clients, as well as develop and strengthen host communities, contributing to their organizational development and potential. The East Europe Foundation (https://eef.org.ua) supports Ukrainian civil society organizations by spreading best practices for the adaptation and integration of internally displaced persons and highlighting effective interaction between local governments and new community residents. The author of the article analyzes the challenges faced by Ukrainian civil society organizations in providing social support to internally displaced persons, presents successful case studies of such practices, and offers online courses that can be useful for social work professionals in improving social support for internally displaced persons and developing effective social projects focused on this target group of social work clients.

Interaction Of Forensic Science Institutions With Ukrainian Civil Society Institutions: Essence, Significance, Prospects

Formalized structures of civil society are of particular importance in the performance of state functions. Their involvement in the implementation of law enforcement activities is currently approved. Forensic science institutions also play a substantial role in these activities, ensuring justice through scientifically based conclusions based on specific expertise in the field of science and technology. Stemming from the above, the Article Purpose is to clarify the essence, significance, and potential outcomes arising from the collaboration between Ukrainian forensic science institutions and civil society institutions while analyzing both Ukrainian and international experiences. The research findings indicate that these mentioned entities frequently engage with each other, even in the absence of normatively established principles. The development of a normative-legal and organizational-legal framework to govern the interaction between forensic institutions and civil society institutions is deemed promising.