Foreign Trade Of Ukraine Research Articles

Factors Affecting the Competitiveness of Ukrainian Enterprises under Current Conditions

The article examines changes in the competitiveness and output of Ukrainian enterprises that took place between 2021 and 2022. Official statistics indicate that almost all sectors of industrial production in the country experienced a decline. The rate of decline in production is accompanied by falling indicators of Ukraine's foreign trade, which shows a trade deficit. The author argues that one of the main ways to overcome the crisis faced by Ukrainian industrial enterprises is to improve their competitiveness. Results of the study can be used to develop measures aimed at increase the competitiveness of industrial enterprises in Ukraine.(original abstract)

FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF UKRAINE: PRE-WAR TRENDS AND CURRENT CHANGES

Introduction. In a globalized world, foreign economic processes have a significant impact on the state of the national economy. The level of integration into global value chains changes the level of development of the business environment and the structure of the economy. The publication analyzes Ukraine's international trade activity in 2018-2021 and its current state. Ukrainian companies ensure integration into global value chains. However, the low degree of processing of export-oriented goods remains a significant problem. The study of current trends in Ukraine's foreign economic activity is relevant for overcoming current challenges and identifying key growth priorities. Purpose. The aim of the article is to study the volume and structure of export-import operations and foreign trade processes of the Ukrainian economy within the framework of global value chains (GVC). Research methods. The article uses the methods of analysis and synthesis, systematization and generalization, abstraction, data presentation, and formal logic. Results. The study confirms the positive dynamics of Ukraine's foreign trade in 2018-2021. Ukrainian companies export mainly low value-added goods and import high value-added goods. The development of Ukraine's economy requires successful integration into global supply chains. This is possible if we move from exporting raw materials to increasing the volume and depth of their processing in the national economy, and further exporting high value-added goods. The study showed that economic relations between Ukraine and its trading partners demonstrate a significant increase in foreign trade within global value chains. Ukrainian companies are involved in the development of global integration processes mainly in sectors that consume agricultural products, metallurgy, and IT-services. Agricultural and industrial products exported from Ukraine account for about 40% of total international sales. Against the backdrop of Russia's full-scale military invasion, a negative trend is the decline in Ukraine's foreign trade turnover by almost 30% (exports by 35% and imports by 25%). The largest decline in exports occurred in the metallurgical and chemical industries. The share of agricultural products in exports increased, while the share of fuel, equipment, and vehicles in imports increased. Conclusion. Foreign economic activity determines the business activity of business entities, their integration into the system of international economic relations, and creates essential preconditions for the transformation of the national economy, improving the living conditions and living standards of the population. Ukrainian exports are dominated by a high share of intermediate goods used as raw materials for the production of other final consumer goods. Therefore, it is advisable to stimulate deep processing of raw materials in the domestic market, the finished products of which can become competitive on the foreign market. With Ukraine's integration into global and regional business services in the context of global value chains, it is possible to ensure positive effects from foreign economic activity. The basis for successful integration into global value chains is to stimulate the development of international cooperation between enterprises on global business platforms, as well as local innovation ecosystems that will facilitate the creation of innovative industries, both through public and private investment. Keywords: global (regional) value chains, foreign economic activity, exports, imports, foreign trade balance, foreign trade, innovations.

CROSS-BORDER TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS CLUSTER AS A TOOL FOR TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE AND POLAND: INSTITUTIONAL BASIS

Intensification of cross-border cooperation in border regions of Ukraine and Poland should be one of the priorities in the wartime and post-war period. This is primarily substantiated by the significant problems in organizing international logistics of international trade due to the blockade of the sea ports. The paper presents a comprehensive approach to assessing the effectiveness of international logistics and its organization in Poland and Ukraine. The approach utilizes a set of indicators that characterize the current conditions of the transport-logistics system in terms of infrastructural support. Namely, indicators in clude the Logistics Performance Index, logistics costs, 3PL revenues, export of goods, import of goods, export of transport services, import of transport services, the balance of export-import operations, export-import coverage ratio, volumes of cargo transportation by various modes of transport, cargo turnover by various types of transport, volume of direct Ukrainian investments in Poland, volume of direct Polish investments in Ukraine. The diagnostics results make it possible to identify the key barriers inhibiting the effective organization of foreign economic logistics in the foreign trade of Ukraine and Poland. Restoration of Ukraine’s economy requires a flexible logistics system capable of quickly responding to external threats and adapting to them. For this reason, the authorities, business, academia and researchers, the public, and the international community must direct their efforts at overcoming the challenges created by the war. Current logistics infrastructure must be reoriented and all export flows must be redirected from the southern seafaring ports to western land ports. Finally, there should be sufficient institutional basis for the emergence of a cross-border transport and logistics cluster as a tool for territorial development of Ukraine and Poland.

Ukraine'S Exports in the Light of Economic Indicators and Regression Analysis

The article offers an analysis of Ukraine's export activity and innovation costs in the period 2004-2021. The authors analysed correlations between the level of exports and key social indicators, such as the level of employment, average wages and the unemployment rate. They also analysed the relationship between Ukraine's foreign trade and development trends of international markets and found a strong positive correlation between the level of Ukraine's iron ore exports and the level of world prices for these products. The method of fuzzy logic was used to determine factors that could help Ukraine to achieving the maximum level of export activity. Foreign direct investments were found to have the biggest impact on the level of exports while innovation spending turned out to be the least influential factor. The results of the study indicate that qualitative structural transformations of Ukrainian exports cannot be achieved without effective investment and innovation mechanisms.(original abstract)

РОЛЬ ДЕРЖАВИ У ФОРМУВАННІ ТА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЗОВНІШНЬОТОРГОВЕЛЬНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОЇ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

The objective of the paper is to reveal the role of the state in the formation and implementation of Ukraine's foreign trade policy in the conditions of the European integration. At present development of world trade is under the impact of the active participation of the states in the trade flows formations through the use of the mechanism of state regulation. This makes it possible to combine national and international interests, which do not always coincide. Ukraine's participation in the processes of neoliberal globalization turned it into a raw material appendage of developed countries, as a result of which Ukraine lost a significant part of its potential. The current deterioration of Ukraine's economic condition makes it difficult to solve the problem of adaptation to the social standards of the EU, and, accordingly, the accession to it, therefore the issue of the role of the state in the formation and implementation of foreign trade policy in the conditions of European integration becomes important and requires detailed research. The state creates the necessary legal framework, which includes measures to define private property rights and guarantee compliance with contracts. Government also sets the “rules of the game” by regulating the relationship between businesses, resource providers and consumers. Based on legislation, the state acts as an arbiter in the field of foreign economic relations. The most important tool for achieving the goal should be the improvement of the mechanism of regulation of foreign economic activity in the direction of the optimal combination of the openness of the national economy with the risks of economic development in the conditions of globalization of the world economy and acceleration of accession to the EU

Impact of ukrainian economy on the development of trade and economic relations and cooperation between african countries

Methods. The scientific and methodological basis of the study of the impact of Ukrainian economy on the development of trade and economic relations with African countries is a strategic approach to public administration. The results of the study are based on general scientific and specific methods of the theory of public administration and international economic relations. In particular, the methods of generalization and comparison were used to formalize the trends and directions of development of economic relations and trade between Ukraine and African countries; methods of graphical representation and visualization of the results - to analyze the dynamics of trade exchange between the studied countries. Results. The article analyzes the patterns of formation of the state policy of trade and economic relations of Ukraine with African countries and their impact on the economy of the African region. Trend analysis and graphical method of data visualization allowed to determine the priority areas of cooperation between Ukraine and the countries of the African continent in accordance with the Strategy of Foreign Policy of Ukraine. Novelty. Approaches to the formation of the strategy of public administration of trade and economic policy of cooperation between Ukraine and the countries of the African region are generalized. Practical value. The features of the formation of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and the five largest trading partners among the countries of the African region (Morocco, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya) are analyzed. The main problems of Ukraine's cooperation with African countries are determined, which include: insufficient level of diplomatic activity; significant influence of the Russian Federation on African countries in various spheres, in particular political, military, economic; lack of a basic strategy for the formation of relations with African countries; lack of a clear position, strategic vision of the development of trade and economic cooperation with African countries. The geographical structure of Ukraine's foreign trade in goods with individual African countries is analyzed.

Assessment of the effectiveness of Ukraine's foreign trade policy with the Middle East and Africa countries

Assessment of the effectiveness of Ukraine's foreign trade policy with the Middle East and Africa countries

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ МАРКЕТИНГОВОГО ЦІНОУТВОРЕННЯ ПРИ ЗДІЙСНЕННІ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В УМОВАХ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО СТАНУ

The dynamics of export and import volumes of goods and services of Ukraine for the period 2011-2021 were analyzed. The structural features of Ukraine's foreign trade in 2022 were studied. Ukraine imported the most goods from such countries as China, Poland and Germany. The main imported goods were: machines, equipment and transport; fuel and energy products; products of the chemical industry. Most Ukrainian exports went to such countries as Poland, Romania and Turkey. The top three most exported product categories include: food products; metals and their products; machines, equipment and transport. Factors affecting the process of marketing pricing in the implementation of foreign economic activity are systematized. It was found that one of the main problems faced by enterprises as subjects of foreign trade in their activities with foreign counterparties is the lack of an effective system of stimulating foreign buyers as an element of the price strategy of foreign economic activity. Another problem is the gradual loss of effectiveness of the strategic tools used to form export prices during foreign economic operations. It is proposed to introduce a system of discounts to improve the efficiency of foreign economic activity. Thanks to an effectively developed system of discounts, it is possible to achieve additional benefits for the enterprise; advantages over competitors; image enhancement; stimulation of product sales, i.e. support of demand. It is noted that modern business entities do not have sufficiently effective practical and methodical approaches to the process of creating prices in the long term. It was found that the most popular method of pricing in the practice of domestic enterprises is the cost method. However, such an approach to the implementation of strategic marketing tasks and an incorrectly applied price mechanism quite often causes the company to lose its share of the competitive market. In order to overcome the mentioned problems, as well as to increase the efficiency of foreign exchange, domestic companies are suggested to use a combined method of pricing, which will make it possible to take into account most of the price-forming factors of the internal and external environment.

КОМПАРАТИВНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ЗОВНІШНЬОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ УКРАЇНИ ТА СЛОВАЧЧИНИ

The article examines the main absolute (volume of exports, imports, and trade balance) and relative (marketability index, net trade index, coefficient of export coverage, export quota, import quota, foreign trade quota) indicators of Slovakia's development, and performs comparative analysis of the foreign trade in Slovakia and Ukraine. On the basis of the conducted research, conclusions were made about the level of development of foreign trade activity, including the assessment of the level of openness of both countries, the degree of their dependence on world markets and the degree of participation in the international division of labour. In the research process, linear diagrams were used to display the dynamics of Slovakia's main foreign trade indicators; sector diagrams – to display the commodity structure of exports and imports of Slovakia; bar charts – to compare the indicators of development of foreign trade activity of Ukraine and Slovakia. In the article, the main indicators of Ukraine's foreign trade activity are calculated taking into account the average exchange rate of the Ukrainian hryvnia to the euro for each specific year (2012–2021), which can be found on the official website of the National Bank of Ukraine. Ukraine and Slovakia are neighbouring countries, and Slovakia is a member state of the European Union. Thus, Ukraine is interested in promoting good neighbourly foreign trade relations between countries, as this will contribute to further integration of Ukraine into the European Union. The study of the indicators of foreign trade activity of Slovakia and their comparison with the indicators of Ukraine will make it possible to compare the positions of both countries on the world arena and to identify shortcomings in the foreign trade activity of Ukraine. In addition, the analysis of the commodity structure of Slovakia's exports and imports will make it possible to identify potential opportunities for increasing foreign trade between the two countries.

International legal aspects of the European Union’s foreign trade policy

Effective foreign trade policy has a direct impact on innovative development, diversification of national economies and increasing their competitiveness, investment partnership, and ultimately – is an effective tool for responding to existing challenges and potential risks of a competitive international environment. At the same time, in the system of providing the necessary conditions for effective foreign trade and foreign trade policy are of principal importance on the one hand regulatory support, development and application of legislation that would ensure the proper level, and of organization and promotion of international trade relations, on the other hand, providing the necessary protection to national producers in relations with foreign partners. The analysis of scientific publications devoted to the foreign trade policy in the system of international relations shows that the emphasis of domestic authors is primarily focused on the economic component. At the same time, the legal support of these processes remains to a certain extent ignored, especially regarding the implementation of the experience and practical developments of the relevant structures of the European Union. In theoretical terms, the interdisciplinary nature of regulatory support for foreign trade policy is overlooked to a certain extent. Scientific, practical and methodological value in this context are the issues of study, analysis and gradual implementation in the Ukrainian practice of EU regulatory norms in the field of foreign trade policy in order to ensure the effectiveness of export-import operations. Defending the national economic interests of Ukraine should remain an absolute imperative. It is proved that in the system of providing the necessary conditions for effective foreign trade and foreign trade policy, regulatory support, development and application of legislation that would ensure the proper level, on the one hand, of organization and promotion of international trade relations, on the other hand, providing the necessary protection to national producers in relations with foreign partners is of primary importance. It is relevant for the domestic practice of foreign trade relations to develop a strategy for the development of Ukraine's foreign trade based on the EU experience. Orientation to the regulatory standards of the European Union for the development and assistance of domestic business entities can lay in the development of this strategy the principles of ensuring an appropriate level of competitiveness in foreign markets, which is one of the factors of the country's economic growth.

ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF UKRAINE’S FOREIGN TRADE WITH EU COUNTRIES

The article analyzes the peculiarities of Ukraine’s foreign trade with other countries, including the EU countries. The development of foreign trade is important for the analysis of the economic situation of the country, reflects the attitude of the world’s countries to domestic production. The trajectory of foreign trade development is determined. It forms reserves for increasing the level of international trade relations and increases the competitiveness of Ukrainian production. The dynamics of changes in the geographical and commodity structure of international trade in goods and services during 2018-2020 is given, the share of the European Union in foreign trade, which is a key trading partner of Ukraine, is determined. The main groups of goods and services exported and imported by Ukraine are studied. The main reasons for the decrease in foreign trade turnover are substantiated. In addition, it was established that the main partner countries of Ukraine in international trade are China, Poland, the United States, Germany and the EU countries. The important component of Ukraine’s foreign trade is international trade in agricultural products. The article presents statistical data on the commodity structure of agricultural exports with the EU countries. Ukraine’s relations in the field of trade in agricultural products became important after the signing of the Association between Ukraine and the EU, which ensures the irreversibility of Ukraine’s European integration and it is priority for socially important reforms. It is studied that in order to improve Ukraine's foreign economic trade with the European Union, it is necessary to implement measures to modernize key export-oriented sectors of the economy, improve cooperation with other countries, pursue effective foreign economic policy, and strengthen the position of domestic manufacturers in foreign markets of goods and services. It is noted that cooperation with the European Union is one of the main priorities of Ukraine’s foreign economic policy. The article presents ways to improve Ukraine’s foreign trade and directions of improvement of foreign trade activity.

EUROPEAN INTEGRATION: ADVANTAGES AND THREATS TO UKRAINE’S FOREIGN TRADE

Background. In terms of unfavorable external conditions and a significant deterioration of the socio-economic situation, the Ukrainian market has stagnated. Russia’s actions, including its unilateral suspension of the Free Trade Agreement, have led to a reduction in Ukraine's bilateral foreign trade operations. The processes of globalization and integration issue new challenges to the economy of any country, in particular, the questions of evaluation and stimulation of foreign trade of enterprises emerge in the conditions of constant transformation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identifytrends and features of Ukraine’s foreign trade in the context of globalization and integration. Materials and methods. The article is based on a synthesis of research results of domestic and foreign scientists to determine the main influencing factors of cooperation with the EU on the state of development of Ukraine’s foreign trade. Research on this issue was conducted using the methods of theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis. Results. Ukraine’s position in world trade is determined by the main factors: the dynamics of GDP, rating and index of economic freedom. The peculiarities of Ukraine's foreign trade over the last decade have been studied, the main partner countries; the main challenges that arise in our foreign trade as a result of European integration processes have been identified. It is proved that in the analysis of GDP it is expedient to use the indicator of GDP calculated on purchasing power parity. It is established that in the conditions of the world crisis, the war in the east caused the greatest damage to the economy of Ukraine. It was clarified that Ukraine needs to expand the geography of foreign trade relations, at the same time there is a significant unrealized potential for the development of bilateral relations with EU countries. Conclusion. Ukraine must follow the chosen course of European integration, but at the same must also develop other partnerships with countries on other continents. Unfortunately, Ukraine exports more raw materials and goods with low added value. Therefore, there is a need: to change the content of exports, to introduce tax and customs instruments to support exports, to amend the Association Agreement in terms of international trade. The structure of foreign trade does not stimulate Ukraine's economy to innovative development, so there is an urgent need for domestic policy reforms and changes in external priorities.

Ukraine’s export potential and its implementation in trade and economic relations with eu countries

Methods. Philosophical methodology was used in the research process, which helped to establish the relationship between science and practice; the information approach is applied as a fundamental methodology in order to substantiate the information and cognitive relationship of the research paradigm; method of terminological analysis to clarify the content of the conceptual apparatus of the question under research; statistical method for analysis of the structure and dynamics of Ukraine's foreign trade and payment of customs duties in the export regime. Results. The definition of the concept of «customs clearance» is clarified, the variability of revealing the specifics of this issue is presented, and the opinions of modern scientists are summarized, the features that are inherent in this category are identified. The commodity and geographical structure of Ukraine's foreign trade is presented and it is established that the largest part of Ukrainian commodity exports consists of food products and agricultural products. The existing procedure of customs clearance of goods in the export mode is systematized. Novelty. The scheme of the main stages of attracting intermediaries in the export chain of goods delivery is substantiated, which will simplify and speed up customs clearance procedures during customs clearance of goods, as well as generalize the procedure of customs clearance of goods in foreign trade operations focused on export mode. The conditions influencing the customs clearance procedure in the export mode are highlighted. Practical value. Guidelines for customs clearance of goods in the export regime are proposed in order to systematize the existing procedures of enterprises that export goods on the basis of concluded foreign economic agreements (contracts) or through an intermediary (commission agent, agent, consignor, etc.) moving them across the customs border of Ukraine.

Розвиток митної інфраструктури на україно-польському кордоні в умовах інтернаціоналізації бізнесу

The relations between Ukraine and Poland represent a long history of partnership and have a great economic importance for both countries. At the present stage, Poland is one of the largest international trade partners of our country. In the history of Ukraine's foreign trade during 2019-2020, Poland occupied second place in the structure of domestic exports. Thus, in 2020 the share of exports of Ukrainian goods to Poland was 6.65%. First of all, it means a change in the vector of foreign trade development for the national economy and the reorientation of Ukraine's export market to the European Union. In 2020, Poland also occupied one of the leading positions in the structure of Ukrainian imports of goods (4th place with a share of 7.62%). This situation leads to a significant increase in the load at checkpoints and causes the need to ensure prompt and efficient customs clearance of goods moving across the Ukrainian-Polish border. On the basis of the performed researches, significant differences in the levels of development of the customs services of Poland and Ukraine in terms of the quality of customs services have been established, as Ukraine lags far behind Poland in all the studied indicators in this area. Such situation requires the improvement of the work of Ukrainian customs authorities in the context of business internationalization, including the development of customs infrastructure in the area of the Ukrainian-Polish border. The key problems of customs service of enterprises at domestic checkpoints include long and costly customs procedures, lack of proper technical, road, information infrastructure at checkpoints, outdated technical instruments of customs control, etc. It is proved that in the conditions of business internationalization one of the key tasks should be the construction of new checkpoints and the development of the customs infrastructure of the existing checkpoints. The key strategically important checkpoints in the area of the Ukrainian-Polish border, which need to be modernized in order to increase their capacity, include road checkpoints "Korchova-Krakivets", "Dorokhusk-Yagodyn", "Medyka-Shehyni", as well as a railway checkpoint "Medyka-Mostyska". In addition, the importance of spreading the practice of construction of joint checkpoints, which allows to significantly speed up the process of customs services for businesses, was emphasized.

Current State and Trends of Openness of the Ukrainian Economy

The essence of openness of the economy as an object of theoretical study based on the analysis of publications and research of domestic and foreign scientists is explored in the article. On that basis, the authors give their interpretation of the concept. It is noted that the consistent expansion of economic openness is an important factor in modern economic development. Four groups of the division of national economies by the criterion of openness, namely by the share of exports in the country's GDP, are considered. The main conditions of an open economy are highlighted and the main tools (economic and political) with which it is possible to achieve the expansion of economic openness are given.
 An assessment of the current state and trends of openness of the national economy, based on the analysis of the main indicators of exports and imports of goods and services, as well as the geographical structure of Ukraine's foreign trade by recipient countries and donor countries of goods and services, has been made. It was found that in the current conditions of socio-economic instability, the openness of Ukraine’s economy remains at a fairly high level, which causes its close dependence on changes in external conditions. It is analyzed that the lion's share in the overall structure of Ukraine's foreign trade belongs to goods. The principal recipient countries of Ukrainian goods and services and donor countries in 2020 have been identified. The most common goods and services in the structure of exports and imports of Ukraine are also highlighted. In particular, it is noted that the most common goods for export were products of plant origin, base metals and articles base metals, fats and oils of animal or vegetable origin, and among services - transport services. At the same time, it was determined that the highest volume of imports in the general structure of Ukraine's foreign trade was achieved via machinery, equipment and machinery, electrical equipment and transport services import. It is generalized that the openness of Ukraine's economy is essential for its socio-economic development. Importantly to maximise the use of openness advantages that leads to productivity increasing and adaptation of production to growing competition that in turn is an important factor in improving the overall efficiency of the economy. It is recommended for ensuring the economic development of Ukraine, along with the foreign trade component of economic openness, it is also necessary to develop financial (including investment, technological, communicational) and political components.

Зовнішня торгівля аграрними товарами України в контексті Угоди про асоціацію з Європейським Союзом

The purpose of the article is to establish, based on the analysis, trends in foreign trade and directions for improving the competitiveness of agricultural goods of Ukraine in the EU in the context of the implementation of the Association Agreement. Research methods. In the course of the research the following methods were used: analysis and synthesis, analytical generalizations - during the analysis of foreign trade in agricultural goods; tabular - for clarity of the image of the received results of research; economic and statistical - to assess trends in foreign trade; abstract-logical - in drawing conclusions. Research results. The article analyzes the volume, dynamics, structure of exports and imports of agricultural goods of Ukraine with EU countries, assesses changes in the foreign trade regime, identifies trends and the impact of the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU on Ukraine's foreign trade. The place and importance of the agricultural sector in European markets are studied. The foreign trade turnover of agricultural goods of Ukraine is determined. The algorithm for assessing the level of competitiveness of agricultural goods is generalized. Scientific novelty. The authors found that, on the one hand, the export orientation of raw materials to the EU market of crop products has increased, on the other hand, there is a high import dependence on finished food products, and the structure of imports is more diversified. Practical significance. Adaptation of Ukrainian legislation in the field of agriculture and sanitary and phytosanitary measures is incomplete and lags behind the planned pace. Ways to diversify exports and increase the profitability of foreign trade in agricultural goods from Ukraine in the EU market are proposed. Tabl.: 1. Figs.: 3. Refs.: 19.

Перспективи зовнішньої торгівлі агропродовольчою продукцією між Україною та країнами Азії

The purpose of the article is to analyze the indicators of foreign trade in agri-food products between Ukraine and Asian countries, to assess the potential of its development with taking into account latest trends in the world agricultural market. Research methods. Methods used: theoretical generalization - for characterizing the production and foreign trade of agri-food products in Asian countries, analysis and synthesis - for considering the dynamics and commodity structure of mutual agricultural trade between Ukraine and Asian countries, general studying an agricultural system of the region, comparative evaluation - for forming ratings of the largest exporters and importers of food among Asian countries, finding differences between domestic exports of agricultural products and imports of Asia, and vice versa, graphical and tabular - for optimizing the visual displaying of research results. Research results. The current export and import of agri-food products by Asian countries are considered, the main trade representatives of the region are identified, the crucial role of Asia in the formation of global food supply is analyzed, the current state of Ukraine's agricultural trade with Asian countries is studied, an overall assessment of its development potential was made, based on the latest trends in the global market and possible using of agreements on the functioning of free trade zones between the partners. Scientific novelty. Asian countries have been researched out separately as Ukraine's foreign trade partners in terms of agri-food products, including the most important players in exports and imports, analytical information has been provided taking into account the impact of the pandemic and the signing of a new interregional trade agreement. Practical significance. The provisions of the article are aimed at informing domestic exporters and importers of agricultural raw materials and ready food products about the possibilities of entering, consolidating and necessary purchases in Asian markets, as well as public authorities that directly influence decisions on international trade liberalization. Tabl.: 6. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 15.

TRADE POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA UNDER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The pandemic of COVID-19 has influenced all sectors of social life, including the global economy and trade relations. The year of 2020 was marked with significant changes in internal and foreign economic policy of almost all nations. The purpose of the paper is to study the measures taken by the EU and the USA as the world's leading economies to regulate their foreign trade in the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The tasks of the study are to show the influence of the crisis on changes of global trade policy in front of the threat to national security. Methodology. The study is based on the results of statistical analysis of data provided the WTO and the UNCTAD. The authors show an analytical assessment of the foreign trade indicators of the EU and the USA. Methods of comparison and generalization were used to formulate conclusions on regulatory trends in foreign trade of the US and the EU. Results allowed identifying specific features and changes in the regulation of foreign trade of the EU and the US, assessing the impact of the pandemic on their foreign trade. It was found that both mentioned players of the world economy have actively introduced both deterrent and liberalization measures during 2020, which were aimed at providing the domestic market with scarce COVID-related goods. The study shows the transition from export restricting to import liberalizing measures in foreign trade policies from the start of pandemic to the late 2020. Practical implications. Understanding and predicting the possible actions of partners (the US and the EU in this case) in the field of foreign trade regulation is an important practical aspect, which has to be taken into account when developing Ukraine's foreign trade policy. Value/originality. The study of foreign trade policy of the world's leading countries allows us to understand the behavior of governments of the countries that are largely dependent on participation in international trade in their development, to draw conclusions about the most common instruments of foreign trade policy in the time of humanitarian and economic crises.

Features of agro-food chains formation in foreign markets

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the formation of agri-food chains in foreign markets and the calculation of value added losses in export-import operations of agri-food. It is established that the share of the agricultural sector in the GDP of Ukraine is 10.2% at the lowest value added per employee 4801.4 dollars. USA. It is estimated that in 2010–2019, in the structure of Ukraine's exports, agricultural products provided 19% of foreign exchange earnings in 2011 and 40% in 2019, which is evidence of the strengthening of export positions of the studied sector of the economy in foreign markets. It was revealed that in 2019 the share of agri-food products was 44.3%, or 22.2 billion dollars. US, or increased by 19% compared to 2018, while total exports from the country during this period increased by only 6%. It is determined that in the structure of exports of agri-food products the share of plant products is 58%, and in the commodity structure of exports the largest share falls on cereals - 74%, as well as oilseeds - 20%. It is concluded that the export of agricultural food in 2010–2019 is formed by raw materials, while the value added of processed products - sunflower oil, poultry meat - is higher than that of grain. Threats to the functioning of agri-food supply chains to foreign markets caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and government actions of the world and Ukraine to ensure food security are systematized. It is substantiated that the structure of Ukraine's foreign trade is rational, as raw materials predominate in supplies to foreign markets, and technically complex products dominate in the structure of imports. It is estimated that the foreign trade balance of goods and services in 2019 is negative in the amount of 3.7 billion dollars, but improved by 2.5 billion dollars. relative to the 2018 figure. It is substantiated that in order to achieve a positive value of the foreign trade balance of Ukraine it is necessary to stimulate the development of food industries, ie products with high added value. It is analyzed that the increase in exports of agricultural raw materials leads to a shortfall in value added, and, consequently, the state budget loses significant revenues in the form of value added tax (processed agricultural products are subject to VAT on its exports), tax on profit, export duty (rate 18%, for the export of live farm animals). It was found that the value structure of agricultural imports is dominated by the group of "finished food products" (45%); the second position of agri-food imports is occupied by products of plant origin, the share of which is 31%; third - products of animal origin, whose share in the structure of imports is about 18%. It is suggested that state support instruments, such as VAT refunds, should only be used to stimulate high value-added industries. Key words: agri-food supply chains, export, import, foreign markets, value added.

Сировинна орієнтація аграрного сектору та її соціально-економічні наслідки для України

The purpose of the articles is to determine the socio-economic consequences of the raw material orientation of the agricultural sector of the domestic economy and to outline the priority areas of regulatory nature aimed at mitigating risks in the field of employment and the labor market in rural areas. Research methods. The research was based on general scientific and economic methods, the work of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on foreign trade, regulations, data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, electronic resources and other sources. Monographic and systematic approaches are used to analyze the structure of foreign trade in agri-food products. The principle of systems thinking helped to clarify the socio-economic consequences in the field of employment, labor market and rural migration. A number of techniques of abstract-logical tools made it possible to formulate intermediate final conclusions and determine conceptual ways of solving the problems raised. Research results. Considered from critical positions the commodity structure of Ukraine's foreign trade by groups 1-24 UCG FEA for 2000-2020. It was found that the main factors for increasing the export of raw materials were: liberalization of foreign trade relations, the termination of cooperative ties between agricultural production and processing enterprises and the creation of protectionist conditions for investment in agriculture. This was successfully used by the owners of speculative, financial, shadow, including foreign capital in the form of agricultural holdings with offshore jurisdictions. Thanks to the favorable situation in the global commodity markets, these organizations have significantly increased the production and export of grain crops, seeds and fruits of oilseeds and sunflower oil over two decades. During the same period, the export of finished food products has been reduced. If in 2000. The negative trade balance of the mentioned subgroup of goods amounted to 65 million, then according to the results of 2020 it increased to 392.2 million US dollars, or more than 6 times. Structural imbalances have led to the formation of a rental economic model in Ukraine, which has limited potential for further growth in added value. Ultimately, this negatively affects the well-being of households, social and labor relations, which have become especially aggravated in the field of employment, the labor market and population migration. In 2020, there were 1,783 thousand informally employed in rural areas, which amounted to 44.7% of the total in the economy and 36.2% of the total rural population aged 15-70. This is almost 4 times more than all employees in agriculture. Among the priority measures it is proposed: to revise the regulatory policy in the field of foreign trade in raw materials of this subgroup of goods; promoting the export of end-use products; stimulation of vertical and horizontal integration of agricultural producers, processors of raw materials and trade on mutually beneficial terms; creation of territorial production clusters; reanimation of all types of cooperation in rural areas from the standpoint of reducing risks to the balanced development of the agricultural sector and the country's economy. Scientific novelty. A comprehensive vision of the negative socio-economic consequences of the dominance of an archaic model of the economy, which in the conditions of a market turnover of rights to land plots, can become aggravated, has received further development. In contrast to the existing raw material exploitation of the agrarian sector and the rural population, the increase in the export of final consumption goods will contribute to the well-being of households and balanced rural development. Practical significance. Positioning the agricultural and food sector of Ukraine as a world leader in the export of end-use goods will contribute to solving the socio-economic problems of the rural population and balanced rural development. Tabl.: 2. Figs.: 2. Refs.: 26.