Ukrainian Carpathians Research Articles

LANDUSE FEATURES IN A MOUNTAIN AREA AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PROCESS OF SYLVATISATION (STRYY DISTRICT LVIV REGION)

The Skole District that is nowadays a part of newly established Stryy District (Lviv Region) is entirely situated within the range of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Its area encompasses the Skolivsli Beskydy and the Stryy-San Highland physiographic regions featuring a dominance of considerably high altitudes above sea level, terrain disarticulation, and afforestation. Establishing new villages alongside rural population’s natural increase and land reforms (the capitalist stage of land use (after the abolition of serfdom in 1848) and Soviet stage of land use) called for respective increase in agricultural lands. Forested lands in the Ukrainian Carpathians were the source for such an increase therefore cropland and pasture lands were emerging from deforestation. Harsh weather conditions and low soil fertility significantly impacted the further agricultural land uses in the mountainous region. However, wide-scale decline of agricultural lands occurred in the period of the collapse of the former USSR due to decline of collective and state farms. As a result of denationalization with subsequent privatization of agricultural lands there are nowadays 31 303 land owners and land users in the study area, 97,54 % of which are physical persons. At the same time, despite such remarkable figures citizens share less than a half of total lands for agriculture, residential and construction purposes, whilst the state forestry enterprises are using 51,11 % (75 173,50 ha) in total. In contrast to lowlands, animal farming and husbandry in the Skole District is held exclusively by households. In recent years local animal husbandry is experiencing the livestock decline that leads to certain reduction in the share of both hay meadows and pasturelands. Thus, from 2009 to 2016 the total area of fodder lands in the district decreased by 65 ha (ca. 0,2 % of total privately owned agricultural lands). I assume that ongoing land reform will cause further increase in fallows in the Skole District. In order to better comprehend the processes of spontaneous reforestation (sylvatisation) in a mountain region (the Pohartsi boundary, Koziova village, Stryi district, Lviv regionthe ) four study plots were selected representing the successional sequence: forest → pasture → hay meadow → arable lands. The study showed that areas that were previously used for pasture and were not plowed, are restored to their natural state much faster. These areas are characterized by satisfactory physical, physico-chemical and biotic properties. The decrease in acidity towards the neutral side is explained by an increase in the activity of catalase and urease by approximately 1.5 times. In connection with the developed grass cover, slightly higher nitrogen values were recorded in the upper soil horizon. Due to the absence of a regular annual supply to the base and replenishment of its nutrient reserves due to precipitation and waste of dead phytomass, the content of humus in the upper horizon of the base is half as much as under forest biogeocenoses. Plowing (overturning the lower horizons to the mountain, and vice versa) is a very strong anthropogenic factor, which leads to the almost complete destruction of natural vegetation on the cultivated area and a radical change in the main properties of the soil cover. According to some indicators: physical (total sparability), physico-chemical (nitrogen nitrate and ammonia), biotic (urease, catalase, biomass of microorganisms) in the upper humus horizons were even somewhat close to anthropogenically unaltered ecosystems. However, the changes in the indicators of the density of the soil structure and its solid phase corresponded to the depth of plowing. And the humus content was several times lower than under forest biogeocenoses. Areas that were not plowed in the past are restored due to the main rock of the region Picea abies (L.) Karst.. Areas that were devastated in the past are recovering much more slowly. Such areas begin to overgrow with Alnus incana (L.) Moench., Rosa canina L., Bеtula and others Key words: land use; land owners and land users; fallows; agricultural lands; mountainous region; Skolivski Beskydy.

ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE UPON THE SUKIL RIVER BED FUNCTIONING

A river bed is a main indicator of the changes, including manmade ones that take place in their catchment basins. These changes are reflected in the river beds functioning, especially within the catchment basins located in the Ukrainian Carpathians. These basins have been noticeably affected by human impact during last century. The Sukil River (left tributary of the Svicha River) is one of them. By the relief morphology features and geologic-geomorphologic structure the Sukil River basin is divided into three parts: mountain, premountain and plain. The river bed within these three parts is characterized by noticeable difference in morphological and morphodynamical parameters. And the reaction of the riverbed on the manmade changes also is different in all three parts. First of all, it is a deforestation, agriculture, unauthorized gravel intake within the river bed and floodplain, river bed straightening, river bank consolidation and flood protection dikes constructing, melioration and ponds constructing etc. Research results ascertained noticeable difference between manmade influences in different parts of the catchment basin, especially the effects on the river beds and their functioning. In the mountain part the moderate impact dominates and is mainly presented by timber falling which has caused significant sediments runoff increasing during the floods of 2008 and 2010. In the premountain part the strongest impact is done by the unauthorized alluvium mining in the river bed. It caused increasing in the river bed morphodynamics and reinforcing of the linear and local side erosion. The erosion processes threat the roads and buildings within the river valley. The plain part of the river basin is most transformed. The river bed strengthening is carried out since the middle of ХХ-th century which was accompanied by the dikes and drainage network constructing. As the result many boggy areas were drained, the morphology of the Sukil river bed was changed, the meander process was stopped. But the tendencies to renaturalization of the river valley are observed during the last years. Conducted research are important for the rivers renaturalization and providing the strategy of sustainable development in Ukraine in the matter of natural resources protection and management. Key words: channel morphodynamics; Sukil River; anthropogenic influence; mountain, premountain and plain parts of the basin.

HIGH MOUNTAINS OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS: STATE AND PROBLEMS OF CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY

The problems of misreading and use of the term "high mountains" in science are considered. Under the conceptual and terminological apparatus is understood the scientific language of a particular field of knowledge. Instead of the term conceptual and terminological apparatus as equivalent use terminology, understanding them as a set of terms of a particular field of science, technology, or art, associated with the relevant system of concepts. The problem of terminology has occupied and continues to occupy an important place in geographical science, in particular in landscape science. Much of the terms and concepts are not always used successfully and expediently in a given context. Landscape science operates with a powerful terminological apparatus, which is constantly improving and evolving. On the example of the Ukrainian Carpathians, possible ways of organizing the conceptual apparatus, its optimal application for the description of high-altitude PTCs are proposed. The high mountains of the Ukrainian Carpathians are mountain PTC (high-altitude areas: peneplenized alpine-subalpine high mountains, ancient glacial-erosive subalpine high mountains) that rise above the natural upper limit of the forest (1240–2061 m; represented by peneplen and forms of Pleistocene glaciation; covered with alpine-subalpine vegetation on mountain-meadow-brown soil and mountain-peat-brown soils. This is a cold climate zone, which is divided into two subzones: colder and less cold. Colder subzone (from 1500 to 2000 m above sea level) is characterized by the sum of active temperatures less than 600° С, hydrothermal coefficient exceeds 5. Less cold subzone is limited by isolines of sums of temperatures 600–1000° С, and also hydrothermal coefficient respectively 5 and 4 (altitude 1250–1500 m asl). Scientific approaches in the study of alpine PTC are considered. The advantages of the landscape approach in the study of high mountains are presented. There is a false statement about the imaginary identity of objects of biogeocenology, ecology and landscape science. Solntsev M. (1967), Isachenko A. (1980) in their works showed the erroneousness of these views. The concept of biocenosis was first introduced by V. Sukachev in 1964. In its classical formulation it is a system of biocenosis and ecotope to which the microclimate in interaction with soil and lithology belongs. Thus, the main feature of the concept of biogeocenosis is that, in addition to the relationship between the biocenter of the system and the elements of the natural environment, there is a relationship between these elements. This allows the biogeocenologist to trace a slightly different path in the study of the high mountains. Changes in microclimatic features in the forest biocenosis can cause deviations in the water regime of the soil, which will weaken the stability of root systems and lead to the formation of windbreaks, windbreaks, dryness and other processes. The landscape approach provides an effective comprehensive assessment of the natural conditions of the territory. The concept of natural territorial complex put forward as a result of formation of landscape science gives the chance to study any natural phenomenon in system of direct and inverse interrelations between equal, though not equivalent components of PTC where the bioelement is taken to level of other elements of systems. In this article we want to address the problems of misreading and use of the term "high mountains" in natural science, on the example of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Keywords: foresttimber – line (TL); polonynas; high mountains; mountain range; Ukrainian Carpathians.

Spatial features of lifecell mobile network in the western part of Ukraine

Today, social communications and business are increasingly moving towards the mobile Internet. However, the information revolution also has a downside, namely the need to be always in touch and on-line. Nowadays, business is no longer limited to the office, and social communications are no longer limited to certain locations. It is important to have good mobile coverage, whether you are on the move or not. As a result, entire areas become more "suitable" for living and working than others. This measurement is based on only one indicator – the availability of a mobile network. The smartphone has become an access point to the global Internet network. In 2022, the number of unique mobile Internet users was 5 billion, which is more than 60% of the world's population. Geographical studies of mobile communication networks in Ukraine are not widespread. The available publications are mostly descriptive in nature. They consider Ukraine as whole unit without any intra-regional differences. Several scientific studies on the Kyivstar mobile network have a clearly expressed territorial aspect. At the same time, other networks - primarily Vodafone Ukraine and Lifecell - remain little studied. The purpose of the study is to determine the spatial features of the Lifecell mobile network in the western part of Ukraine, and the main task is to analyse the coverage indicators of the Lifecell mobile communication network at the local level in the western part of Ukraine based on open data. The Lifecell mobile network in the western part of Ukraine creates the following spatial patterns. Lifecell is the third largest mobile operator in Western Ukraine. In terms of network volume, it is behind its main competitors Kyivstar and Vodafobe. Its 3G mobile network is larger than its 4G network. Lifecell's network coverage primarily covers large cities and their surrounding areas. In rural areas, the network is poorly developed. In terms of sub-regions, Lviv oblast and Prykarpattia have the best coverage, while the Ukrainian Carpathians (except for the territories of Lviv oblast), the eastern part of Volyn Polissya, and the southern and eastern parts of Ternopil oblast have the worst coverage of the Lifecell network.

The geo-information system of environmental security of the "Gorgany" nature reserve in the Ukrainian Carpathians

Among the protected territories of the Ukrainian Carpathians, the nature reserve "Gorgany" in the Ivano-Frankivsk region is an example of a rich diversity of natural conditions and natural resources. The reserve has an area of 5,344 hectares and was organized in 1996 in Prydovbushansky Gorgany. There are 3 legacy zones and 10 components of environmental audit: lithosphere (geological environment), geophysisphere (physical fields), geomorphosphere (relief), hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, phytosphere, zoosphere, sociosphere and technosphere. The latter "presses" on the previous 9, creating the ecological situation of the territory. The basis of research is natural-anthropogenic geosystem. Research materials are obtained according to the algorithm, starting with field research with sampling, their analysis for toxic elements and substances, building databases of environmental information, and ending with the compilation of elemental and component-by-element ecological-technogeochemical computer maps and a general ecological map safety. It is proposed to organize a geo-informational model for the protection of the safety of the nature reserve "Gorgany".

Vulnerability and adaptation of protected areas to climate chan¬ges: case study of National Natural Parks in Ukraine

The observed trends of climate changes are strong enough to affect the living process in natural communities. This paper deals with the assessment of vulnerability and progress of National Natural Parks of Ukraine towards adaptation of their ecosystems to growing pressure of climate change. The vulnerability of the National Natural Parks to the effects of climate changes depends on their sensitivity, formed due to intrinsic attributes, like level of endemism and specific microclimate conditions at certain area. From the other side, some managerial solutions framed into the action plan for assisted climate adaptation of protected areas is also the factor of vulnerability or resilience. The assessment undertaken in the given paper addresses both components. At the first stage, the signs of climate changes at 51 parks of Ukraine (excluding those created less than 3 years ago) were studied based on the data from open sources, reports to the authorities and personal feedbacks from the staff. Then these data were summarized in terms of natural zones and generalized to define the most profound effects observed. Finally, the information about the presence and implementation of adaptation measures in the National Natural Parks was collected and evaluated as contributor to building adaptation capacity of the sites. Sensitivity and adaptation potential were rated using standard scale and the level of vulnerability was assigned to each park. The results showed varied level of vulnerability with the natural parks of the Steppe and Ukrainian Carpathians region demonstrating the highest levels. The research has also revealed generally low level of attention to the issues of climate changes on the whole and adaptation strategies implementation in particular in the activity of the National Natural Parks. However, some of the objects have already entered succession processes and diversity transformations. The most well studied issue is invasions, which are also the most covered by the countermeasures. Considering the uniqueness and high value of the ecosystems of the National Natural Parks of Ukraine, it is necessary to develop and implement action plans for the adaptation of these protected areas. At the same time, the problems typical for different natural parks are often specific due to attribution to certain natural zones, composition of communities, physical features of the territory and other properties, and therefore the creation of a universal adaptation procedure is complicated. Nevertheless, the article sets the main directions of work, which can become the basis of the corresponding adaptation plans of all parks.

Dynamics of photosynthetic solar active radiation in Ukraine over 1986 - 2015

Photosynthetically active solar radiation (PSR) – solar radiation within the wavelength range of 380 ¼710 nm – forms a basis of plants' life that determines their photosynthesis. No measurements of photosynthetically active solar radiation (PSR) take place in Ukraine due to the lack of standard devices. Direct, scattered and total PSR is calculated via transition measurements and coefficients, whereas total PSR is measured via sunshine duration – using the indirect method. The purpose of the research is to determine PSR and its dynamics during specific months and the warm period of the year (April-October). The components of the radiation regime within the network of actinometric and meteorological observations in Ukraine for 1986 - 2015, 1986 - 1995, 1996 - 2005, 2006 - 2015 were obtained using mathematical statistics and climatological methods. In the course of the research changes in the PSR during specific months and the warm period over specific decades were determined. During the months of the warm period over 1986 -2015, direct, diffused, total PSR and total PSR calculated via sunshine duration tend to increase from the west, northwest or Ukrainian Carpathians to the southern steppe zone and Crimea. During the warm period over 1986 - 1995, the amount of direct PSR varies within 472 ¼ 891 MJ/m², diffused radiation – 887 ¼ 1156 MJ/m², total radiation – 1457 … 1917 MJ/m², total PSR calculated based on sunshine duration – 1621 … 2056 MJ/m²; over 1996 - 2005 the amount of direct PSR varies within – 469 … 1030 MJ/m², diffused – 802 … 1004 MJ / m², total – 1305 … 1973 MJ/m², total PSR calculated based on sunshine duration – 1654 … 2192 MJ/m²; over 2006 - 2015 the amount of direct PSR varies within 485 ¼ 1065 MJ/m², diffused radiation – 737 ¼ 951 MJ / m², total PSR – 1270 … 1977 MJ / m², total PSR calculated based on sunshine duration – 1649 … 2233 MJ / m². The increase in integrated direct solar radiation over 1996 - 2005 compared to 1986 - 1995, as well as over 2006 - 2015 compared to 1996 - 2005, led to an increase in direct PSR; the decrease in diffused solar radiation led to a decrease in diffused PSR; and ambiguous changes in the components of total solar radiation led to fluctuations in total PSR; increase in sunshine duration is accompanied by an increase in total PSR calculated based on sunshine duration. The research is relevant due to the factor of modern climate variability at the global and regional levels. The study of PSR changes is an urgent task of modern agrometeorology. It enables long-term effective planning of agricultural development.

FEATURES OF THE DESIGN OF STEEL EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT STRUCTURES OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

The design, construction and operation of buildings in Ukraine is associated with the need to take into account additional special loads and impacts, namely: seismic, in complex en-gineering and geological conditions, on weak soils, artificial territories and subsidence soils, and in the conditions of the war with Russia during missile and artillery shelling and bom-bardment of populated areas – effects from explosions, blast waves, spread of fires, etc. [3].
 The territory of Ukraine is located on the outskirts of the powerful Azores-Mediterranean-Alpine-Trans-Asian seismogenic belt of the planet. In general, Ukraine does not belong to particularly seismically dangerous regions of the planet. Low- and medium-magnitude (magnitude 3...6) earthquakes were recorded only within three of its regions: the Ukrainian Carpathians and the Crimean Moun-tains, the Azov region. But observations of the consequences of numerous earthquakes have shown that in different parts of the same seis-mic area they differ significantly in intensity. Thus, the intensity of the earthquake on the surface of the earth in areas with loose soils is 15 times greater than in areas with rocky ones. Therefore, during the design of buildings and structures, one should take into account the peculiarities of construction in the complex engineering and geological conditions of the territory of Ukraine, which are associated with research, design and arrangement of bases and foundations on weak water-saturated, clayey and peaty soils, peat and silt, subsidence, swell-ing, saline, swelling and unevenly compacted soils, loose sands and floating karst and forged territories, taking into account seismic and dy-namic action in compliance with the require-ments of DBN B.1.1-12:2014 "Construction in seismic regions of Ukraine" [5] and DBN V.1.1-45:2017 "Buildings and structures in difficult engineering and geological conditions. General Provisions" [6].
 The design of modern buildings in seismic areas is developing in two directions that corre-spond to the main principles of seismic protec-tion - traditional (passive) and special (active). Complex systems of seismic protection of buildings combine passive and active systems.
 With traditional seismic protection, the load-bearing capacity of the main load-bearing structures of buildings is increased (the dimen-sions of cross-sections, their reinforcement, strengthening of joints, etc.) to absorb addition-al forces caused by seismic influences. At the same time, the nature of the buildings does not change. Special (active) measures to improve the seismic resistance of buildings consist in reducing loads due to modifications of their dynamic work schemes. Active seismic protec-tion of buildings is a new direction, which con-sists in the implementation of additional con-structive measures to prevent dangerous reso-nant oscillations and thereby reduce seismic impacts. It is achieved by changing the dynam-ic stiffness or periods of natural oscillations of buildings during earthquakes as a result of the use of special structural devices: sliding belts, connections that can be turned on or off, instal-lation of dynamic vibration dampers, kinematic or pile foundations, which have dissipative characteristics of self-organization, frame-linking systems with complex stiffness dia-phragms, rubber-steel cylindrical supports, etc.The article analyzes the features of design-ing earthquake-resistant steel structures of high-rise buildings. The schemes of earthquake-resistant high-rise buildings with steel frames were studied. The feasibility of using steel en-ergy-absorbing elements is substantiated and schemes for their installation in earthquake-resistant buildings with steel frames are pre-sented.

Porovnanie morfológie kryštálov kremeňa – „marmarošských diamantov“ – zo sekvencií paleogénneho flyšu krosnianskej (sliezskej) a duklianskej zóny v Karpatoch na Ukrajine a vnútrokarpatských paleogénnych sekvencií Západných Karpát

Quartz crystals of “Marmarosh diamonds” type were goniometrically studied in Ukrainian Carpathians from the veins in flysch deposits of Krosno (Silesian) unit (137 crystals, locality 1 – New Beskydy Tunnel) and the Oligocene sediments of the Dukla Zone (77 crystals; loc. 2 – Pryslip pass). They were compared with quartz crystals from intra-Carpathian Paleogene sequences of the Western Carpathians in Slovakia (175 crystals; loc. 3 – Šoltysa stream). The analysis of the obtained results allows to state that the “Marmarosh diamonds” from the studied Ukrainian and Slovak localities are generally similar. The main simple forms represent the hexagonal prism m {101̅0} and the rhombohedra r {101̅1} and z {011̅1}. The following types of crystal habit have been identified: hexagonal-dipyramidal, pseudocubic, hexagonal-prismatic, trigonal-prismatic. For the polyhedra from the Ukrainian Carpathians, minor forms are less typical, such as the trigonal dipyramid s {112̅1} and the trapezoid x {516̅1}. Statistically, the shape of “Marmarosh diamond” crystals from the Ukrainian Carpathians is closer to isometric. For them, elongation along the main crystallographic axis is even less typical than for polyhedra from the Slovak localities. In addition, “Marmarosh diamonds” from the W. Carpathians in Slovakia are more often flattened at {101̅0}. In the process of crystal growth with decreasing temperature, the habit changes from hexagonal-dipyramidal to trigonal-prismatic. Quartz from Krosno (Silesian) zone of Ukrainian Carpathians was found in the association with calcite. There are numerous hydrocarbon inclusions in both minerals. The mineralogical crystallographic and geochemical investigations (especially of the migrating hydrocarbon fluids), are important for oil and gas geology of the Carpathian oil and gas-bearing province.

The Sustainable Development Goals and Catholic Social Teaching Perspective on Biodiversity in the Context of Protection of Forest Ecosystems in the Ukrainian Carpathians

The Sustainable Development Goals and Catholic Social Teaching Perspective on Biodiversity in the Context of Protection of Forest Ecosystems in the Ukrainian Carpathians

Endemic vascular plants in the Ukrainian Carpathians.

This dynamic dataset aims to gather all available data, extracted mostly from the preserved material deposited at the leading Ukrainian herbaria on the distribution of the endemic vascular plants in the Ukrainian Carpathians and adjacent territories. This dataset is created in the framework of mapping the distribution of the endemic plants and is aimed to unveil the patterns of their spatial distribution, ecological preferences and temporal trends in the flora of the Ukrainian Carpathians. A total of 76 species and subspecies of vascular plants belonging to 49 genera and 27 families are reported herein to occur in the Ukrainian Carpathians and close regions. Amongst the total number of reported 6,427 occurrence records, 1,961 records are georeferenced and supported with a translation of Cyrillic information into English. The remaining occurrence records will be georeferenced and translated into English in the near future, as well as the dataset being completed with new records obtained from the new sources. In total, 6,427 occurrence records of the endemic vascular plants distributed in the Ukrainian Carpathians were published.

BRYOPHYTES OF THE NATURE MONUMENT OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE «TEPLA JAMA» WITHIN THE VOLCANIC CARPATHIANS (UKRAINE)

Among all floristic regions of the Ukrainian Carpathians, the Volcanic Carpathians remain relatively poorly studied in terms of bryological research, and the objects of the low-ranking natural reserve fund are almost not covered by floristic investigations. As a result of our research, 60 species of bryophytes were revealed on the territory of the botanical natural monument of local importance «Tepla Yama», which is about 10% of the bryoflora diversity of the Ukrainian Carpathians as a whole. It was found out that in the taxonomic spectrum of bryophytes, the orders Bryales and Hypnales are the richest. The mosses (Bryophyta) are represented by 2 classes, 8 orders, 24 families, 45 genera and 52 species. The species richness of the families Orthotrichaceae (9 species), Brachytheciaceae (6), Neckeraceae and Amblystegiaceae (by 4), Polytrichaceae and Dicranaceae (by 3 species) reflects the general features of the bryoflora structure of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Epiphytes dominate in terms of substrate preference, which is a characteristic feature of bryophytes in broad-leaved forests. The low amount of decaying wood at this stage of forest phytocenosis development is the reason for the small number of epixylic bryophytes. Several rare montane species were found, occurring mainly in primeval and slightly disturbed forests of the Carpathians and Crimea. Among them are Metzgeria conjugata, Zygodon rupestris, Zygodon viridissimus, Ctenidium molluscum, Grimmia hartmanii, as well as Dicranum viride, which occasionally occurs on the plains and is included in the Red Book of bryophytes of Europe (Hodgest, Lockhart, 2020). Therefore, despite the close location of this forest massif to populated areas and its easy accessibility for tourists, it remains a natural center of a significant diversity of bryophytes, including montane species that are rare in Ukraine. Our research has initiated the monitoring of species diversity of this organism group, which will allow forecasting the development of this forest biogeocenosis in the future.

International legal protection of the Carpathians: the Ukrainian dimension

Effective support for the sustainable development of the Carpathian region cannot be provided by only one country, therefore interregional and transnational cooperation is necessary. The article analyzes the provisions of the Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians, which was adopted on May 22, 2003 in Kyiv, as well as its protocols (Protocol on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological and Landscape Diversity dated May 22, 2003, Kyiv, Protocol on Sustainable Forest Management dated May 27, 2011, Bratislava, Protocol on Sustainable Tourism dated May 27, 2011, Bratislava, Protocol on Sustainable Transport dated September 26, 2014, Mikulov, Development Protocol of Agriculture and Rural Areas dated October 12, 2017). It was established that the specified international legal acts are part of the national legislation and ensure: a) comprehensive legal regulation of the protection of the Carpathians as a unique natural, social, ethno-cultural and economic object, which is based on the principles of proper management and sustainable development; b) an integrated approach to the legal protection of the Carpathians in terms of preservation and sustainable use of biological and landscape diversity, sustainable forest management, sustainable tourism, sustainable transport, sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas; c) an ecosystem approach to the use and preservation of natural resources of the Ukrainian Carpathians. At the same time, the Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians, as well as the protocols to it, have a number of legal defects, in particular, some poor wording of norms, insufficient provisions ensuring the implementation of the prescriptions of the specified international legal acts, lack of provisions on responding to violations of obligations.
 In order to fulfill Ukraine's international obligations, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on October 20, 2019, by Resolution No. 880, approved the State Development Program of the Ukrainian Carpathian Region for 2020-2022. The article found out that the priority directions for the sustainable development of the mountainous territories of the Ukrainian Carpathians provided for by the State Program fully implement the provisions of the Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians and its protocols. Achieving the goal of the State Program will be ensured by implementing program measures in four priorities (directions): a) formation of a competitive economy of mountain areas; b) abolition of infrastructural restrictions, development of spatially balanced road, industrial and social infrastructure; c) development of tourism potential by preserving and supporting cultural heritage and traditional crafts of the local population; balanced use of natural healing and recreational resources; d) ensuring environmental safety by restoring forests and optimizing the structure of landscapes; improving the sanitary, hygienic and ecological condition of settlements; construction and modernization of anti-erosion, hydrotechnical, anti-karst, anti-avalanche structures, as well as carrying out measures to protect against flooding and inundation, aimed at preventing the development of dangerous geological processes on the territory.
 The article found that due to the lack of targeted funding from the state budget, the implementation of the Program in 2020 was only 76%. As with any state program, the issue of financing the State Program for the Development of the Ukrainian Carpathian Region for 2020-2022 deserves special attention. In accordance with the section "Amount of financial, material, technical and labor resources necessary for the implementation of the Program", the financial support of the Program is carried out at the expense of funds provided for in the state budget for the relevant year, funds of local budgets, as well as at the expense of international financial and technical assistance and other sources not prohibited by law. Therefore, in order to achieve the tasks set by the State Program, the authors draw attention to the need to adjust the financial and economic mechanism of its provision, although this is extremely difficult in the conditions of martial law.

The Sukil River valley: a natural geological laboratory (case studies from the Ukrainian Carpathians)

Abstract In this chapter we present a brief geological description of the Sukil River valley, which is located in the Ivano-Frankivsk region in the western part of Ukraine, and the interesting geological features found there. Here, different types of rocks are exposed over a small area. The area is rich in various structural features such as joints, small faults, and different types of folds, duplexes and clastic dykes. Two outcrops of folds found in the Cretaceous deposits in the village of Bukivets are unique geosites. In addition, in the city of Bolekhiv, there are the ruins of a saltery. We describe the types of research conducted in this natural laboratory, most of which concerns structural geology. Geological phenomena are studied using both classical approaches and the latest technologies. Electronic compasses were used widely in the study of mesostructures. For the first time, balanced geological sections have been constructed for the territory of the Ukrainian Carpathians both for outcrops and for the entire Sukil River valley. Ground-based laser scanning was used for the detailed mapping of folds in Bukivets. Subsequently, the exposure was studied using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry, which was used to construct virtual geological outcrops that can be used widely for educational purposes. The urgency for creating virtual tours became apparent during the COVID pandemic. These models were also used to create the ‘Geo-Carpathians’ project, a Polish–Ukrainian geotourism route through the Carpathian Mountains. These models can be also used to assist in the teaching of the structural geology of the Carpathians, in the geological training of Earth Sciences students, in excursions for different types of Ukrainian and international conferences, for high-school students, and, indeed, for anyone interested in geology.

ВИДОВЕ РІЗНОМАНІТТЯ РОДУ CORTINARIUS (PERS.) GRAY (CORTINARIACEAE) В НПП «ГУЦУЛЬЩИНА»

The genus Cortinarius is one of the largest in the world among lamellar macromycetes, but in Ukraine the species of this genus are insufficiently studied. Тhe article presents the results of mycological studies of the genus Cortinarius during 2010–2020 in the National Natural Park «Hutsulshchyna». The main goal was to study the species composition of the genus Cortinarius in NNP and to identify rare taxa. Field research was carried out on the territory of NNP «Hutsulshchyna» by route-expedition method. As a result, 41 species of the genus Cortinarius were identified, among which one species of C. сaperatus is included in the IUCN lists. The genus under study is a mycorrhizal macromycetes. Among the identified species, 41 % are common in all forest ecosystems, 29 % are highly specialized (associated with specific parterre trees), 8 % grow only in deciduous forests and 10 % – in conifers. The narrowly specialized ones include: Cortinarius flexipes (birch), C. argentatus, C. prasinus (beech), C. purpureus, C. rubellus, C. variicolor (spruce), C. acutus, C. mucosus, C. mucifluoides, C. sanguineus, C. traganus, C. violaceus (pine). The analysis is made: the ratio of the number of species of the genus Cortinarius in the world and in Ukraine, the species richness of the studied genus using the Turing coefficient, the distribution of species by categories of abundance and by affiliation to tree species. The most common species on the territory of NNP «Hutsulshchyna» were: Cortinarius anomalus, C. caerulescens, C. caperatus, C. delibutus, C. multiformis, C. trivialis, C. violaceus. Rare in the NNP include 13 species: Cortinarius camphoratus, C. eburneus, C. hemitrichus, C. flexipes, C. mucifluoides, C. mucosus, C. pholideus, C. praestans, C. prasinus, C. rubellus, C. traganus, C. triumphans, C. variicolor. Іn the Ukrainian Carpathians 19 genus: Cortinarius acutus, C. argentatus, C. armillatus, C. bolaris, C. caerulescens, C. decipiens, C. mucosus, C. hemitrichus, C. flexipes, C. mucifluoides, C. eburneus, C. ochroleucus, C. pholideus, C. praestans, C. prasinus, C. purpureus, C. torvus, C. triumphans, C. trivialis are registered only on the territory of National Natural Park «Hutsulshchyna».

THE ANALYSIS OF THE DNIESTER RIVER HIGH WATER REGIME (WITHIN THE IVANO-FRANKIVSK AND TERNOPIL REGIONS)

The Dniester is one of the main cross-border rivers of Eastern Europe. It originates from a source in a forest located in the Ukrainian Carpathians and flows into the Black Sea. The total length of the Dniester River is 1,350 kilometers, and the area of the basin is more than 72,000 square kilometers.
 The geological structure of the Dniester basin is complex. In some sections, the channel cuts through rocks of different ages and origins.
 One of the characteristic features of the Dniester hydrographic network is the absence of large tributaries and the presence of a significant number of small ones. More than 14 thousand tributaries up to 10 km long. There are also 65 reservoirs and more than three thousand ponds in the Dniester basin. In Ukraine, a hydropower complex has been created from the main and buffer reservoirs and a bulk reservoir on the Dniester. The construction of reservoirs in the Dniester hydropower complex significantly changed the ecological situation in the basin, acting as a barrier to the entry of pollutants in the lower reaches of the river.
 The average flow of water in the lower reaches of the Dniester is 311 cubic meters per second, and the average volume of annual runoff is about 10 cubic kilometers. About 60% of the river's annual runoff falls on the summer-autumn period, 25% on the spring period due to snow melting, and 15% on the winter period, which forms mainly through the soil nourishment of the river.
 The Dniester belongs to the number of rivers whose water regime is well studied. Observations of the river's water level began as early as 1850. At different times, up to 30 hydrological stations functioned on the Dniester.
 A characteristic feature of the Dniester is the high water regime. Every year, up to 5 high waters are observed on the river, during which the water level can rise by 3-4 meters, and sometimes even more. The largest amplitude of the water level fluctuations – up to 9–10 meters – can be observed at the Zalischyky post above the Dniester Reservoir. Maximum water flows pass through the Dniester in both spring and summer, but high water flows are much higher than flood flows.
 Floods and high waters are not uncommon in the Ukrainian Carpathians, where the Dniester River originates. Catastrophic high waters in the Carpathians occur once every 30-40 years. Since the beginning of systematic hydrological observations on the Dniester, such high waters have been recorded in 1941, 1969 and 2008. For example, at the Zalischyky post in the Dniester basin, the maximum water flow was 8040 m3/s in September 1941, 5450 m3/s in June 1969, and 5410 m3/s in July 2008. However, at many hydrological stations (Strilky, Sambir, Halych, Nyzhniv, Mohyliv-Podilskyi), it was the last high water that was the highest.
 A comparison of the characteristics of high waters in June 1969 and July 2008 allows us to conclude that they were formed under similar synoptic conditions, in the presence of a stationary cyclone over the central and southern regions of the Carpathians, which was characterized by high moisture saturation and a developed system of fronts.
 In both cases, a few days before the beginning of the high water formation, intense precipitation was observed, which reduced the water-regulating capabilities of the forest.
 Thus, it can be argued that the high water of 2008 is comparable to the high water of 1969.
 However, there are some differences. In particular, the feature of the high water in 2008 was not only a significant rise in the water level, but also the high speed of its formation. In three and a half days, the water level in the Dniester rose by more than 6 m.
 The 2008 high water caused significant flooding, which could have been even greater without the Dniester Reservoir, which acted as flood control.
 For the period of 2010-2021, the years 2010 and 2020 can be noted for their high water level. In these years, high waters due to rainfall were observed on the Dniester, which caused significant material damage, which makes high water forecasting important.
 Key words: high water, high water regime, natural hydrological phenomenon, maximum water level values.

DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL METHODS IN THE STUDY OF GEOMORPHOLOGICAL NATURAL HAZARDS IN THE CARPATHIANS

The specifics of dendrochronological methods in the study of the most common hazardous slope processes are examined: snow avalanches, landslides, rockfalls and debris flows. The dendrogeomorphological methods mainly refer to the study and dating of tree rings of coniferous species (Larix decidua, Picea abies, Pinus cembra, Pinus mugo) and less deciduous species (Fagus sylavatica). In this way, they aim to interpret past events recorded in the structure of the tree rings in terms of their deformations and damage. The most typical signs of response to geomorphological natural hazards are mechanical disturbances including injures, scars and raising ducts on trees, inclination of tree stems, broken brunches and crowns and denudations of roots. Dendrogeomorphological methods are valuable tools for reconstructing hazardous geomorphological processes under conditions of an insufficient stationary monitoring network for natural hazards. Moreover, such methods allow not only dating and thus determining the recurrence of natural hazards, but also spatially determining the coverage of the territory by hazardous geomorphological processes. This function is particularly important This characteristic is particularly important for the assessment of remote regions with complex topography, especially mountainous regions. A retrospective analysis of earlier developments in this field shows the suitability of such methods for the reconstruction of hazardous geomorphological processes in mountainous regions.
 The application of dendrogeomorphological methods in the reconstruction of hazardous geomorphological processes was introduced in geomorphological studies in the 1970s. Most dendrogeomorphological studies on mountain regions are currently being carried out in Switzerland, the Czech Republic, France, Spain, Italy, Poland, Romania and the USA. Dendrogeomorphological methods are among the most important absolute methods for the identification and reconstruction of landslides, especially those that have occurred in recent centuries. Landslides, like other hazardous geomorphological processes, particularly affect the growth of trees, which is reflected in their impaired growth. Dendrogeomorphological methods are also considered reliable to reconstruct, predict and mitigate the consequences of mudflows.
 Czech, Polish and Romanian Carpathians are the common objects of the dendrogeomorphological studies in the Carpathians. Here, the reconstruction of snow avalanches is one of the most common dendrogeomorphological research in the Carpathians. At the same time, while in the parts of the Carpathians located in the other countries, such studies are active, in the Ukrainian Carpathians, still with insufficient possibilities for automated monitoring, such studies are scarce. The authors have already successfully tested such methods for the reconstruction of snow avalanches in the Ukrainian Carpathians (Chornohora and Borzhava massifs) while learning from Romanian experience in the Rodna and Maramuresh massifs of Eastern Carpathians. The dendrochronological results are congruent to stationary snow avalanche observations, evidence of residents and relevant services. The perspective of the authors’ studies in the field is related to the further testing of dendrochronological methods in the reconstruction of other dangerous geomorphological processes (landslides, rockfalls, mudslides) in the Eastern Carpathians on the example of the Chornohora and Poloninsky massifs using samples of damaged tree-rings of Picea abies, Abies alba, and Fagus sylvatica.
 Key words: dendrogeomorhological methods, geomorphological natural hazards, Carpathians, snow avalanches, tree rings.

PREREQUISITES AND TOURISM AND RECREATION SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SACRALIZATION OF MONUMENTS OF ANIMAL NATURE IN THE IVANO-FRANKIVSK REGION

There is a large number of geological and geomorphological monuments in Prykarpattia, which, in addition to scientific significance, also have a sacred significance, since the objects of inanimate nature were among the first that people used in religious life, endowing them with supernatural power. Nowadays, many geological and geomorphological objects of the Ivano-Frankivsk region have significant potential for use in religious tourism and the formation of the spiritual and religious worldview of the population.
 Ukraine has great potential for the development of tourism and recreational activities. Ivano-Frankivsk region within the Carpathian region is located in the foothills and mountainous part of the Ukrainian Carpathians and is characterized by significant bio- and geodiversity and picturesque landscapes. On the territory of the region, as a result of complex internal and external geological and geomorphological processes, unique, valuable and diverse geological and geomorphological monuments of nature were formed, their purposeful and systematic study is an important direction of scientific research, because monuments of inanimate nature are not reproducible and can undergo anthropogenic and other influences. Geological and geomorphological objects were among the first natural objects to which people attached sacred meaning, believed in their spiritual properties and supernatural power. Many geological and geomorphological monuments of Prykarpattia within Ivano-Frankivsk region have significant potential for use in religious tourism and formation of the spiritual and religious worldview of the population.
 The article analyzes scientific views on the definition of the concepts: "natural monument", "inanimate nature monument", "geological natural monument", "sacred object", the main features of the geological and geomorphological structure of the study area are investigated in the context of possible the acquisition of sacred meaning by natural objects, the diversity and peculiarities of the location of geological and geomorphological monuments of Prykarpattia with an indication of their sacred meaning are determined, the tourist and recreational significance of sacred objects of natural origin in Prykarpattia is outlined.
 It was established that the complexity of the lithologic-structural structure, as well as internal and external processes in the landscapes, contributed to the formation of a large number of geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological objects of inanimate nature in the Carpathians, which are the geological heritage of Ukraine, and are also places of sacred significance. Within the limits of Ivano-Frankivsk region, among the geological and geomorphological monuments, the following groups of inanimate objects of a sacred nature are distinguished: mountain peaks, rock complexes, water objects, grottoes. In the percentage ratio of groups of sacred objects of inanimate nature by geological and geomorphological features, we can see that the largest percentage of sacred natural objects is made up of such groups as we have highlighted, such as rock complexes and hydro objects (41% each), to a lesser extent - peaks mountains (15%), and the least - caves (3%).
 Sacred objects of inanimate nature within Ivano-Frankivsk region are unevenly located, most of them are located in the mountainous and foothills of the region, which once again proves the dependence of the presence of monuments of inanimate nature on geological and geomorphological processes, in particular, weathering, karst formation, exits of underground of waters, the complex action of several processes.
 The largest concentration of sacred natural monuments can be traced within the boundaries of the Kosiv district - 16 objects. 14 sacred objects are located on the territory of Ivano-Frankivsk district, 12 - located in Nadvirnyanskyi district, 6 - in Verkhovynskyi district, 5 - in Kalusskyi district and 1 in Kolomiyskyi district.
 The sacred content of these objects provides an opportunity for the development of religious tourism in the Ivano-Frankivsk region in such directions as: - sacred tourism - where geological and geomorphological objects act as objects of a sacred nature; - religious tourism - the possibility of using monuments of inanimate nature as objects for studying the history of religions; - pilgrimage tourism - where mountain tops, rock complexes, hydraulic objects and grottoes are a place of healing, prayer, repentance, thanksgiving; - esoteric tourism - where geological and geomorphological objects can contribute to the expansion of the traditional religious worldview.
 Key words: natural prerequisites, sacred objects of inanimate nature, geological monuments, geomorphological monuments, Ivano-Frankivsk region.

КРЕМЕНЕЦЬКИЙ ПЕРІОД ТВОРЧОСТІ ВІДОМОГО ВЧЕНОГО ТА ПЕДАГОГА – КОСТЯНТИНА АДРІАНОВИЧА ТАТАРИНОВА

K. A. Tatarinov was a multifaceted personality, he made a significant contribution to the development of paleozoology, hunting science, ornithology and teriology in Ukraine. The article describes the main events of the Kremenets period of the scientist's life and work. The described period dates from August 1958 to August 1963. While working in Kremenets, he not only a scientist, but also develops as a manager, starting his career in August 1958 as a senior lecturer at the Department of Zoology Kremenets Pedagogical Institute, after two years - an associate professor, and since February 1961 - head of the specified department. Konstantin Adrianovych during his work at the Kremenets Pedagogical Institute, showed himself as a talented teacher with deep theoretical knowledge, hardworking and persistent scientist. Already at that time he understood the need for domestic and foreign creative scientific cooperation scientists with the aim of developing a unified program of stationary faunistic and zoogeographic studies. During the short 6 years of work at the Department of Zoology of the Kremenets Pedagogical Institute, Kostyantyn Adrianovych systematically organized annual educational field trips, worked on the creation and replenishment of the educational (museum) collection of bird and mammal skins, and conducted intensive speleozological research. At this time the scientist begins the cycle paleozoological studies, in particular the study of the fossil fauna of caves Podillia, modern and fossil vertebrate fauna of the mountain system Prykarpattia and Ukrainian Carpathians. In general, the field of scientific research in this period is very diverse from paleontology, zoogeography, zoology to phenology nature and ecology of vertebrates. During this time, he prepared and published the textbooks "Textbook of Zoology" and "Vertebrate Zoology", published a number of scientific works on fossil birds, small mammals and dolphins of Podillia (60 publications in total). Scientific results studies quite fully represent faunal diversity and faunal wealth of vertebrate animals of Kremenets and its surroundings and cover the forest massifs of the Eastern Carpathians and Hologoro-Kremenetskyi highlands, dry meadows, cave groups of mammals.
 In his pedagogical activities, he pays a lot of attention to highlighting contemporary achievements of zoology, the role of Ukrainian scientists in the study of the species and zoogeographic diversity of the vertebrate fauna of Kremenech region.

ГІЛЛЯСТОВУСІ (CLADOCERA) Й ВЕСЛОНОГІ (COPEPODA: CALANOIDA, CYCLOPOIDA) РАКОПОДІБНІ МАРМАРОСЬКИХ ГІР (УКРАЇНСЬКІ КАРПАТИ)

There are noted 11 species of plankton crustaceans (7 – Cladocera and 4 – Copepoda (Calanoida and Cyclopoida)) from the reservoirs of the Ukrainian part of the Marmarosh Mountains. 
 The high mountain glacial lake Kryvave, the forest lake of the overflow type (landslide) Shchevora, small swamp and some of the puddles are investigated. Lake Kryvave is located at an altitude of 1620 m above sea level in the glacial crust of Mt. Pip Ivan Marmarosky within the subalpine vegetation. Its size is 38.8 by 19.4 m, the maximum depth is 0.5 m. Lake Shchevora is located at an altitude of 1209 m above sea level in a hollow in a spruce forest with an admixture of beech. The size of the lake is 61.5 by 21.8 m. The recorded maximal depth is 1.6 m, but the lake might be much deeper.
 The most common species in this area are Chydorus sphaericus (O. F. Müller, 1776) and Acanthocyclops vernalis (Fischer, 1853). The others species has a more local distribution in the Marmarosh Mountains. Daphnia obtusa Kurz, 1874, Chydorus sphaericus, Acanthocyclops vernalis and Mixodiaptomus tatricus (Wierzejski, 1883) inhabited in the subalpine reservoirs upper 1515 m above sea level. These communities are typical for high mountain shallow reservoirs of Chornohora, Svydivets massifs too. This indicates that the hydrofauna of the Marmarosh Mountains belongs to the high mountain fauna of Carpathians.
 Mixodiaptomus tatricus, which inhabits the reservoirs of subalpine and alpine zones of southeastern Europe is specific stenotopic species to the communities of the Ukrainian Carpathians and is present by an isolated population in the reservoirs on the slopes of Mt. Pip Ivan Marmarosky. 
 The total density of planktonic crustaceans in the lakes is very low (0.5–1.3 thous. ind./m3), because of cold water, a small amount of organic matter, absence or lack of aquatic macrophytes. The most numerous planktonic crustaceans are in subalpine puddles – up to 138.5 thous. ind./m3. The total density of planktonic crustaceans in road puddles does not exceed 6 thous. ind./m3. The maximum density was reached Daphnia obtusa – to 54,5 and Chydorus sphaericus – to 51,3 thous. ind./m3 from other species.
 Lake Kryvave and the puddle on the slopes of Mt. Stig are oligosaprobic, while the other reservoirs are β-mesosaprobic.