Ukraine Experience Research Articles

Strategies for reducing financial security threats during wartime: Ukraine's experience

Strategies for reducing financial security threats during wartime: Ukraine's experience

Sustaining progress towards universal health coverage amidst a full-scale war: learning from Ukraine.

In the aftermath of Russia's military response to the 2014 Revolution of Dignity, the government of Ukraine implemented a package of health financing reforms underpinned by universal health coverage (UHC) principles. By the time of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the new systems and institutions envisaged in the reforms were largely established. In this Commentary article, we explain how these attributes strengthened the Ukrainian health system's response to the impacts of the war. Ukraine's experience highlights the role that health financing arrangements, designed in accordance with UHC principles, can play in strengthening health system resilience.

SUSTAINABILITY OF LOCAL PUBLIC FINANCE AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN TIMES OF CRISIS IN UKRAINE

The socio-economic crisis in Ukraine, which has worsened over the past decade, has had a profound impact on all local communities. Local governments implementing decentralised mechanisms and anti-crisis financial measures are currently facing numerous theoretical and procedural constraints, which, although not homogeneous, have a cumulative effect. In the context of low economic potential and existing legislative constraints, local governments cannot actively manipulate consistent sources of local budget revenues (taxes) to support sustainable regional development, and therefore a coherent policy of credit and fiscal equalisation is an important aspect of ensuring the sustainability of local public finances. The purpose of the paper is to assess the correspondence between the fiscal sustainability of local budgets (with a focus on the borrowing component) and the economic sustainability of regions. Empirical studies of Ukraine's experience based on regression modelling have not found a clear direct link between the drivers of fiscal sustainability of local budgets (solvency, dependence on intergovernmental grants, stability of tax revenues) and the sustainability of socio-economic development of Ukrainian regions. In addition, in the context of the crisis and external shocks, strict adherence to the criteria of fiscal balance of local budgets undermines the ability to ensure a sustainable recovery of the regional economy, so it is important not to limit the fiscal capacity of communities by attracting local borrowings and intergovernmental grant during the crisis.

Art education as a means of forming cultural identity and civic consciousness

The purpose of the article is to study art education as a means of forming cultural identity and civic consciousness. To achieve this goal, theoretical methods of cognition were used, in particular, the most important methods of analysis, synthesis, and content analysis. The results show that modern technologies are widely used in the field of higher art education. This includes not only technical aspects, but also theoretical and pedagogical approaches to teaching. In modern methods of higher education, the emphasis is on the development of students' personalities, broadening their outlook, skills and abilities. Traditional models of learning that existed before the introduction of distance learning are undergoing significant changes, leading to experimental approaches to teaching in art universities. Particular emphasis is placed on the democratisation of educational processes, digitalisation of art education and the use of computer technology. The desire to ensure unity in diversity, which is a necessary component of modern European integration aimed at overcoming the negative effects of globalisation, is also important. One of the key components of the development of modern higher art education is the use of digital technologies. This allows students to create a significant amount of creative work while studying and include it in their professional portfolio. This approach is particularly relevant in the European labour market. Ukraine's experience in applying modern teaching methods in the field of music is in line with European development trends. At the same time, due to Russian military aggression and obsessive propaganda, there is a need to update research on Ukraine-centric music topics. It is important to emphasise the development of Ukrainian art, the study of the life and legacy of prominent teachers, performers and artists, and the integration of the acquired knowledge into the educational process. The conclusions emphasise that the combination of Ukrainian specificity and modern digitalisation trends creates objective conditions for the development of musicology in Ukraine and its presentation at the international level.

Medical and pharmaceutical activities in occupied territories: legal assessment and Ukraine's experience.

International armed conflicts often involve the occupation of territories of the state under aggression, where some of the population begins to voluntarily cooperate with the enemy. Currently, under the legislation of certain EU countries, such actions may be deemed collaboration or treason. This article examines the scenarios faced by medical or pharmaceutical workers in occupied territories, using the example of Ukraine, which is currently experiencing armed aggression from the Russian Federation. Despite the declared norms of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), medical and pharmaceutical workers find themselves in quite difficult situations. They have taken an oath and have obligations under the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols, and thus are required to continue performing their professional duties during the occupation and are de jure granted medical neutrality. However, they also face limited resources, pressure, and, in some cases, their duties may involve illegal actions that could lead to legal responsibility. The study identifies when medical and pharmaceutical activities are lawful during occupation and when they may constitute unlawful behaviour that results in legal accountability. The authors conclude that the current policies of Russia and its occupation authorities deliberately violate IHL norms. Furthermore, they intentionally create conditions where individuals in occupied territories commit actions that will be recognized as crimes. It is based on dialectical, analytic, synthetic, comprehensive methods, and also uses the case-method and the method of content analysis.

THE IMPACT OF THE MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ON BANK LENDING TO INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES: THE CASE OF UKRAINE

In today's world, the development of any economy is characterised by numerous financial, socio-economic and political challenges. Ukraine's experience is particularly special, as its macroeconomic environment is undergoing significant shifts and changes due to the unprecedented armed invasion of its sovereign territory by a neighbouring aggressor country. Given the importance of the industrial production sector in the country's economic growth, the problem of additional financial sources for the development of industrial enterprises in the dynamic macroeconomic environment of Ukraine is particularly relevant. Since banks are the dominant link in the financial system of Ukraine, the study of the impact of the macroeconomic environment on bank lending to industrial enterprises is of particular scientific interest. The article is aimed at identifying and analysing the key economic factors of the macroeconomic environment of Ukraine that influenced the state of bank lending to industrial enterprises in 2009-2022, using economic and mathematical modelling methods. Methodology. The study is based on the data that showed the highest correlations between the outcome variable - the volume of bank lending to industrial enterprises (in billion UAH) and the explanatory variables - economic factors of the macroeconomic environment of different groups (general indicators of economic development; indicators of industrial development; indicators of socio-economic development; indicators of the monetary market; indicators of public finance; indicators of the external sector; indicators of the foreign exchange market) for the period 2009-2022. Based on these data, a multiple linear regression model is built and the results are interpreted. Practical implications. The practical results can serve as a basis for further research on ways to improve the risk management of bank lending to industrial enterprises in a dynamic macroeconomic environment; ways to improve the management of problem debts of industrial enterprises; ways to intensify bank lending to industrial enterprises in Ukraine as a prerequisite for post-war economic reconstruction on the basis of sustainable development, etc. Value/Originality. The results of the research provide a deeper understanding of the role of the country's macroeconomic environment, its dynamics and the impact of certain economic factors on the development of bank lending to industrial enterprises as an important source of additional financial resources for industrial enterprises.

Comparative analysis of war veterans’ adaptation programs to civilian life in Ukraine, Great Britain and the USA

The relevance of the study is due to the full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine with the use of brutal and aggressive actions, which entail consequences in the form of a large psychological impact on the health of the population, especially the military. The purpose of the article is to determine the most favourable programs for adapting the military to civilian life, which can be distinguished using a comparative analysis of the experience of different countries. During the research, a number of such methods were used, such as the theoretical method, the method of comparative analysis, the functional method, the method of logical analysis, the method of deduction, and others. It was determined that it is important to apply the experience of Great Britain and the United States during the development of adaptation programs, since a feature of the policy of these countries is the use of the labour potential of servicemen released into the reserve, which is characterized by high efficiency. The main directions during the implementation of adaptation programs in the analysed countries are cultural and socially significant events, providing veterans with preferential medical care, assistance in training according to their own unique programs, in employment, as well as providing assistance to the families of military personnel. An analysis of Ukraine's experience was carried out, in accordance with which the contents of such programs of military adaptation to civilian life as “NATO-Ukraine” and “Ukraine-Norway”. It was determined that they are characterized by high efficiency, which is due to significant results and the implementation of programs in difficult conditions, which pose complex tasks.

The implementation of ecological design ideas with the help of waste: Ukraine's experience

PurposeThe purpose of the research is to substantiate the possibilities of the development of ecological design in the process of future designers professional training and the implementation of student projects in practice.Design/methodology/approachThis article offers one of the possible ways to solve the problem of rational use of wastes of natural resources in the projects of design students. In Ukraine, the ecological direction acquires national features and many Ukrainian manufacturers associate this mainly with ecologically clean materials: this is most typical for furniture products and traditional construction made of wood. The proposed technique is an effective tool for analyzing the interaction of environmental and design disciplines at different levels, as well as an effective criterion for evaluating methods of structuring educational material. The introduction of the correlation index makes assessing the effectiveness of the application of environmental knowledge in design possible.FindingsThe analysis of the world ecological design experience makes presenting the Ukrainian experience of environmental design possible, the origins of which date back to the 1920s of the 20th century. In terms of the purpose and methods of education, the authors consider art and industrial schools to be the primary basis of design education in Ukraine. In the 1990s of the 20th century, on the material and technical bases, educational-methodical and staffing with experienced teachers that design departments are formed, which train and graduate certified designers in various specializations. The need for readiness to solve the tasks of environmental education of future designers in the context of end-to-end environmental training is an urgent problem. Relying on ecological concepts makes optimally structuring the educational material possible, taking into account the requirements for both environmental and professional training.Research limitations/implicationsStudies have established that the application of the authors' method of continuous environmental education has a positive effect on the assimilation of environmental knowledge and method's use in professional theory. Increasing the rates of assimilation and application of environmental knowledge by students has a positive effect on the interaction of environmental and professional knowledge.Practical implicationsThe practical significance of the project consists in the implementation of the development of design projects on specific topics, including competitive, diploma and master's theses. The presented examples of designer shaping from wastes are expressive examples to follow in educational design, important for the development of students' creative and ecological thinking. The methodology is tested in several institutions of higher education in Ukraine, and the authors hope that this can spread in other countries, in particular in the training of designers specializing in “Furniture Design.”Social implicationsEcodesign is gradually being established in the general structure of design theory and, accordingly, has the right to an independent role in the formation of new principles of shaping the spatial and object environment of human life.Originality/valueNew approaches require new educational standards, curricula and teaching methods, directed in particular to the development of a systemic interdisciplinary approach.

Exploring the formation of individual educational paths for bachelor's and master's students at NULES of Ukraine

The article investigates the role of selective educational components in constructing personalized educational trajectories for bachelor's and master's degree recipients. It delves into the legislative framework that upholds the right of higher education seekers to shape their individual educational paths. The NULES of Ukraine's experience is detailed, emphasizing the allocation of selective educational components into blocks of free choice aligned with the educational program and tailored to the preferences of the recipients of educational services. The article also sheds light on overarching trends in credit distribution within undergraduate and graduate educational programs. It provides a rationale for the annual update procedure of the list of disciplines in the block of free choice, considering student preferences and presenting options for combining optional disciplines.

Ukraine's Experience with Management of Combat Casualties Using NATO's Four-Tier "Changing as Needed" Healthcare System.

The full-scale war with Russia on the territory of Ukraine has revealed several problems related to care of the wounded. In this article, we summarize the mechanisms of injury and injuries sustained for the period February to April 2022, focusing on extremity injuries. We compared these to a period of lower-intensity warfare in 2014-2021. In both cases, we report patients treated by the National Military Medical Clinical Center (NMMCC) in Kyiv. We also sought to evaluate the care of the wounded from an organizational viewpoint, taking into account the four-level system of care also used by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Third, we sought to understand lessons learned that could improve the care of the wounded. During the 2022 conflict, the percentage of patients with extremity wounds who had long bone fractures increased and the percentage of people with long bone fractures who had bone defects increased, compared with 2014-2021. This may be due to the higher blast energy from the weapons used in the current conflict. Second, we adapted the four-level NATO system of care. Level 2 (first level hospital) care was provided by civilian hospitals close to the fighting, rather than mobile military hospitals. Level 3 (specialized) and 4 (highly specialized) care were combined into one hospital (NMMCC). This is the first description of flexible use of NATO's four levels. Finally, a major lesson learned was the need to improve use of damage control surgery.

STRATEGIES AND INNOVATIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS: UKRAINIAN EXPERIENCE, RESPONSES TO CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES

Ukraine is currently facing an acute issue of economic recovery, as the country seeks to emerge from the devastating effects of the global pandemic and level out and overcome the negative impact of the intensification of military operations on its territory. Given the above, the purpose of the article is to study Ukraine's experience in strategic management of economic systems, taking into account the existing experience and accumulated practices, as well as to substantiate proposals for the development and implementation of progressive, innovative tools of public management in accordance with the challenges of our time. Methods - deduction, induction, analysis, synthesis, dialectical logic, system and dynamic analysis, software modelling. Through the prism of historical retrospectives, the practices accumulated in the country of designing strategies of economic development in the institutional, organizational and substantive context are described. The structurization and detailed elaboration of different archetypes of state economic management, and formalized guiding principles which should form the basis of the elaboration and realization of the strategy of economic systems development have been presented. Separate attention is paid to the disclosure of the content of the components of the innovative platform of value creation, which should form the basis of strategic management of economic systems in Ukraine. The scientific novelty proved that the basis of strategic management of the development of economic systems of Ukraine at the present stage should be the archetype of "centralized and global management", which should be based on an innovative platform of value creation, by supporting three key sectors of economic progress: society, industry and management. The conclusions obtained in the study can be used by the Government of Ukraine and responsible institutions, as well as the business environment in justifying the structural content of the model of strategic management of progressive economic development by assessing the new challenges generated by the challenges of our time. For the achievement of efficiency of management of strategic development of economic systems in Ukraine, it is necessary to provide a synergy of state institutions, representatives of business, and the public.

THE CURRENT STATE OF TAX CONTROL OVER TRANSFER PRICING IN UKRAINE

The purpose of the article is to summarize and present the genesis of transfer pricing in Ukraine, to identify the problems and to assess the prospects of Ukraine in this direction. Methodology. The theoretical basis was the developments devoted to transfer pricing and the impact of globalization processes on the transfer pricing mechanism of transnational corporations and the system of international regulation. The methodology of the study consisted of general scientific and special scientific methods of research: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, methods of analogy, differentiation, generalization. The information base of the study consists of regulatory legal documents, materials of monographic studies of foreign and domestic scientists, textbooks and manuals, international and Ukrainian scientific conferences, articles in periodicals and information base of the Internet. The results of the study showed that transfer pricing as a tax institute appeared in Ukraine in September 2013 against the background of increased attention to transnational corporations and international trade. Unlike many other requirements of tax legislation, transfer pricing has no clear regulatory framework, which creates many problems for both taxpayers and controlling authorities. Ukraine's experience shows that transfer pricing rules focus on shifting the tax base between countries and redistributing profits between related companies, as well as transferring income to low-tax countries. Practical implications. The practical significance of the study lies in a comprehensive analysis and assessment of the current situation of transfer pricing processes taking place in Ukraine. The experience of European countries and judicial practice which formed a number of important and progressive legal positions and conclusions on improvement of transfer pricing control can be used in practice for Ukraine. The practical novelty of the results consists in a comprehensive analysis of the impact of transfer pricing on the current state of tax management as a whole. Value/originality. With proper control over transfer pricing instruments, it is possible to significantly prevent the erosion of the tax base and, consequently, to increase the volume of taxation and ensure the economic security of the state at the proper level.

The development of children’s medical rights in Ukraine (1919 – beginning of the XXI century)

Children's medical rights were actively developed in the twentieth century after the First World War. It was an event of a global scale that prompted legislative changes in national legislations, including Ukraine. Ukraine's experience in children's health care is rich in examples of both successful reforms in this field, and also not that successful ones. The development of children's medical rights in Ukraine had passed different stages of its development. The period from 1919 to the beginning of the 21st century was taken to resolve this issue. The choice of this historical period is justified by the presence of different stages of state and legal development of Ukraine, and, as a consequence, the development of children's medical rights. This is because the development of children's rights is inextricably linked with the development of state policy in the field of child protection. The aim of this research is to analyse the development of children’s medical rights on the example of Ukraine. To achieve this goal, international legal documents, legislation of Ukraine, and works of scholars from various countries were analysed. During the study of this issue, a variety of scientific methods were used. Among them are the dialectical, historical method, method of analysis and synthesis, method of analogy and method of interpretation of legal norms. The main results obtained are: analysis of the history of the development of children’s medical rights in Ukraine and influence of the World Health Organisation and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) on this development. The value of this paper lies in obtaining practical recommendations regarding children’s rights in general and the medical rights of children in particular

Countering Informational Influences of the Russian Federation: National Experience

The urgency of the chosen issue is due to the fact that since the beginning of the hybrid aggression in 2014, the domestic information space has been subject to various interventions from Russia: from biased Russian media coverage of events in Ukraine to outright lies from the Russian authorities. At the same time, such attention to our state by Russia has led to the formation in Ukrainian society of a certain level of resistance to hostile information influences and the acquisition by domestic state and public institutions, as well as scientific circles of unique experience in countering Russia in this area. The methods of counteraction developed so far are quite diverse in nature, and therefore require critical evaluation in order to improve the foundations of information security of both Ukraine and the world democratic community. The purpose of this article is to assess the state of information security of the nation and to determine further directions for its improvement on the basis of a retrospective analysis of the process of counteracting Russian information influences on Ukrainian society and the state. Reflective approach was chosen as the main one to study the national experience of counteracting the information influences of the Russian Federation, as it provides an opportunity to comprehend Ukraine's experience as a purposeful and organized process of strengthening the resilience of domestic state and public institutions to clearly planned multilevel aggression and creation of the foundations for the development of own information space. A comparison of main information operations of the Russian Federation targeting Ukraine, of the described in the article stages of Russian aggression with the measures taken by the Ukrainian state and society gives an opportunity to allege that the crisis stage in the information struggle and the formation of domestic sovereign information space as a phenomenon is over. So, if at the early stages of information aggression the Kremlin relied on the attractiveness of its civilizational concepts, such as "Russian World" or "Moscow - Third Rome", which should have led to Russia's victory by "soft power", today we observe the change of course towards cluster influences, tendencies (problems in the Ukrainian energy sector, "anti-vaccination" campaigns, etc.) aimed at destabilizing the domestic political situation in the country and bringing discord in relations with foreign partners. Currently, the information campaigns of the Russian Federation from an individual phenomenon (operational line of hybrid war) have been transformed into secondary (service) tool of other areas of aggression: military, economic, etc. Under the difficult conditions of multifaceted opposition to the aggressor, Ukraine managed to create a basis for the development of its own information space and its protection from unfriendly influences not only of Russia but also of other potentially interested geopolitical actors. At the same time, both the state and society need to focus on further development of their own system of counteraction - to improve existing legislation, build appropriate institutions, form a scientific and methodological basis for the use of adequate and possibly asymmetric means of counteracting Russia.

Prevention of crimes against the environment: the experience of Ukraine

General social measures for the prevention of crimes against the environment, which include general processes of economic development, science, technology, which create the possibility and increase the effectiveness of special criminological measures and, in contrast, do not directly affect but indirectly the criminogenic environment, eliminating or neutralizing the common, most significant and common causes of behavior criminal in the field of ecology. The article analyzes Ukraine's experience in the field of preventing crimes against the environment. It also analyzes the measures taken in the country aimed at the prevention of environmental crimes. A documentary methodology close to content analysis was used. It is concluded that liability for environmental crimes is an important component of the legal provision of environmental management, the restoration of ecological objects and the protection of the environment. Legislation on criminal liability for violation of the right to use a natural object was developed within the framework of the general legal rules on liability for violation of environmental legislation.

On decentralization of powers to provide administrative services

Introduction. The formation of public administration in Ukraine is simultaneously influenced by many factors. These are both the service view of the state and the development of the doctrine of administrative services, and the implementation of decentralization reform, in particular the consolidation of territorial communities, as well as digitalization. In this context, it becomes an urgent task to assess the effectiveness of policy on decentralization of powers, its positives, risks, prospects. Aim of the article. The purpose of the article is to study the issue of decentralization of powers on the example of administrative services, the reasons for slowing down this policy in recent years, determining the conditions for optimal organization. Tasks: to determine the content of decentralization of powers and its types; to distinguish decentralization of powers with other mechanisms of division of powers; show the factors that motivate Ukraine to the policy of decentralization (delegation) of powers in the field of administrative services; propose the optimal mechanism of delegation of powers; outline the most pressing tasks for the delegation of the following groups of services. Results. Ukraine's experience in delegating powers to local self-governments (LCGs), in particular, in the registration of real estate, business, residence has been successful. Services have become closer to citizens territorially, queues and reasons for domestic corruption have disappeared, the speed of service delivery, their integration into a single office (CNAP) and opportunities for service according to the model of life situations have improved. Delegation of powers of local self-government bodies allows to use motivation and flexibility of local self-government bodies, initiative and responsibility of citizens. Although there are risks of different LCGs capacity and quality of services. But it is better for the state to help local self-government bodies and "insure" them. It is also important to ensure the integrity of the mechanism of delegation of powers, ie to provide for the preservation of centralized state registers, methodological assistance from the state for local self-government, professional departmental control over the implementation of delegated powers. The reasons and peculiarities of decentralization of residence registration powers should be analyzed separately. But this experience is also quite successful. After all, he also improved the service for consumers, promoted electrification in the field. Decentralization of powers is not an alternative or opposition to digitalization. These are two equally important strategic directions of public policy. Conclusions. In a modern democratic and decentralized state, it is necessary to make maximum use of the motivation and flexibility of local self-government bodies, in particular, to delegate to them the authority to provide basic administrative services. It is important to ensure the integrity of the delegation mechanism, and to provide local self-government bodies with resources to perform delegated powers. During 2021, priority in the delegation of powers should be given to the areas of registration of civil status and administrative services of a social nature.

ПРОБЛЕМАТИКА ЕФЕКТИВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ В ГРОМАДАХ УКРАЇНИ

The article reveals the problems of governance in the communities of Ukraine. The shortcomings and imperfect work in the preparation of decentralization reforms (based on the results of three previous reforms) are considered. One of the main problematic issues is the creation of such a model of territorial community management, which would be able to provide quality public services to community members. We will analyze the main factors influencing the management system of territorial communities. It is theoretically determined that the economic potential increases with the size of the community, thus increasing the ability to provide quality public services. It is determined that management and services are moving away from residents, and the level of community influence on decision-making is declining. According to the results of the practice of the first year of existence of territorial communities under the new administrative-territorial system, this pattern can be traced in large communities. Therefore, it is very important to ensure the uniformity of government throughout its territory, the availability of residents to administrative services. The exclusive competence of village, settlement, city councils as to bodies of representation of local self-government is outlined. The analysis of organizational structures and staff lists of selected territorial communities of Kherson region is carried out, which allows not only to analyze their effectiveness in fulfilling their tasks and powers, but also to follow the evolution of these structures. It is determined that with limited financial resources there is a question of the most effective functional division of responsibilities between the structural executive bodies of the council. The study of Ukraine's experience during the transition period shows that even small communities can be effective, using the tools provided by the state to solve common problems with neighboring communities, to a greater extent through cooperation. It is concluded that with a high probability to be economically, budgetary, personnel and organizationally capable, other things being equal, can really be a large community with a significant population.

Transforming the Relations between State and Society in the Context of the 4th Industrial Revolution: Ukraine's Experience

The prerequisites and consequences of reformed relations between the state and society under the influence of the 4th industrial revolution and the requirements of sustainable development are reviewed in this article. The researchers offer to use the perception of governmental actions by society as a criterion to determine the role of the state in the conditions of digitalization. This allows identifying the features of various state aspects (monopolist, assistant and illusion). The authors identify the best tool which has acquired new social value in Ukraine, the dialogue. Having studied the features of public organizations, the authors structured the primary challenges and summarized the results (both positive and negative) of their activities in the context of digitalization. Special attention was paid to the adaptation of state administration to requirements of the 4th industrial revolution.

Рекреаційно-туристичні кластери як ефективний інструмент реалізації державної політики у рекреаційній сфері

Визначено, що пріоритетність рекреаційної сфери в Україні для залучення інвестицій та створення нових робочих місць зумовлює потребу в реалізації стратегічно орієнтованої державної політики, спрямованої на вирішення системних проблем у цій сфері. Вивчено позитивний зарубіжний досвід країн Європи, ПАР, Туреччини у створенні ефективних рекреаційно-туристичних кластерів, функціонування яких забезпечило розбудову забезпечувальної інфраструктури, покращення якості надання рекреаційно-туристичних послуг, підвищення конкурентоспроможності рекреаційно-туристичної сфери загалом. Узагальнено досвід України у створенні рекреаційно-туристичних комплексів, виявлено причини їхньої низької ефективності. Сформовано пропозиції щодо їх усунення шляхом використання механізму державно-приватного партнерства, перевагами застосування якого є істотна економія державних фінансів, залучення додаткових інвестиційних ресурсів, відновлення та модернізація інфраструктури, нова якість надання рекреаційно-туристичних послуг. Визначено, що перспективним для України є застосування кластерного підходу до розвитку рекреації і туризму в об'єднаних територіальних громадах, а також створення транскордонних рекреаційно-туристичних кластерів передусім в єврорегіонах "Буг", "Карпатський", "Нижній Дунай".

Smart Grid in ensuring the intellectualization of the energy system of Ukraine

The purpose of the article is to study the role and place of the Smart Grid in the process of intellectualizing the energy system of Ukraine. The article defines the essence of the category of "intellectualization of the power system", which made it possible to identify the features of "intelligent" networks in the power industry. Based on the systematization of foreign experience in implementing Smart-strategies in the process of intellectualizing the energy system, the practical possibilities of implementing the main provisions in the Ukrainian economy are considered. It has been established that due to the introduction of “smart” networks by 2020 in EU countries, it is planned to increase the efficiency of energy resources consumption by 20% due to the reduction of specific energy consumption per unit of GDP, and for the same amount it is planned to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere. In addition, it is expected that during this period, the volume of electricity supply, thanks to "intelligent" networks, will exceed one fifth of their total volume. A study of Ukraine's experience in implementing Smart Grid showed that this direction is a priority for the formation of the electric power market. Thus, the Smart Grid system allows energy companies to manage the entire energy supply network as a single system. The implementation of the Smart Grid is designed to solve current tasks with the help of an intelligent network, which allows us to increase profitability, reliability and dependability of work, reduce technical and commercial losses, improve manageability and operational efficiency of networks against the background of increasing consumption. Within the framework of the concept and methodology for the implementation of the Smart Grid system, the requirements of all interested parties should be taken into account - the state, generating, grid and energy retail companies, consumers and equipment manufacturers. This direction is highlighted by the prospect of further research.