Ukraine's Export Research Articles

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ЕКСПОРТУ АГРОПРОДОВОЛЬЧОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ З УКРАЇНИ ДО КРАЇН АЗІЇ

The article considers current state of Ukraine's export of agri-food products to Asian countries, detailing its commodity and geographic structure. General socio-economic characteristics of the Asian region have been carried out. The main principles of the functioning of the agro-food sector in Asia in relation with its production and foreign trade are given. The largest exporters and importers of food among Asian countries have been determined according to the latest available data. Total agricultural trade of our country with China, India and Turkey highlighted. The dynamics of bilateral sectoral trade between partners and the key products of Ukrainian production supplied to their markets are considered. Further emphasis placed on the import needs of those food groups or commodity items by the specified countries, which Ukraine is already able to satisfy to a certain extent. An assessment of the impact of war and its negative consequences on the actual exports indicators from Ukraine to Asia during 2022-2023 was carried out. The importance of finding new sales markets and consolidating existing partner trade relations by concluding agreements on free trade was emphasized. It is pointed out the actual impossibility for our exporters to fully use the transport and logistics infrastructure, which affects the quantitative and qualitative indicators of foreign sales. In fact, against the background of the final decline in export revenues, the redirection of products from Asia to the markets of European Union does not have the proper effect and does not compensate for the losses incurred. Development prospects and opportunities for optimizing Ukrainian agri-food exports to Asian markets were given, taking into account the sector's limited resources, short- and medium-term priorities of our industry producers, and existing requests of specific importing countries.

РОЗВИТОК МІЖНАРОДНИХ ТОРГІВЕЛЬНИХ ВІДНОСИН В КОНТЕКСТІ МІЖНАРОДНОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ

Introduction. Integration into the global economy and active participation in international trade contribute to economic development, job creation, and improved living standards. The application of international management in this context helps companies to effectively manage their international operations, adapt to different cultural and regulatory environments, and ensure sustainable development in the global economy. The purpose of the article. International trade is an important element of the global economic system that affects the development and welfare of countries. The main purpose of this article is to study the essence of international trade and its role in the system of international management. Formulation of the goal allowed us to identify a number of tasks to clarify the essence of international trade and the main factors of its development, to analyze the trends in Ukraine's trade with the European Union and the rest of the world. Metods. The study of international trade development in the context of international management requires the use of empirical research methods and analysis of statistical data that allow for a comprehensive analysis of market dynamics, the commodity structure of international trade, and the impact of global processes. Results. The article proves that international trade is a central link in the complex system of the global economy and plays a key role in the interaction between countries and regions of the world, influencing their economies, politics and society. It is also determined that international trade provides countries with access to a variety of goods and services that they do not produce or cannot produce on their own. The paper substantiates the importance of import and export growth in developed countries and identifies the interrelationships between different regions of the world. An important aspect of Ukraine's international trade based on Ukraine's relations with the European Union is also highlighted. The steps that Ukraine is taking to maintain such relations are also outlined. Based on the analysis, it is proved that Ukraine's exports are growing, especially in the context of trade with the EU, but there are certain dynamics and peculiarities in interaction with other regions of the world. Conclusiоns. The development of Ukraine's export potential and integration into the global economy are possible only if the structure of international trade is radically improved. To achieve these goals, it is necessary to use various forms of international economic cooperation.

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES

The article delves into the urgent issues surrounding to the development of Ukraine's enterprises' international activities in contemporary conditions. It provides a meticulous examination of the fluctuating landscape of Ukraine's exports and imports, meticulously identifying key trends and primary drivers behind these changes. Special attention is paid to the development of exports of domestic metallurgical and agricultural products, as well as the analysis of service exports and the identification of negative factors affecting the operations of exporting enterprises. Additionally, the article meticulously examines the commodity structure and geographical distribution of imports, offering a comprehensive understanding of the nation's trade dynamics. Drawing from this exhaustive analysis, it arrives at conclusive insights regarding the imperative need for structural reforms within the domestic economy. Central to the discourse is the imperative need for the formulation of a comprehensive industrial policy, determining its fundamental principles and strategic priorities. The article underscores the urgency of adopting proactive measures conducive to contemporary demands at macroeconomic, regional, and microeconomic levels. It is envisaged that these measures will enhance the resilience and effectiveness of international trade operations amid global changes in the local and global markets, thereby strengthening the country's economic foundations and enhancing its competitiveness on the international stage. The article contains a profound analysis of various aspects shaping the trajectory of enterprises' international interactions. It emphasizes the necessity of forming a comprehensive industrial policy and delineates its principles and priorities aimed at reshaping the economic landscape and stimulating sustainable growth in an era characterized by unprecedented volatility and interconnectedness. The conclusion is drawn that the modernization and development of the internal processing industry should become a key factor in enhancing competitiveness and fostering economic development in Ukraine

Foreign Trade of Ukraine’s ICT Sector: state and prospects

The article analyses the dynamics, features and structure of foreign trade of the ICT sector of Ukraine in 2008-2022, focusing on the exports and imports of ICT goods and services. It has been determined that the commodity structure of Ukraine’s ICT sector exports is dominated by communication equipment and consumer electronics, and that Ukraine mainly exported ICT goods to European countries, in particular to Hungary, Russia, Moldova, and Austria. At the same time, Ukraine imported the most communication equipment, as well as computer and peripheral equipment, mainly from China and Vietnam. The study of dynamics showed a long-term trend of decreasing exports and increasing imports of ICT goods by Ukraine. Additionally, the trade balance and indices of international trade in ICT goods showed a low level of specialization of Ukraine in the production and export of ICT goods. Having examined the structure of Ukraine's ICT services exports, we found that computer services predominate. The main importers of ICT services from Ukraine include the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Malta, and other countries. In addition, it has been determined that technology companies from countries that import ICT services from Ukraine have gradually opened their own R&D centres in Ukraine. The study of the dynamics of foreign trade in ICT services during 2008-2022 showed a constant upward trend in the volume and share of ICT services in Ukraine's exports of services. In addition, the calculation of the trade balance and international trade indices for 2008-2022 showed a high level of specialization and competitiveness of ICT services in the Ukrainian economy. The article identifies the main factors and reasons that influenced the trends in foreign trade of the ICT sector of Ukraine. Finally, three possible scenarios for the development of Ukraine's ICT sector over the next few years were outlined.

Diversification of export activities: essence, purpose and state in Ukraine

Introduction. Export diversification is an essential tool for accelerating economic growth in developing countries. After all, these countries' exports are concentrated on raw materials and agricultural products, which are primarily sensitive to external shocks. By diversifying their exports, countries can reduce their vulnerability to fluctuations in foreign markets, including changes in demand, prices and terms of trade. This will stabilise the country's export earnings, ensure uninterrupted financing of imports and the development of various sectors of the national economy. In addition, diversifying export activities contributes to the structural transformation of the national economy and the country's innovative development. The purpose of the paper is to reveal the essence and functional purpose of export diversification in ensuring the country's economic development. The objective will be achieved by analysing the state of diversification of Ukraine's exports of goods and studying its relationship with the country's economic development. Results. Based on the analysis of changes in Ukraine's export commodity structure, the paper shows that in 2014-2023, there was a deepening of specialisation in Ukraine's exports of raw materials, food and agricultural products. At the same time, the share of medium and highly processed goods in Ukraine's export structure has decreased significantly. These trends are confirmed by the relatively high degree of specialisation of Ukrainian exports of goods over the period considered, as calculated by the normalised Herfindahl-Hirschman index. It is noted that the deepening concentration of Ukrainian exports of raw materials, food and agricultural products has been accompanied by slow growth or decline in GDP per capita. This confirms the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the diversification of export activities and a country's economic development level. Conclusions. According to the study's results, one strategy for Ukraine's economic growth under current conditions should be to diversify export activities and develop trade in goods with a medium and high degree of processing.

Infrastructural support for the foreign economic activities management of enterprises of the Ukrainian woodworking industry

Effective foreign economic activity contributes to the reproduction of the country's export potential, increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian products of the woodworking sector on world markets, forming a rational structure of export and import, attracting foreign investments on mutually beneficial terms, ensuring the economic security of Ukraine.The article examines the peculiarities of the realization of the export potential of Ukraine on the world market of furniture and wood products. An analytical assessment of the current state and competitiveness of Ukrainian woodworking products on foreign markets was carried out. On the basis of statistical analysis, the trends of Ukraine's export potential in the wood industry were revealed. An analysis of the international wood market and export prospects for Ukraine was performed. Strategic directions for improving the efficiency of Ukrainian wood exports have been determined.The need for the formation of proper infrastructural support for the management of the foreign economic activities of woodworking industry enterprises based on the creation of a cluster structure as a form of cooperation between authorities, institutions of critical infrastructure (transport, logistics, innovation, information, industry, etc.), institutions and organizations of the business, scientific and educational environment is substantiated.The practical significance of the obtained research results is that substantiated scientific and methodological provisions and recommendations can be used in the development of export strategies and mechanisms for their implementation by enterprises and various categories of stakeholders – participants in foreign economic activity, which would correspond to the modern conditions of their management, as well as in the finalization of the Strategy recovery and resilience of the national economy.

Analysis of the product structure of Ukraines trade with the EU

The article presents a comprehensive study of the characteristics of the commodity structure of Ukraine's trade with the European Union in the conditions of war, as well as the dynamics of export and import of the main commodity groups in the period from 2019 to 2023. Statistical data on Ukraine's foreign trade with the EU obtained from official sources, including the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine and Eurostat, were thoroughly analyzed. This made it possible to create a complete picture of trade relations between Ukraine and the EU during the studied period. In the course of the study, the key factors that significantly influenced the dynamics of trade during the studied period were identified. Among them, the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic, which led to a global economic downturn and disruption of supply chains, is particularly highlighted. The recovery of the world economy in 2021, which was accompanied by an increase in demand for key export products of Ukraine, also had a significant impact. The most dramatic factor was the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, which radically changed the economic situation in the country and significantly affected its foreign trade relations. The influence of each of these factors on the export and import of individual product groups has been studied in detail. In particular, the dynamics of trade in food and agricultural products, metals and metal products, machines and equipment, chemical products, wood and wood products, mineral products, vehicles, textiles and textile products were analyzed. This made it possible to identify key trends and changes in the structure of Ukraine's trade with the EU. The article pays special attention to the analysis of changes in the structure of Ukraine's exports to the EU. In particular, an increase in the share of agricultural products and food products in the total volume of exports was noted, which partially compensated for the drop in exports in other sectors. This trend is related both to global changes in the world markets and to the peculiarities of the economic situation in Ukraine during the war. An important aspect of the study was the determination of the role of labor relations between Ukraine and the EU in the context of foreign trade. The impact of labor migration on economic indicators, in particular on the volume of remittances and their role in maintaining Ukraine's balance of payments, is analyzed. This made it possible to expand the understanding of the economic relations between Ukraine and the EU, which go beyond purely trade relations. The presented study provides a comprehensive analysis of the state and dynamics of trade relations between Ukraine and the EU in the face of significant global and regional challenges. It can serve as a basis for further research and development of strategies for the development of Ukraine's foreign economic relations in the context of European integration and post-war economic recovery.

Trade and economic cooperation between Ukraine and Poland

The article analyzes the main trends and features of trade and economic cooperation between Ukraine and Poland, taking into account the factors of European integration and the geopolitical transformation of the present day. It substantiates the quality and dynamics of its development and the existing issues and challenges at this stage. The dynamics of Ukraine's export-import volumes, including trade with Poland, the commodity structure of Ukraine's exports to Poland, and some features of the European Union's trade policy towards our country as a result of Russia's full-scale war against Ukraine are analyzed. The article identifies the main problems and challenges faced by both countries in the process of trade and economic cooperation and assesses their impact on economic relations. Potential opportunities for the development and deepening of mutually beneficial relations between the two countries are identified. Expanding trade and economic cooperation can also form the basis for joint projects in the green energy and agricultural sectors, which is in line with current trends in sustainable development. Special attention is given to the importance of resolving existing disputes between Ukraine and Poland through negotiations and agreements. A clear picture of the current state and prospects of trade and economic cooperation between Ukraine and Poland was obtained. Emphasis is placed on the need to intensify cooperation for the successful advancement of Ukraine along the path of European integration. Deeper integration within the framework of European programs and projects can accelerate the process of adapting the Ukrainian economy to European standards and requirements. It is proven that the intensification of Ukrainian-Polish trade and economic cooperation can enrich the strategic partnership between the two states with new content. In the future, the successful implementation of these areas of cooperation will not only contribute to the economic growth of both countries, but also strengthen their political and cultural ties, which will become the basis for long-term stability and prosperity in the region.

ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ УКРАЇНИ У ВОЄННИЙ ПЕРІОД

The article aims to examine the impact of military conflicts on the investment climate and dynamics of investment activity in Ukraine. It analyzes key factors influencing investors' decisions in times of armed conflict, such as political and economic instability, security risks, changes in the legal environment, and the impact of international sanctions. The study also explores measures taken by the state to attract and support investments during wartime. Using data analysis, investment dynamics in Ukraine, and comparative methods, the author seeks to identify the key factors affecting Ukraine's investment activity during periods of war and proposes strategies for preserving and attracting investments in challenging conditions of military conflicts. The article explores the dynamics of investment activity in Ukraine during periods of military conflict. It examines the impact of the conflict on the investment climate, investor behavior, and the overall economy. Today, the Ukrainian economy is experiencing unprecedented upheaval in its entire history. The full-scale military aggression by the occupying state has struck at every level of our country's economic system. Production of key goods, especially those forming the backbone of Ukraine's export potential, is dwindling. Additionally, ports are nearly closed, regional transportation, logistics, social, marketing, and engineering infrastructure are being destroyed. Due to the brain drain abroad and partial relocation to the western part of the country, hundreds of thousands, and even millions, of people are temporarily displaced from active economic life. Additionally, it discusses the strategies employed by the government and other stakeholders to mitigate the adverse effects of the conflict on investment and foster international integration. The Ukrainian economy and businesses are gradually recovering after nearly coming to a standstill in the initial days of hostile attacks. They are seeking new opportunities for development in extreme conditions and military tactics. Partially, this recovery involves resuming entrepreneurial activities in territories liberated from occupation, partially relocating production to safer regions, and partially a natural process of adaptation.

ЕКСПОРТНІ МОЖЛИВОСТІ УКРАЇНИ В КОНТЕКСТІ ПРОДОВОЛЬЧОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ КРАЇН АФРИКИ

Ukraine was and remains a guarantor of global food security. Our country is one of the leading exporters of agri-food products on the world market, traditionally ranking high among agrarian countries and being one of the ten largest global producers and exporters of grain, oil, and honey. The demand for Ukrainian agri-food products on the world markets determines the prospects for the development of the country's economy. Ukraine receives its main foreign exchange earnings from the export of agricultural food to geographical regions such as the EU, Asia, and Africa, which together import more than 94% of Ukrainian agricultural products. The search for new opportunities to expand sales markets for Ukrainian agricultural products and ensure Ukraine's interests in the global food security system remains relevant. The possibilities and effectiveness of expanding the export of Ukraine's agri-food products to the African market in modern conditions have been studied. The level of food security of African countries has been determined, and it has been established that the food problem for the African population is worsening, with their food security depending significantly on Ukrainian agricultural exports. The dynamics of export volumes of Ukrainian agri-food products by the main product subgroups for the African market for the period from 2021 to 2023 have been analyzed. Considering the positive export dynamics of Ukraine with African countries, the rapid economic and demographic growth of these countries, and the increasing need to import food products, the African market is an extremely promising market for the export of Ukrainian agri-food products. Ukraine's export capabilities in the context of ensuring food security of African counties, despite ongoing active hostilities, are quite high, and Ukraine's ability to transport products is also improving. It is evident that the expansion of the export of Ukrainian agri-food products to the African market supports the economic stability of Ukraine, the stability of world markets, and the food security of African countries.

Financing of space activities by organizations in conditions of war

The article provides a thorough characterization of wartime space activity, which has grown and evolved significantly over the past six decades. It is substantiated that the utilization of space under the auspices of several space states has turned into a type of activity in more than 60 countries around the world. Authors carried out a study of trends in the sources of funding for the space industry, as well as identified negative factors that affect the pace of development of the space industry established in previous years, namely: problems in the world economy caused by the introduction of sanctions against the Russian Federation, inflation rates, changes in interest rates and loss Ukraine's export opportunities. We studied the European Space Agency report on changes to funding amounts for space sector projects that fit the definition of projects with rapid development for the years 2019–2022. The impact of the conflict on Ukraine's space industry and strategies for maintaining pre-war accomplishments under novel circumstances are identified. The process via which the government and private businesses fund domestic space activities is examined. The purpose of the article is a thorough analysis of the pre-war and post-war financing of space activities, as well as the formulation of the main models of financing the space industry in the post-war period in order to bring it to a new level of functioning. The research underscores space activity as a major financing priority in developed nations. Pre-war, the space industry showed rapid growth, initially state-funded, later attracting private investments. However, ongoing conflict in Ukraine led to reduced funding for less profitable projects, emphasizing the need for a balanced strategy using state and private investments for post-war reconstruction and maintaining a strong national defense capability in the global space sector.

Agricultural exports of Ukraine in the conditions of war.

The article is devoted to the study of the problems and challenges of agricultural exports of Ukraine in the conditions of war. It was determined that before the beginning of the full-scale invasion, the country occupied a leading position in the world production of major agricultural crops (sunflower, rapeseed, barley, corn, wheat, soybeans). A comprehensive assessment of Ukraine's export positions in the world was carried out and the countries most dependent on the import of Ukrainian grain were identified. The dynamics of the domestic export of cereals, legumes (with products of their processing) and flour for the period from 2020/2021 MR to August 2023/2024 MR have been analyzed. The author has researched and systematized the problems of reducing the volume of export deliveries of Ukrainian grain to the world market. It is substantiated that part of the problems and challenges are macroeconomic in nature and complicate the development of the country's economy, distort market pricing mechanisms and reduce the competitiveness of domestic products. Among them is the risk of losing the country's reputation as a reliable supplier; loss of markets and trading partners; destruction of logistics and transport infrastructure; reduction of production volumes; change in demand; limiting access to resources; devaluation of the national currency, etc. A systematic analysis of the problems and challenges complicating agricultural export made it possible to single out the main ones: reduction in agricultural production volumes and loss of resource potential; limited financial resources; disruption of logistics chains. Special attention was paid to the problem of sea transportation, which before the beginning of the war provided about 95 % of agricultural exports. The dynamics of Ukraine's export volumes within the framework of the "grain initiative" during 2022- 2023 are analyzed. The role and significance of its implementation to mitigate the negative impact of Russia's military aggression on domestic agricultural exports is described. The reasons for the importance of sea transportation for Ukrainian exports have been determined: large volumes of supplies and their low cost. Emphasis is placed on the need to export by sea, even without the participation of Russia. The author researched the measures implemented by the Ukrainian government to support agricultural production and export and justified the need to develop a set of measures to stabilize and further develop the industry and restore the export of agricultural products. Among them are the following: reduction of bureaucratic barriers; state support for the development of logistics infrastructure, optimization of taxation and lending; adaptation of agricultural production to EU requirements; increasing the quality and safety of products in accordance with international standards; technological development and digitalization; restoration and transition of the agricultural sector to sustainable production. Key words: agricultural production, export, agricultural export, agricultural export problems, "grain initiative".

Global and national aspects of food security in the minds of an unstable economy

As a result of Russia's aggression and the cessation of the export of Ukrainian agricultural products by sea, 22 million tons of grain were blocked in Ukrainian ports. This has significantly limited the ability of Ukrainian farmers to sell grain for the 2021 and 2022 harvests, while at the same time increasing the threat of global hunger, since almost half of all supplies under the UN World Food Program come from Ukraine. The subject of the study is ensuring food security in Ukraine and the world as a whole. The purpose of this scientific work is the analysis of modern conditions that affect compliance with food security in the global dimension. The main scientific methods used in writing the article were: analysis, synthesis, systematization, comparison, abstract-logical method. It has been established that the unblocking of Ukrainian ports and the resumption of grain and oilseed exports is of crucial importance both for the economy of Ukraine and for global food security. The results of the study indicate that Ukraine currently has three export routes - ports on the Danube, railways and highways. However, each of them has its own shortcomings. For example, the Danube ports have limited capacity due to the lack of barges, berths and terminals. Previously, Ukraine almost did not use this export route and therefore did not invest in it. In turn, railway and road logistics are hampered by heavy traffic jams at the borders, lack of wagons and fuel, phytosanitary procedures, as well as the difference between the European and Ukrainian (wider by 9 cm) tracks. Another significant problem is the lack of storage capacity in European ports, which are not adapted to such volumes of grain transshipment. It has been studied that almost a third of agricultural land is unsuitable for planting because it is mined. It was considered that even if the Ukrainian government manages to organize new ways of exporting food from the country, the export of the 2021/2022 marketing year was significantly smaller than last year. In 2023, due to the significant reduction in cultivated areas caused by the war, it is likely that it will not be possible to collect too large crops, and therefore, the share of Ukrainian products in the world food market will significantly decrease. Ukraine's place can be taken by other producers, in particular Brazil, Argentina, India, Canada and the USA. A significant reduction in Ukraine's exports has been established. The food security system is presented, which includes the conditions for ensuring food security and dimensions of food security. Russian aggression against Ukraine has been proven to be another economic challenge for developing countries in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, which threatens their food security. A decrease in the production and export of grain from Ukraine and Russia, as well as an increase in the price of energy raw materials and fertilizers will lead to an increase in food prices in the world. Key words: food security, war in Ukraine, export, food security system.

Features of the implementation of international relations with the countries of Asia in the sector of FMCG products

The scientific article, devoted to the peculiarities of the implementation of international relations with the countries of Asia in the sector of FMCG products, defines the peculiarities of the modern regulation of relations between Ukraine and the countries of Asia, as well as the perspective of the regulation of such relations. The article defines the peculiarities of the regulation of relations with foreign countries during the legal regime of martial law and before its beginning, in particular in international trade relations; features of the practical implementation of relations with countries that support Ukraine in the war with the russian federation. The article contains the features of the functioning of the international market in certain Asian countries and defines the features of their relations with Ukraine, determines their relationship in the period before the full-scale invasion of the russian federation on the territory of Ukraine and today. The article contains reservations regarding the modern implementation of international relations with some Asian countries. The concept of FMCG products is defined and the general characteristics of such products are given. Examples of FMCG products that Ukraine manufactures today, including for export, are noted. Examples of international trade relations of Ukraine with foreign countries regarding FMCG products are given. Forecasts and caveats of Ukraine's export of FMCG products to Asian countries are noted, as well as the specifics of the above-mentioned international cooperation. The possible consequences of Ukraine's cooperation with Asian countries in terms of Ukraine's export of FMCG products, in particular in terms of international trade relations, are presented and analyzed. Forecasts of Ukraine's cooperation with Asian countries in terms of Ukraine's export of FMCG products are given. It is noted that in Asian countries, the import of FMCG products has only been increasing in recent years, which only indicates an increase in import growth in the following periods, and therefore is promising for Ukraine as a country that is preparing to export FMCG products to Asian countries.

The 2022 Russia invasion on Ukraine: The biofuel energy security challenge on Ukraine and some related countries

Europe, United States and other countries make moves to compensate for the loss of Ukraine's exports by diverting crops meant for biofuels into food production and to relax some of the biofuels mandates due to the challenges of 2022 Russian invasion on Ukraine (RIU). Ukraine as a leading exporter of cereals and oil crops in the world has suffered reduction in exports of grain products since the inception of the invasion. This work critically evaluates the immediate and remote potential effects of the RIU on Ukraine's biofuel capacity and potentials, energy strategies and policies, direct impacts of the war on Ukraine and Russia and other countries' biofuels policies were evaluated. Ukraine is found to be a very important big player on global biofuels energy security and policies. It was observed that there are more significant impacts of the war on Ukraine biofuel industry than that of Russia due to very low priority on the development of Liquid biofuels (LBs) in Russia. Recommendations based on the concepts of national energy security and independence were elucidated. Post invasion-strategies such as development of framework for management of post-war waste, ensuring strict adherence to EU biofuels sustainable directives, and implementation of Bioplus-project for Ukraine government were underpinned. This article provides useful information, guidelines and directives that would enable Ukraine government and other countries facing energy insecurity and political crises to restore energy independence and national economy.

War as a Catalyst: Ukraine's Inspiring Narrative for “Made In Ukraine” Pharmaceuticals in the German Market

The favourable perception of Ukraine, bolstered by global support during the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, has profoundly influenced the country's national brand. This has increased receptiveness towards Ukrainian products, particularly in Europe and North America. These perceptual shifts have yielded notable ramifications for Ukraine's export patterns and trade dynamics. This article investigates the relationship between the positive perception of Ukraine, the "Made in Ukraine" concept, and the consumption of Ukrainian goods. It specifically emphasises the impact of the country of origin on consumer perceptions and decision-making processes. By examining these factors, the study endeavours to enrich the comprehension of consumer preferences while furnishing practical insights relevant to Ukrainian brands engaged in international markets. The research findings contribute to the existing literature on a nation's image, national branding, and consumer behaviour. Furthermore, they offer invaluable guid- ance for Ukrainian enterprises seeking to leverage their national brand and promote "Made in Ukraine" products globally. Methods: The research methodology encompasses a two-stage approach that includes desk re- search and a survey to investigate the external environmental factors and comprehend German residents' attitudes and purchasing behaviour regarding Ukrainian pharmaceutical products. The formulated research questions aim to reveal the drivers behind product choices and perceptions of Ukraine as a nation. Several factors, including the established Ukrainian pharmaceutical industry, the potential for increased support and investment, geopolitical dynamics, the demand within the German healthcare system, and future growth opportunities, underpin the German market selection as this study's focal point. Results and conclusions: The desk research analysis has identified numerous market oppor- tunities available to Ukrainian pharmaceutical manufacturers in the German market. These opportunities encompass leveraging the COVID-19 crisis, addressing medicine shortages, and strategically targeting specific demographic segments. The survey analysis, on the other hand, sheds light on the motivations and attitudes of Germans toward Ukrainian pharmaceutical products. It highlights the significance of doctors' prescriptions and pharmacists' influential recommendations. The survey indicates a strong willingness among Germans to support Ukraine by purchasing its pharmaceutical offerings. To harness Ukraine's positive perception in the Ger-man market, Ukrainian manufacturers should proactively implement communication strategies and cultivate robust relationships with healthcare professionals. They should focus on augment- ing their product portfolio and optimising supply chain efficiency while raising awareness and collaborating with pertinent stakeholders. Ultimately, this study underscores the potential for Ukrainian pharmaceutical manufacturers to leverage the favourable perception of Ukraine within the German market, offering invaluable for successful market entry and sustainable growth.

ЗЕРНОВИЙ ЕКСПОРТ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

Досліджено шляхи і проблеми зернового експорту України в умовах війни. Основними шляхами відновлення експорту зерна є «смуги солідарності» Україна – ЄС і Чорноморська зернова ініціатива. Проте ці заходи лише частково вирішили проблему експорту зерна з України у 2022 – на початку 2023 р. У 2022 р. відбулося зменшення обсягів експорту українського зерна на 32,6 % порівняно з обсягами попереднього року. Повномасштабна воєнна агресія РФ проти України спричинила різке зростання світових цін на пшеницю, а започаткування «смуг солідарності» й морського зернового коридору посприяли їх суттєвому зниженню, зокрема на зерно. Проте вітчизняні виробники зерна і експортери не змогли скористатися зростанням світових цін на зерно у 2022 р. через збільшення транспортних видатків при перевезенні до портів, зростання маржі посередників з урахуванням ризиків воєнного часу, підвищення вартості фрахту суден тощо. Відповідні втрати в ціні зерна при експорті з України перекладаються по зерновому ціновому ланцюгу переважно на нижню його ланку – виробника зерна. Частка виробника (на умовах EXW) у експортній ціні пшениці 2-го класу зменшилася з 80 % на початку дії морського зернового коридору до 67 % при експорті морським зерновим коридором у лютому 2023 р. Серйозні ризики для повоєнного відновлення українського експорту зерна становлять процеси релокації торговельних потоків на традиційних ринках експорту зернових з Чорноморського регіону, пов’язані, насамперед, із заміщенням українського зерна російським. Розвитку українського зернового експорту сприяло б максимальне дистанціювання від РФ у торговельній політиці щодо експорту продукції у межах Чорноморського регіону за рахунок залучення до торговельних потоків Середземноморського регіону з використанням конвенції щодо правил походження Пан-Євро-Мед.

UKRAINE CONFLICT’S IMPACT ON PAKISTAN FOREIGN POLICY

The situation in Ukraine has significantly impacted Pakistan's foreign policy, affecting a variety of areas and posing difficulties and options for the nation's international relations. This essay seeks to offer a thorough study of the conflict's repercussions on domestic and international politics, as well as its ramifications for trade, energy, food security, and shifting alliances. Despite Ukraine's distance from Pakistan, the crisis there has had an impact on world politics, changing the balance of power and necessitating tactical changes. Understanding Pakistan's reaction in its foreign policy depends on knowing how the conflict will affect regional and global affairs. This study investigates the effects of the conflict and sheds light on Pakistan's participation in the changing geopolitical environment. The conflict may have an impact on trade, food security, and the energy sector, to name a few industries. Global supply chains and trade routes could be disrupted, which would change economic dynamics. Additionally, because the conflict may affect trade routes and access to resources, issues to food security may appear. Geopolitical changes may cause volatility and uncertainty in the energy sector's energy supply and pricing. Comparative analysis of Ukraine's exports of military equipment to Pakistan and India can shed light on how the regional defense partnerships are changing. Understanding the choices both nations made when purchasing military hardware from Ukraine aids in clarifying Pakistan's foreign policy philosophies and strategic considerations. Pakistan's foreign policy has been significantly impacted by the situation in Ukraine. A thorough comprehension of the dynamics at play can be attained by analyzing the conflict's effects on various sectors, looking at shifting partnerships, and comprehending the decisions and difficulties faced by Pakistan. Policymakers, academics, and analysts who want to understand Pakistan's foreign policy in the wake of the Ukraine conflict can benefit greatly from this research.

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF TRADE WITH POLAND ON UKRAINE'S ECONOMIC GROWTH

The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of Ukrainian-Polish trade in goods on the economic growth of Ukraine. The tasks of the study include an analysis of the dynamics and structural changes in Ukraine's trade in goods with Poland, an assessment of the impact of the main indicators of the volume of trade with Poland on Ukraine's economic growth, and a study of the relationship between the indicators of Ukraine's economic growth and changes in the volume of exports and imports of the main groups of goods in trade with Poland. In the course of the research, the method of regression analysis was used to determine the influence of the total volume of exports and imports and the product structure of bilateral trade on the economic growth of Ukraine. As a result of the regression analysis, the dependence of Ukraine's economic growth on imports of goods from Poland was revealed, and the impact of changes in the volume of Ukraine's exports of goods on Ukraine's economic growth was statistically insignificant. The study confirmed the dependence of Ukraine's economic growth on changes in the volume of iron ore exports to Poland and imports of cosmetic industry products from Poland. A statistically insignificant influence of exports and imports of other main groups of goods in trade with Poland on Ukraine's economic growth was found. In the period of post-war reconstruction, the deepening of Ukrainian-Polish cooperation in the implementation of joint infrastructure and industrial projects, which provide for the establishment of production of necessary products using materials and components imported from Poland, can become an important component of the economic growth of Ukraine.

ПРОБЛЕМИ І ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ РИНКУ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ В УКРАЇНІ

The article analyzes the current issues that are preventing the development of the information technology market in Ukraine. It has been established that the leaders of the Ukrainian IT industry have already achieved significant success and have several undeniable achievements. The lack of a well-established state policy is preventing Ukraine from competing effectively in the global IT market as a producer of goods. The analysis of countries' global digital competitiveness ratings revealed that the world market of information technologies is segmented based on types, programs, and subtypes. Due to several factors, the information technology market in Ukraine has been growing moderately. Firstly, there is an increasing demand for advanced technologies and digitalization, along with positive trends in remote working, which is the usual mode for IT companies; secondly - the emergence of new information technologies and systems, products, IT services, and companies; thirdly, the development of the communications system, electronic payments, and e-commerce have also played a role in the market's expansion. Fourth, the increased digitalization in various sectors of the economy, including healthcare, government, finance, and education, is expected to drive the highest growth rates in the IT market; fifth, the growth of the IT market is also being fueled by the attraction of significant investments through progressive IT start-ups, sixth, the rapidly growing IT workforce. Lastly, there is an annual increase in the share of the Ukrainian IT market in the export of services. The effectiveness of the information technology market in Ukraine's export of services is presented through the dynamics of indicators from 2018 to 2022. Ukrainian IT companies should focus on further developing their information products to improve the situation. The article analyzes Ukraine's top 10 IT companies, where service companies dominate. It also summarizes the challenges that are hindering the development of the information technology market in Ukraine. Additionally, the article suggests directions that can help create a developed digital Ukrainian nation. Several measures are proposed to facilitate the rapid development of the information technology market in Ukraine. The first is to focus on building the world's first digital country, which involves ensuring secure and uninterrupted Internet access for all residents throughout the territory, this can be achieved by leveraging technologies like StarLink and other similar advancements. Secondly, there is a proposal to create a territory of innovation, which would involve technological integration and the introduction of new technologies. Thirdly, the development of high-tech and future-tech products is emphasized. Fourthly, the suggestion is to fully operate the virtual economy in parallel with the traditional one. Lastly, there is a proposal to attract major global services to Ukraine, such as global investment banks and Amazon services.