Relations In Ukraine Research Articles

РОЗВИТОК МІЖНАРОДНИХ ТОРГІВЕЛЬНИХ ВІДНОСИН В КОНТЕКСТІ МІЖНАРОДНОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ

Introduction. Integration into the global economy and active participation in international trade contribute to economic development, job creation, and improved living standards. The application of international management in this context helps companies to effectively manage their international operations, adapt to different cultural and regulatory environments, and ensure sustainable development in the global economy. The purpose of the article. International trade is an important element of the global economic system that affects the development and welfare of countries. The main purpose of this article is to study the essence of international trade and its role in the system of international management. Formulation of the goal allowed us to identify a number of tasks to clarify the essence of international trade and the main factors of its development, to analyze the trends in Ukraine's trade with the European Union and the rest of the world. Metods. The study of international trade development in the context of international management requires the use of empirical research methods and analysis of statistical data that allow for a comprehensive analysis of market dynamics, the commodity structure of international trade, and the impact of global processes. Results. The article proves that international trade is a central link in the complex system of the global economy and plays a key role in the interaction between countries and regions of the world, influencing their economies, politics and society. It is also determined that international trade provides countries with access to a variety of goods and services that they do not produce or cannot produce on their own. The paper substantiates the importance of import and export growth in developed countries and identifies the interrelationships between different regions of the world. An important aspect of Ukraine's international trade based on Ukraine's relations with the European Union is also highlighted. The steps that Ukraine is taking to maintain such relations are also outlined. Based on the analysis, it is proved that Ukraine's exports are growing, especially in the context of trade with the EU, but there are certain dynamics and peculiarities in interaction with other regions of the world. Conclusiоns. The development of Ukraine's export potential and integration into the global economy are possible only if the structure of international trade is radically improved. To achieve these goals, it is necessary to use various forms of international economic cooperation.

ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN THE FIELD OF OUTSOURCING: UKRAINIAN AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

This article notes that the legal regulation of outsourcing in Ukraine and abroad is based on specific laws and regulatory acts. It analyzes that Ukrainian outsourcing companies provide about 80% of their services to foreign clients, indicating offshore outsourcing. Currently, numerous highly developed countries are the most active consumers of Ukrainian outsourcing. It is identified that the absence of a definition of outsourcing contracts in Ukrainian legislation poses a significant obstacle to the activities of outsourcing enterprises in Ukraine. Reforming the legislation in the field of service provision, particularly Chapter 63 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, is necessary to create regulatory conditions for outsourcing activities.Emphasis is placed on the creation of a separate regulatory legal act that considers the specifics and characteristics of outsourcing as a type of economic activity. It is argued that aligning with general principles of international law should form the basis for developing legal norms in the field of Ukrainian outsourcing.The article characterizes that the activation and strengthening of the role of the service sector in Ukraine's relations with other countries necessitate integrating national legislation with international norms. In this context, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is a significant source that establishes the fundamental principles of international trade in services: most-favored-nation treatment, transparency of regulation, mutual recognition of qualifications, and rules regulating monopolies and competition. The Civil Code of Ukraine is analyzed, underscoring that the concept of outsourcing is not defined, which similarly applies to the Commercial Code. However, it is referenced in specific regulatory acts, notably in paragraph 6 of Part 1 of Article 2 of the Law of Ukraine "On Capital Markets and Organized Commodity Markets."It emphasizes that the concepts of outsourcing discussed in the article define the organizational nature of outsourcing contracts, characterizing the scope of their implementation, as well as the tools and expected outcomes of implementation. Simultaneously, integrating outsourcing into an organization's activities enables it to make organizational changes aimed at enhancing efficiency through minimal costs. Introducing such an effective organizational tool into the country's economic activity requires proper legal regulation.

FINANCIAL FLOWS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS (UKRAINE – EU)

The article is devoted to the international trade and economic relations of Ukraine with the countries of the world. Considerable attention is paid to relations between Ukraine and the European Union (EU). Ukraine considers the way to EU membership. Attention is drawn to the European integration progress of our country, which is a natural consequence of Ukraine's independence. The most acceptable ways for regulation of relations in the area of international business activity are considered. The main goal of Ukraine is to create conditions for joining the community of developed European countries by means of large-scale internal transformations. Trade and economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union became an inevitable political reality. European guidelines became a practical reflection of a number of decisions and actions of official bodies of the Ukrainian state and the European Union. The fact that the European choice of Ukraine does not change is explained by the fact that it is a community of European nations. Integration into the European political, financial, economic and humanitarian space is a strategic orientation of the state development and a factor of systemic development. The components of the rapprochement process of Ukraine with the European Union are the deepening of the political dialogue, the strengthening of the European security space and the improvement of the effectiveness of cooperation tools in the priority areas of "integration". In the current foreign and domestic political situation, Ukraine's relations with the European Union are extremely important in this aspect. It is not only about more or less active relations with a more powerful foreign partner, but also about Ukraine's ability to make strategic decisions for the future, which depends on the position and role of the state in the new international order of financial and economic relations.

Surmounting of the impediments on the way to Ukraine`s accession to the European Union

The paper highlights the topic of European integration. Ukraine has decided on the vector of foreign policy, setting the goal of integration into the European political, economic and legal space with the aim of gaining membership in the European Union. Namely, accession to the EU is a strong incentive for development and improvement of many aspects of the functioning of our state. In 2022, during an extremely challenging period for Ukraine, a qualitatively new stage of European integration began – Ukraine received the EU candidate status, which made the prospects of joining the European community feasible, became a catalyst for further reforms, and an incentive for the authorities and citizens of the country. The EU candidate status has opened up a number of vectors for our country to carry out reforms in various areas. These are primarily structural changes, shift away from the consumer economy model, improvement of production efficiency, expansion of access to new technologies, new investments, etc. This is the country`s achievement of a new level of development comparable to EU member states. Six fundamental values of the European Union – supremacy of law, respect for human dignity, democracy, freedom, equality and respect for human rights – these are the most vital worldview principles, which are close and understandable to our society – to every Ukrainian. They exactly unite us with Europeans more than any laws or agreements. The EU enlargement process opens new strategic prospects for Ukraine and additional opportunities to deepen the European integration policy of our state. However, at the same time, at the current stage of Ukraine's relations with the European Union, there are many problems that must be eliminated, in order to become a member of the EU. In this paper, we considered Ukraine's path to European integration, highlighting the opinions of political and public figures regarding the importance of our state for European space. It was noted which criteria for EU membership exist, it was also analyzed which of them Ukraine has already fulfilled. Attention was focused on the reforms that should be carried out in order to obtain EU membership. It was clarified what are the obstacles to the European integration of Ukraine and it was indicated the ways to overcome them.

Prosecution for the most serious international crimes committed in Ukraine during the full-scale military invasion of the aggressor country: jurisdictional aspects

The conceptual issues, related to the construction of the system of international criminal justice, ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and features of cooperation of Ukraine with the International Criminal Court, are examined in the article.
 The main reasons for the delay in Ukraine's ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court are analyzed, and attention is drawn to the inconsistent and contradictory position of Ukraine, which does not use the mechanisms of criminal prosecution for the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression provided for by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Ukraine has signed the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and invites the latter to investigate crimes committed by the aggressor country in Ukraine, but does not fulfill its obligations, does not ratify the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and does not recognize its jurisdiction (except for special jurisdiction).
 The need to harmonize substantive and procedural law of Ukraine to the provisions of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court is emphasized. The prospects, negative and legal consequences of Ukraine's ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in the context of a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine by an aggressor country, as well as European integration processes and the requirements of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union are studied. The thesis is proved that Ukraine's non-ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court may affect the possibility of bringing the aggressor country to justice, despite the fact that Ukraine used a special procedure of recognizing the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.
 The main aspects of the activity and jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court were considered. Attention is drawn to the fact that Ukraine's relations with the International Criminal Court are based on the principle of complementarity of jurisdictions. The essence, significance and advantages of Ukraine's cooperation with the International Criminal Court, as well as the possibility of bringing the aggressor country to justice for the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression, have been studied. Based on the results of such a study, it was concluded that the recognition of the jurisdiction of the ICC (not only the special jurisdiction due to Clause 3 of Article 12 of the Rome Statute) for Ukraine is a priority and indispensable component of its European path of development and a real opportunity at the international level to prosecute top officials of the aggressor country for crimes committed in Ukraine.
 The ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court provides additional opportunities for the national judiciary, will lead to the strengthening of the rule of law and, thanks to access to the International Criminal Court, will allow the aggressor country to be held accountable for crimes committed during a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine.

Problems and prospects of Ukraines economic cooperation with the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

The paper provides an analytical review of the main socio-economic indicators of ASEAN countries. The authors substantiated that one of the main directions of deepening economic cooperation, laid at the basis of the creation of ASEAN, was the promotion of trade both within the grouping and with other countries of the world. The dynamics of changes in the volumes of export and import of the Association of southeast asian nations were studied. The structure of trade in services and the geographical structure of trade in goods of the group for 2021 were analyzed. The issue of economic cooperation between Ukraine and ASEAN countries was revealed. A detailed comparative analysis of the main statistical indicators regarding the development trends of Ukraine's economic cooperation with the ASEAN countries in the field of trade in goods and services was carried out. The commodity and geographical structure of export-import operations between Ukraine and ASEAN countries was considered. A detailed analysis of Ukraine's foreign trade operations by individual ASEAN member countries showed that Indonesia remains the most popular export destination for Ukrainian goods. Further prospects for the development of Ukraine's relations with ASEAN countries in the context of integration into the world economy were highlighted. The methods of scientific research that were used to achieve the goal and to solve the tasks of the article are the following: grouping, classification, quantitative and qualitative comparisons, structural and economic-statistical analysis, graphic. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is the determination of prospects for the further development of Ukraine's trade and economic relations with ASEAN countries. As a result of the study, it was established that both Ukraine and ASEAN countries show mutual interest in intensifying trade and economic relations. In order to strengthen its position in the Asian market, Ukraine should not only increase the volume of exports of food products and ferrous metals to ASEAN countries, but also sign a free trade agreement with them in order to obtain competitive advantages for its products.

The importance of the autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine for the confessional policy of the Russian Federation in Central and Eastern Europe

The subject of the article is an analysis of the impact of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine's autocephaly process on Ukraine's relations with the Russian Federation. Orthodoxy, understood as both a religious institution and a denomination, has been a constant and most important component of Russia's identity since the very beginning of its existence. It remains the dominant religion in the Russian Federation, despite the religious diversity resulting from the multi-ethnic nature of the state. The aim of the article is to analyze the role of the Orthodox Church in the internal and foreign policy of the Russian Federation. In Russian-Ukrainian relations, it played an important role in supporting activities such as the annexation of Crimea or support for pro-Russian separatists in the Donbas. The position of the Russian Orthodox Church in contemporary Russia is also associated with a specific type (model) of the policy pursued by that state, referred to as "confessional policy (diplomacy)", integrally connected with the issues of religious security of the country. The analysis of the content of the program documents of the state institutions of the Russian Federation and internal organizations of the Russian Orthodox Church allows to distinguish the so-called differentia specifica, characterizing the community of assumptions and the identity of actions undertaken by state and church institutions in Russia. Church institutions are perceived as the so-called The "national" church of the Russian Federation. This results in the Church becoming entangled in various parapolitical affiliations, which in turn has specific implications in the political and interfaith sphere. The authors, on the basis of the conducted analysis, conclude that the autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine is essential for the country's independence from Russia – it strengthens the Ukrainian national identity and limits Russian influence in this country.

Grounds and methods of systematization of legislation of Ukraine in the field of intellectual property

Keywords: intellectual property law; systematization of legislation, codification,copyright, industrial property law
 The article is sanctified to researchof the modern state of the legislative regulation of intellectual property relations inUkraine and the ways of its improvement in the direction of systematizing the relevantlegislation. Scientific approaches to determining the place of intellectual propertylaw in the legal system of Ukraine are considered. It is shown that now in Ukrainethere is a unique model of legislative regulation of these relations, which includes 3levels: the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Economic Code of Ukraine, special laws regulatingthe protection of rights to inventions, utility models, industrial designs, trademarks,and other objects. Such division of legislative acts is based on different volumeand subject of regulation of legislative acts. As a result of undertaken a study andtaking into account foreign experience two alternative ways of codification of legislationare certain in the field of intellectual property: within the limits of operating theCivil code of Ukraine and Economic code of Ukraine taking into account the differentiationof the subjects of its regulation, or in the direction of individual codifications ofcopyright and industrial property law as institutions intellectual property law. It issubstantiated that the second way has significant advantages over the unified (general)settlement of relations in the field of spiritual and scientific and technical creativitysince it takes into account the essential specifics of these two components of intellectualproperty law, which is due to the difference in the subjects of their regulation.Guidelines for choosing the appropriate direction of codification are proposed.

Development and Problematic Issues of Ukraine's Partnership with the Neighbouring EU Member States

The paper highlights development and some problematic issues of Ukraine's relations with the neighbouring European Union Member States - the Republic of Poland, Hungary, Romania and the Slovak Republic, that have been escalated and exploited from time to time by the Russian Federation. This situation poses a potential threat to Ukraine and international security in the Carpathian region and needs to be resolved as soon as possible. This also emphasizes the aggravation of Ukrainian-Hungarian relations after a conservative and essentially authoritarian government, headed by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, had come into power in 2010. A perceptible increase in tension between the parties is related to Ukraine's 2017 Education Act and the situation of the Hungarian national minority in Transcarpathia. Additionally, the paper focuses on Ukrainian-Polish contradictions in issues of historical memory and problems of Ukrainian migrants in Poland, Ukrainian-Romanian territorial disputes and some problems of Ukrainian-Slovak relations, in particular regarding the "Rusyns question" and so on. The author stresses that Ukraine belongs geographically and politically to Central Europe, therefore the states of this region are its most obvious friends and partners, and the task of governmental, regional and public institutions, international organisations and regional groupings is to overcome existing conflict situations and problems in mutual relations by joint active and consistent efforts. The factor of European integration, economic cooperation and interdependence of neighbouring countries, security challenges in Europe from Russia's aggression and the latest threats in contemporary international relations are strong levers for this, as well as for deepening interstate partnership and neighbourly, mutually beneficial cooperation between peoples of the Carpathian region

THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN UKRAINE AND NATO IN THE 21st CENTURY

The purpose of the article is to show the development process of Ukraine's relations with NATO in the economic sphere, to analyze the main directions and tasks of economic cooperation, to trace the dynamics of their development and dependence on the domestic political situation in Ukraine during recent decades. Methodology. The research is based on the analysis of official electronic sources and reports on the activities and cooperation of NATO countries with the Ukrainian side. The data from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, the Ministry of Energy of Ukraine and the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine were used. As a result of the research there can be traced a clear pattern of dependence of the implementation of the number of new programs on economic cooperation with the actual vector of foreign policy relations of the highest authorities of Ukraine. Although this vector has changed dramatically over the last twenty years since the election of the new president, the indicators of funding and implementation of the new cooperation programs demonstrate a positive dynamics in Ukraine-NATO relations, especially with the active support of our country’s political leadership. Practical implications. As Ukraine has chosen the European path of development, it is important to understand the patterns of economic cooperation both between the countries of the NATO bloc itself and between the Allies. The materials for the analysis of the results of cooperation can serve as a basis for further projects and the development of allied relations. Value/originality. The article opens opportunities for further research and comparison of economic cooperation programs of the other blocs with which Ukraine has cooperated for the last quarter of a century.

The current state of investment and financial cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union

Relevance of research topic. Nowadays the Ukraine's relations with the European Union are extremely important. European integration for Ukraine is a strategic choice for the future, and it makes a great influence on the place and role of the state in the new system of international relations, including economic, monetary and financial ones. Formulation of the problem. Ukraine's reform agenda is comprehensive and requires significant financial resources that cannot be raised solely from domestic sources. This determines the importance of attracting foreign funds, including those from the EU as a strategic partner of Ukraine, as well as the creation of a favourable investment climate and therefore the intensification of foreign investment. Analysis of recent research and publications. In the background of Ukraine's European integration intentions, a significant number of scientists study the problems and prospects of investment and financial cooperation between Ukraine and the EU. This cooperation is the subject of constant monitoring by European government agencies and central executive bodies of Ukraine as well. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. In the conditions of unstable global political and economic environment, new challenges in the region and the extreme dynamism of investment and financial processes, it is necessary to conduct the research reflecting the current state of investment and financial cooperation between Ukraine and the EU. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. Highlighting the state of investment and financial cooperation between Ukraine and the EU at the current stage of Ukraine's European integration. Method or methodology for conducting research. System and structural approach, method of logical analysis, statistical method, method of graphic analysis, method of comparison, method of structuring. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The paper describes the political background for investment and financial cooperation between Ukraine and the EU. The analysis of foreign direct investments in Ukraine by countries of origin and by areas of attraction is carried out; the dynamics of direct investments from EU countries in Ukraine's economy for 2010-2019 is described. The current state of application of the valid instruments of investment and financial support given to Ukraine by the EU is analyzed. The areas of priority attention in the process of implementing reforms in terms of attracting the investment from the EU are identified. The field of application of results. Research of Ukraine’s European integration problems, educational process (in the preparation of the relevant sections of textbooks and tutorials for courses “International Economics”, “Global Economics”, “Finance”). Conclusions according to the article. The EU sustainable financial support covers many sectors of the economy and public life in Ukraine, including agriculture, infrastructure, transport and energy, small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as democratic reforms, overcoming the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, research and innovation, the environment, support for military conflict victims, etc. The EU supports Ukraine through various instruments, including macro-financial assistance, the European Financial Institutions (EBRD and the EIB), bilateral support from EU member states, the EU External Investment Plan, the European Neighbourhood Instrument, and the Instrument contributing to Stability and Peace. The volumes of EU foreign direct investment in Ukraine still remain low, and their structure by country of origin is not optimal. It is important for Ukraine to attract investments from the most developed EU countries, which is possible only if an attractive investment climate is formed, and the rule of law and the fight against the corruption are ensured.

УКРАЇНА У ФРАНЦУЗЬКОМУ ФОКУСІ: ПОЗИЦІЯ ПАРИЖА

The main objective of the study is to analyze France's position on contemporary French-Ukrainian relations, the status of the Crimea and the reintegration of the Donbas. Concerning methodology the systematic method was used for comprehensive studying of French approaches to problematic issues, such as the reintegration of the Donbas, the annexation of Crimea, and the revitalization of French investment in Ukraine. A comparative analysis of the statements of French MP V. Faure-Muntian and Ukrainian MP O. Voloshyn reveals certain elements of the information war. The official position of France on the Russian-Ukrainian conflict 2014–2020 was analyzed. The hypothetical potential of Ukraine as a market for France and the main obstacle for French investments – corruption – has been clarified. It was proved that despite the fact that Ukraine's relations with France are not strategic, they have entered into a phase of strengthening their importance for Ukraine through the participation of France in the Normandy format, the French position on Russia and sanctions against that state and such events as France’s joining to signatories of the Budapest Memorandum and Brexit, through which France becomes the only nuclear country in the EU. The conclusion is drawn about the unpredictability of France's long-term strategy for Ukraine because of its significant dependence on the concept of the French president, who defines foreign and defence policy, and the results of the presidential race are unpredictable enough, as proved by the recent presidential elections in 2017. Recommendations underline the urgency of overcoming corruption; its success will determine French–Ukrainian economic relations. The priority is given to tracking elements of the information war and responding immediately, and if possible preventing it by spreading information more widely about Ukraine in France. It is highlighted the expediency of acquainting the French with the achievements of Ukraine in the field of culture and art that is one of the methods for the best presentation of the positives of Ukraine in France.

UKRAINE – THE NATO: MUTUAL RELATIONS AND PARTNERSHIPS MAIN STAGES

The aim of the research is to identify and analyse the main stages of Ukraine's relations with the North Atlantic Alliance by characterizing the milestones and optimizing the main parameters of interaction in the context of the latest geopolitical coordinates. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism, as well as general and specialized scientific methods and the interdisciplinary and systematic approaches application. The scientific novelty is that, for the first time in historiography, the author’s periodization of Ukraine’s relation with the NATO has been proposed. The Conclusions. The NATO-Ukraine relations have come a long way from the Special Partnership Charter, the Action Plan, the Intensified Dialogue on Membership, and others. documents that have generated significant versatile potential for the Euro-Atlantic choices. The NATO and Ukraine have a long history of mutual relations, from multi-vector and neutrality to accelerated integration and constitutional consolidation of Ukraine’s accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Characteristic of Ukraine-NATO cooperation is the process of its structural modernization and intensification of political dialogue in the political and military spheres. Under current conditions, the NATO-Ukraine relations play an important role in enhancing Ukraine’s defense capability to counter the Russian aggression, will help strengthen national security, reform the armed forces by the NATO standards, and create the foundations for Ukraine’s democratic development. Ukraine’s further movement to the NATO appears to be an alternative in today’s international and regional security environment. The acceleration of Ukraine’s emergence as a full-fledged component of the Euro-Atlantic civilization and its promotion to the NATO membership depends on the political will of the new political generation and Ukrainian society

СТАН ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ ЗОВНІШНЬОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ПРОТИДІЇ РОСІЙСЬКІЙ АГРЕСІЇ

Introduction. Ukraine's foreign policy is carried out in the difficult conditions of the transformation of the modern system of international relations and Russian aggression during the systemic crisis of European security and against the background of deteriorating global security in the world.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to base the foreign policy priorities on the basis of the current situation analysis of the foreign policy sphere taking into account the influence of the dominant geopolitical factors.Methods. The methodological basis of the article is a systematic method that allowed analyzing the state and prospects of the development of Ukraine's foreign policy as an integral system. Historical method was used to determine the directions and trends of Ukraine's relations with the EU, NATO and the Russian Federation.Results. In spite of the difficulties, Ukraine has somehow managed to strengthen its position on the international scene. At the same time, the question of a new stages in foreign policy its key priorities and realistic challenges for the coming years will inevitably arise. The author investigates the problems and prospects of developing relations between Ukraine and the EU, NATO and the Russian Federation, substantiates the priorities of Ukraine's foreign policy at the present stage. Originality The scientific novelty of the article is a comprehensive study of the state and prospects of the development of Ukraine's foreign policy at the present stage and further substantiation of the priorities of Ukraine's foreign policy. The practical significance of the article lies in the possibility of using the obtained results in the organization of cooperation with foreign policy partners of Ukraine.Conclusion European integration of Ukraine, as a key priority of foreign policy, should be based on pragmatism and be filled with practical content in order to implement European standards and norms in all spheres of public life. Relations with NATO should be aimed at achieving standards and membership criteria for full membership of the Alliance. The Russian Federation is the greatest threat to the independent existence of Ukraine. It is possible to protect itself against Russian aggression only in the case of consolidation of Ukrainian society, the implementation of systemic internal reforms, the development of a powerful defense complex and conducting convincing information policy.

Отношения Украины со странами Вышеградской группы в контексте украинского кризиса 2014—2018 годов

Отношения Украины со странами Вышеградской группы в контексте украинского кризиса 2014—2018 годов

Diplomatic Instrumentation, Diplomacy of Non-Governmental Actors and Regional Initiatives of Romania in the Black Sea Region (2006-2018): Experience for Ukraine

The article is analyzed and systematized Romanian activity of non-governmental agencies, as a tool for promoting national interests in the Black Sea region; and experience Bucharest promotion of regional initiatives at the level of non-governmental organizations during the period of 2006-2018. The attention to the experience of Ukraine in communicating with non-governmental organizations. It is characterized by the example of Romania features and forms of implementation unofficial diplomacy (diplomacy governmental actors) in contemporary international relations and the role of unofficial diplomacy in resolving international conflicts.
 The relevance of the study is determined not only by the intensification of the policy of Romania in the Black Sea region with the promotion of the interests of the EU, the U.S.A and NATO, but it is also determined by the Russian factor in the context of recent events in Ukraine, as well as by the presence for a long time a number of problems in the Ukrainian-Romanian relations and by the need of the complex and generalized approach to solution of these problems. Given the objective interest of Romania to maintain stability on its eastern border and to prevent the emergence of new factors that can have an adversely affect on the achievement by Bucharest of its long-term interests on the Republic of Moldova, the Romanian side is likely to use the restraint – positive rhetoric concerning Ukraine avoiding public critical evaluations of certain political events in our country.
 The conclusions note that Ukraine's policy in relations with Romania should be to maximize the use of existing and, if necessary, create new mechanisms to ensure the national interests of our state, in particular, international instruments / instruments of influence on the policy of Romania that already exist or may arise as a result of Romania's cooperation with third countries and its activities in international organizations. Pay particular attention to the search for common interests and opportunities for Ukraine-Romania cooperation in the framework of the development of Ukraine's relations with the EU, NATO, as well as within the framework of the organizations with which both countries are members. In 2016-2018, the very activity of non-governmental actors (diplomacy of non-governmental actors) and their diplomatic tools in the globalized polycentric modern world should become an important factor in the development of the Romanian-Ukrainian bilateral relations.
 Keywords: foreignpolicy, diplomacy, diplomacy model, national interests, institutionalization, diplomacy of non-governmentalactors, Romania, Ukraine

Problems of cooperation of Ukraine and the EU

The article analyzes the current state of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU and the issues of Ukrainian European integration. The following research methods were used in the work: description, analysis, comparison, synthesis, analogy. It is determined that the main direction of economic policy of Ukraine is Eurointegration, and the main strategic partner is the EU. The reasons for the slow progress in Ukraine's relations with the European Union are considered. A comprehensive analysis of current reform and its results was carried out. It is proved that the landmark of the state on European integration affects absolutely on all without exception of the sphere of activity of Ukraine, and consequently, all of them should be reformed in accordance with European norms and standards. The negative consequences and positive changes after the introduction of new reforms and laws are analyzed. The main steps are taken in overcoming the problematic issues of Ukraine's cooperation with the EU. The concept of corruption, the influence of economic and judicial-legal reforms and the concept of energy independence as the main factors of the problems of Ukrainian European integration are considered. A number of practical recommendations concerning the more effective cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union are presented.

Рrocess of adaptation of economic legislation of Ukraine: directions and prospects

The article explores the concept-trend of the modern legislative process – «adaptation». Particular attention is paid in the article to the process of adaptation of legislation to more developed standards of legal regulation of economic relations, and also modifications of the corresponding process are characterized. Global legislative changes have been established in the context of adaptation processes in economic legislation, important aspects in the reform of the economic and legal mechanism are underlined.The processes of adaptation of domestic economic legislation to more perfect standards of economic regulation of developed countries, in particular the West, must be correlated with the real state of development of economic relations inUkraine. In addition, he has to perform the regulatory-dynamic function of law, including economic, but at the same time can not be implemented designs that hang in the complete vacuum of social relations.Adaptation should become not only an element of the lawmaking process, but also an integral part of economic and legal policy, that is to lay the foundations of the process of institutionalization of mechanisms for the formation and implementation of algorithms for the application of legal means of state influence on the content, structure and dynamics of internal and external economic relations, macroeconomic properties of market equilibrium, appropriate correction of the content (achievement of consistency and compliance of the contents of the legal economic order of the country-adaptor. Therefore, all researches ting in commercial law should as part of goals include establishing feasibility of drawing certain foreign structures or mechanisms of their viability and prospects of the national legal system of coordinates.

BILATERAL UKRAINE-CHINA RELATIONS AT THE CURRENT STAGE

Foreign policy is one of the most important directions of sovereign states’ activity. An especially important place in foreign policy shaping is bilateral relations between states. For Ukraine, such vectors of foreign policy as European, Euro-Atlantic, Eurasian and Asian are traditionally important. In particular, the implementation of the Asian foreign policy vector and the establishment of effective relations with the People's Republic of China as one of the leaders of world economic development is a very important task for Ukrainian diplomacy at this time. The analysis of foreign and Ukrainian sources regarding this topic demonstrates the interest of researchers in bilateral Ukrainian-Chinese relations. One of the important trends in world socio-political development is globalization processes. In this article the author examines the state of bilateral Ukrainian-Chinese relations at the present stage characterized by dynamic globalization rate. In the results of the conducted study one can note that currently there are certain obstacles to the effective development of bilateral relations between Ukraine and China, however at the same time there is sufficient potential for further intensification of bilateral relations between the indicated countries. On the basis of the analysis, one can conclude that among the successes of Ukraine's foreign policy over the past few years, one can identify the establishment of a fairly fruitful relationship with the People's Republic of China: cooperation in the agricultural and trade sectors, transport sphere, cultural exchanges. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the effective use of the foreign policy resource for more effective cooperation with the People's Republic of China — one of the most powerful current leaders of world economic development. It is important to avoid controversial military and political issues. It is vital to establish effective international cooperation with this country, which would allow achieving mutually beneficial goals. This is related to further research prospects concerning further development of Ukraine's relations with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, in particular with the states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation).

LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND AND THE WORLD BANK GROUP

The dynamic character of the development of Ukraine's relations with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank Group (WBG) necessitates a study of the legal nature of the acts, on the basis of which cooperation between Ukraine and international financial organizations is based. As of today, relations between Ukraine and the IMF are developing within the framework of the «Extended Fund Facility» Program, that provides long-term assistance in structural reforms realization aimed at overcoming the long-term difficulties with a balance of payments. The legal basis for the regulation of cooperation constitutes of two documents, namely the Letter of Intent, containing the Memorandum, and the decision of the Executive Council of the Fund. These acts provide a specific legal mechanism for cooperation between the IMF and Ukraine, which by their nature do not correspond to standard international agreements, respectively, they formally do not create legal obligations and are not binding. The letter of intent regulates an extremely wide range of issues and it is adjusted throughout the entire the «Extended Fund Facility» Program, which again confirms the different nature of such an act, because it is not agreed immediately as it is accepted in most international treaties. In addition, the cooperation is carried out within the framework of a four-year Program, therefore instability and unpredictability of public finances do not contribute to the production of traditional binding standards in the context of cooperation with the IMF. Cooperation between Ukraine and the World Bank Group takes place within the framework of the «Concept of the World Bank's Partnership with Ukraine for the financial years 2017–2021» (Concept), approved by the World Bank's Board of Directors on June 20, 2017. Having analyzed the acts in the sphere of cooperation with the WBG, it can be argued that legal instruments with different legal force are used. The concept of partnership, by its legal nature, is not an international agreement, that is binding on the parties, but it is of a recommendatory nature. Namely, agreements within the framework of this Concept can also be attributed to «soft law». However, Ukraine's loan agreements with IBRD have their own peculiarities, but the order of their conclusion is consistent with the general practice of adopting an international agreement, and the content of the agreement indicates that such a contract is a subject to mandatory execution. Thus, Ukraine is a sovereign subject of international law that independently develops a policy for the organization of the financial system that is directly implemented when drafting the Letter of Intent with the IMF, the Partnership Concept with the World Bank and loan agreements with the IBRD, as these acts are prepared by the Ukrainian side and if necessary consultations with the experts of the relevant Organizations are conducted. Having analyzed the legal framework for regulating of Ukraine's relations with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group, it can be argued that these relations take place in different legal forms, which directly affects their implementation.