Border Of Ukraine Research Articles

The War in Ukraine: The Deterrent Effect of Weaponized Interdependence

Abstract This article examines Putin’s expectations prior to Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine and seeks to answer the following question: Why did Russia invade Ukraine regardless of the West’s threats of severe economic penalties raising the cost of an attack? I argue that the confidence in Vladimir Putin to invade Ukraine, despite his awareness that the stakes could go well beyond the borders of Ukraine and increase the cost of war for the Kremlin, was based on Putin’s calculations that the West would be reluctant to change or substantially displace established rich-get-richer economic structures and would not apply high costs on the Kremlin for military aggression against Ukraine in case of a successful blitzkrieg campaign. By utilizing an extended deterrence game analysis, the article demonstrates how Russia, Ukraine, and the West interacted in decision-making, taking into account the reactions and choices of the other players, and adds to the current body of knowledge by introducing an expanded approach to deterrence strategy based on economic interdependence and the scale of the anticipated conflict.

Criminal liability for human trafficking in the context of the war in Ukraine: Challenges and impact

Martial law and travel restrictions for citizens aged 18 to 60 were introduced after Russia's actions against Ukraine, but exceptions to this rule quickly emerged due to the potential negative consequences for the economy, politics and humanitarian situation. Despite this, society still faces difficulties related to the restriction of fundamental human rights. The study is important because of the increase in criminal behaviour associated with illegal crossing of the Ukrainian border during the conflict. The effectiveness of measures to counter this phenomenon and the socio-economic consequences for Europe can be determined by comparing them to European standards. This comparative analysis will also help to develop recommendations for improving legislation and international cooperation in this area. The research methods used in this study include systemic and structural, formal legal, comparative legal, logical and semantic, dialectical, sociological, statistical, empirical, and analytical. The purpose of this study is to analyse criminal liability for illegal crossing of the State border of Ukraine in the context of the military situation and to identify ways to improve legislation and international cooperation to effectively counter this phenomenon.

The place of customs law in the law system of Ukraine

The article reveals the place and role of customs law in the legal system and describes the relationship between customs law and other branches of Ukrainian law. It is shown that customs law has a mixed legal nature. After all, customs law has characteristics of both the public and private branches of law. On the one hand, customs law has an administrative nature, as it regulates the activities of customs tax collection bodies that implement state customs policy, state policy in the field of combating offenses during the application of legislation on state customs matters. On the other hand, private relationships regulated by customs law, in particular, the implementation of various types of business activities in the customs control zone (opening a duty-free trade store, opening a customs warehouse), the activities of customs brokers, the provision of paid services by revenue authorities, are gaining great importance. It is argued that customs law acquires a special importance for every citizen and at the same time ensures the interests of the entire society in the sphere of movement across the customs borders of our state of material and spiritual values, assets of world and Ukrainian science and culture, results and processes of economic activity, labor and intellectual assets, tourist , communicative and worldview interests. It was emphasized that in the difficult conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, customs law is of great importance for the state, as it protects its economic interests. Accordingly, the customs law of Ukraine performs the following tasks: normative support of the customs policy and customs affairs of the state; determination of the legal status of subjects of customs relations; establishment of responsibility for violation of customs rules and customs legislation and the procedure for their application; determination of the order of creation, reorganization and liquidation of customs bodies; consolidation of the legal and organizational foundations of the movement of goods and other items across the state border of Ukraine; regulation of the customs control procedure; establishing the procedure for collecting customs duties and other taxes, the procedure for customs clearance of goods, including the declaration of goods and other items; implementation of complex control over currency transactions; ensuring the implementation of measures to protect the interests of consumers of goods and compliance by participants in foreign economic relations with state interests in the foreign market; ensuring the implementation and development of international cooperation in the customs sphere. In general, customs law is a complex branch of law, a system of legal norms that regulate social relations related to the movement of goods and vehicles across the customs border of Ukraine. In the difficult conditions of the Russian Federation’s full-scale war against Ukraine, the role of Ukrainian customs law has significantly increased, thanks to which effective logistics have been established in Ukraine, through our border in the west and south of the country there is constant export and import of goods necessary for the support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the entire Ukrainian people. The value of customs law is that, thanks to it and other branches of law, all processes of crossing the state border of Ukraine took place safely and according to certain rules, the State Customs Service of Ukraine (State Customs Service) functions in Ukraine, which is of great importance for the economic development of Ukraine. The global tasks of modern customs law consist in high-quality regulation of customs activities, because customs today performs one of the important functions - protection of the country’s economic interests and assistance in ensuring state and public security measures.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ ТОВАРІВ ПРИ ЗДІЙСНЕННІ ЕКСПОРТНО-ІМПОРТНИХ ОПЕРАЦІЙ

In the course of export and import operations, the identification of goods plays an important role in ensuring the correct execution of customs declarations, compliance with customs regulations, and determining the rate of customs duties and other payments. Identification is a preliminary stage of the classification of goods and is important in shaping the flow of goods, accelerating customs procedures and improving their efficiency. It should be noted that a purely commodity-based approach to the classification of goods will be somewhat different from the customs approach, as the customs approach must adhere to the basic rules of interpretation of the explanations, exceptions and notes to sections and groups, terminology, and must take into account the properties, signs, indicators and methods of determination that are accepted as determinative and recommended when identifying classification groups. Despite the existence of many scientific works on the topic of this study, the essence of identification as a component of the process of export-import operations in Ukraine has not yet been clarified, aspects of the current state of functioning have not been identified, and ways of modernisation and means of identification of goods in export-import operations have not been proposed. The purpose of this study is to analyse the current state of affairs and to provide recommendations on how to create effective and reliable procedures for the identification of goods in order to improve export-import operations and ensure compliance with legislation and technical regulations. Thus, the identification of goods in the course of export-import operations is a set of actions of customs officials aimed at controlling the information on the customs value of goods transported across the customs border of Ukraine, with mandatory verification of accompanying documents for such goods and information on the counterparties to foreign economic transactions under which certain export-import operations were carried out.

THE ESSENCE AND SCOPE OF UKRAINE'S VICTORY IN THE CONTEXT OF RUSSIA’S TOTAL WAR AGAINST THE UKRAINIAN STATE

The purpose of this article is to clarify the essence and scope of Ukraine's victory in the context of Russia's total war against the Ukrainian state. A system-situational approach, historical analysis, and modeling methods were employed to address the research questions. The article demonstrates that a military victory in the physical realm becomes less significant than its representation in virtual space, where it can be shaped through propaganda in the public consciousness. The factors influencing the dynamics of scientific and official discourse regarding perceptions of victory in modern warfare are identified. It has been established that the essence of Ukraine's victory in the total Russian-Ukrainian war is as follows: in the military context – the defeat of Russia and Ukraine's achievement of the political and military-strategic objectives of its national and just war; in the political context – subordinating Russia to the goals and objectives of Ukraine's diplomatic and strategic efforts aimed at restoring its territorial integrity; and in the praxeological context – Ukraine's achievement of a peace superior to that which existed before the war. Ukraine's victory in the total Russian-Ukrainian war, in substantive terms, consists of: in the military context – the defeat of Russian armed forces and the cessation of hostilities within Ukraine's borders; in the political context – the restoration of Ukraine’s territorial integrity; and in the international political context – achieving victory with guarantees of state sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the inviolability of borders from NATO and the EU, as well as securing peace without Russia's geopolitical dominance, a peace based on the rule of international law rather than the rule of force.

RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE USE OF STATE BORDER GUARD SERVICE ASSETS IN COOPERATION WITH THE SECURITY AND DEFENCE FORCES OF UKRAINE

The article analyses the border guard scholars’ views on the algorithmisation and procedure for the use of State Border Guard Service of Ukraine’s assets, as well as the organisation of interaction with the security and defence forces to counteract enemy sabotage and reconnaissance groups on the state border. The article reviews the scientific works on possible options for the use of state border guard units of the state border guard bodies while performing tasks related to state border protection and defence. It is established that the protection of the state border of Ukraine under current conditions is carried out under the legal regime of martial law. The war is ongoing in the East of Ukraine, and the rest of the country has seen a deterioration in the crime situation, and therefore the border guard detachment headquarters must be constantly prepared to work in such circumstances and, particularly, be ready to counteract the enemy’s sabotage and reconnaissance activities. Based on the above, we have identified a number of recommendations for the border guard detachment’s headquarters to organise special measures to search for and eliminate enemy sabotage and reconnaissance groups and to involve the defence forces in these actions. Taking into account the latest risks and threats arising on the state border of Ukraine, as well as the approval of the “Military Security Strategy of Ukrain” perspective directions for further work improvement on ensuring reliable protection and defence of the state border of Ukraine and countering enemy sabotage and reconnaissance groups on the state border are outlined, which can be reflected in the development of a wide range of algorithms for the actions of the head of the state border guard body, for localising situations of various genesis, as well as organizing interaction with units from the security and defence forces of Ukraine.

GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY: SECURITY FACTORS AND CURRENT TRENDS

The issue of ensuring global food security remains one of the leading and decisive issues for all countries in the world, without exception. The implementation of the goals of sustainable development, which have become a strategic priority for society, has separated the problems of overcoming hunger and ensuring the health of the population as key and the main priority for the further existence of humanity. The article examines the essence of the category "food security" from various scientific and methodological positions and conducts a comprehensive review of the prominent trends that accompany the aspects of solving the issue of achieving food security on a global scale. The main elements of the agro-food system as a resource base for ensuring global food security are separated: 1) a sufficient amount of safe, high-quality food; 2) healthy nutrition of the population; 3) inclusive distribution of income and expenses of the population; 4) prevention of climate change, sustainability and conservation of biological resources. A set of key factors influencing the possibilities of ensuring global food security has been identified: population size, science and technology, climate change, imperfect global food distribution mechanisms, problems of gender inequality, urbanization processes, and inclusive gaps between the living conditions of the population, the growing scale of political and military conflicts The model's architecture, which contains the essential characteristics of achieving global food security, is outlined. Critical trends for achieving global food security were identified and assessed. Among them: the relative stability of the problem of world hunger, in particular, in individual world regions; increasing the level of dependency, hunger, and gender inequality; the growth of inclusive gaps in the economic availability of food; increase in the level of urbanization of the population; the health problem of a large part of the world's population and the strengthening of the trend of healthy eating. Ukraine, a significant player in the global agri-food market, holds substantial potential to combat the world's hunger crisis. The key to unlocking this potential lies in resolving the ongoing military conflict within Ukraine's borders and restoring the country's agricultural resources and production capabilities through sustainable development.

Cyber Operations in Ukraine: Emerging Patterns in Cases

The Ukrainian state has been a target of cyber-related incidents since the annexation of Crimea in 2014. Cyberattacks have targeted Ukrainian critical infrastructure, government offices, and several public and private organisations. Sometimes, these cyberattacks have caused significant impacts within the nation's borders. Some of the most well-known cyber-incidents in Ukraine include attacks on the Ukrainian electrical grid, which cut out the power supply for hundreds of thousands of people in 2015 and 2016. Attacks have also targeted presidential election systems and financial entities operating in Ukraine. The majority of attacks within Ukraine's borders have been attributed to Russian-affiliated non-state actors and organisations, and the number of attacks correlates with the escalation of the war in 2022. This implies previous cyberattacks potentially belonging to a series of hybrid operations related to the Ukrainian conflict and the general geopolitical situation since the annexation of Crimea. The paper focuses on this context by examining cyber incidents targeting Ukraine since 2014. We study the unifying factors related to Ukrainian cyber incidents, and we will discuss emerging patterns related to the attacks during the last ten years. This study will uncover the general traits of state-affiliated attacks in Ukraine, which will help uncover emerging patterns. Our particular focus will be cyber-attacks, where the target is the Ukrainian state and its critical infrastructure. We will examine methods of attacks, the attack targets, and the impacts, among other things. With the patterns emerging from our study, we can predict future cyber-attacks targeting Ukraine, providing tools for preparing for future incidents. We can use the information to improve national cyber-defences, where the attacks are likely to happen in the future. Studying the Ukrainian cases may also provide additional insights for improving cyber defences in other nation-states within the parts that apply to these nation-states and their geopolitical contexts.

EARLY MEDIEVAL MYKILSKE HOARD: PRELIMINARY REPORT

This paper presents the findings from the Mykilske hoard, which belongs to the assemblages of the Martynivka circle. Jewelry from the hoard dates to the se­cond half of 6th — late 7th century, and its deposition occurs in the middle — third quarter of 7th century. This assemblage was discovered outside the archaeological sites. Therefore it is possible that this hoard confirms the «household» version of the deposition of hoards proposed by one of the authors. Mykilske hoard consisted of 4 whole (two couples) and head-plat of fifth radiate-headed fibulae, 2 lunar pendants with 3 trapezoidal pendants, fragmentary bracelet, 2 rings and bronze tubular beads: 5 spiral and 7 simple smooth ones. The study of the chemical composition of the metal and its analysis make it possible to trace the techno­logy of objects manufacturing, to single out the individual operations and methods used by craftsmen. The production of items took place according to a single technological scheme — casting in two-piece clay cas­ting molds in combination with separate jewelry techniques, such as the use of stiffening ribs — longitudinal ribs in the manufacture of radiate-headed fibulae. Such a constructive detail, which is uncharacteristic for Crimean and Western European jewelers, is considered a local jewelry technique of the artisans of the Middle Dnieper region and the Dnieper forest-steppe Left Bank. Further morphological and trassological study of the objects from hoard make it possible to more fully trace the technique, operations and methods used by jewelers, to reconstruct the process of making jewelry and to highlight the characteristic features of jewelry of this region. Who and how many people could be the owners of this assemblage is also a debatable question. However, the four radiate-headed fibulae may indicate at least two sets for clothing. The Mykilske hoard was discovered in the area of the Kolochin culture. Downstream of the river Psel the Bezdryk barrow cemetery is located. A more precise definition of the ethno-cultural context is possible only after archaeological explorations in the microregion. However, this is currently impossible, because since the end of February 2022, after the full-scale invasion of russian troops, this territory has become an arena of hostilities and remains potentially dangerous. It is also located within a 20-kilometer zone from the state border of Ukraine, where scientific activities are currently prohibited. Although the hoard is quite typical for this circle of antiquities, nevertheless, it adds information about the ethno-cultural situation in the region in the period of the 5th—7th centuries and the features of the spread of such assemblages among Slavs.

Surveillance of human leptospirosis infections in Ukraine between 2018 and 2023.

Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals worldwide. Currently, a positional war is ongoing in Ukraine, and the military is encountering a significant number of rodents in trenches and dugouts, which are known reservoirs for Leptospira, the causative agent of leptospirosis-a potentially dangerous infectious disease with a high mortality rate. The civilian population is also at potential risk of leptospirosis. The destruction of the Kakhovka Dam on June 6, 2023, has led to widespread devastation and human suffering. In the short term, there is a significant risk of rodent-borne diseases such as leptospirosis. We utilized data from the Ukrainian Centre for Disease Prevention Control and observed a substantial increase in prevalence in 2023. The notification rate in Ukraine in 2023 was 1.06 per 100,000 persons, which is higher than that of other countries in the European Union. Particular attention is being given to Zakarpattia Oblast, located on the western border of Ukraine, which shares boundaries with Romania, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, with an extremely high incidence rate of 12.08 per 100,000 persons. Based on these findings, we recommend education and awareness campaigns, vaccination, personal protective measures, and improved surveillance to address the increasing incidence of leptospirosis in Ukraine.

LITHOLOGICAL-STRATIGRAPHIC CRITERIA OF KARST ZONING OF THE MIOCENE SULFATE LAYER OF WESTERN UKRAINE

The proposed karst regionalization (zoning) is a novel approach to identifying the unique characteristics of karst processes in specific areas. The sulphate karst of western Ukraine, linked to the Miocene evaporite basin at the junction of the East European Platform and the Pre-Carpathian Foredeep, is a prime example. The previous karst zoning schemes of the East European Plain classified the entire area of sulphate rocks distribution in the west of Ukraine as the Podilsko-Bukovinsky karst Area, with the West Podilsky and Pokutsko-Bukovinsky karst Regions within it. However, with the emergence of numerous detailed stratigraphy works on the evaporite formation of this territory, a new approach to karst zoning in evaporites is necessary. This paper presents a systematic approach to upgrading the mentioned regions to the rank of sub-areas and distinguishing the regions within them based on lithologic-stratigraphic differences. The authors studied six localities as examples. In the first one, the gypsum layer is characterized by the stromatolite, grass-like and sabre-like facies. The last two contain thin carbonate-clay layers, leading to the collapse of large rock blocks inside the Kadubivska Cave. On the second site, the gypsum is composed of stromatolite, coarse-crystalline, and sabre-shaped facies. Only one small Tovtry Cave, which has a hypogene morphology, is known here. The third site has grass-like gypsum facies, and intensive modern karst occurs, with numerous sinkholes, underground rivers, and sinkholes. The influence of facies variability on the development of the mesomorphology of underground galleries is traced here in Pionerka Cave. The fourth area is built of nodular gypsum facies. There are no insoluble layers here, but the facies have many thin mineral films between the grains. Therefore, the entrance parts of the caves are unstable for physical weathering. The fifth section is highlighted as a section of the spread of metasomatic limestone, which replaces sulphate deposits here. They contain a significant cave labyrinth, but whether karstification occurred before or after metasomatization remains unclear. The sixth section is completely composed of stromatolite gypsum facies. It is characterized by stability to collapse due to the monolithic structure of gypsum, which is noticeable in the example of the Cave of Popeliushka (Zolushka) on the border of Ukraine and Moldova. The selected areas are proposed to be considered as examples of karst zoning based on lithologic and stratigraphic features. Key words: karst regionalization; gypsum, limestone; caves, breakdown; relief, landscape.

African Immigrants’ Experiences at the Ukraine Border Points During Russian Invasion: Meta-analysis of Racism during Global Crisis

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has sparked the world order that has been socially constructed since World War II and brought racism's realities back to light in modern society. Coming right after the Covid-19 pandemic, the war has challenged western diplomacy as an avenue for resolving border disputes in the contemporary world. The sovereignty of nations has been tested by the war, with the EU security threatened. The war has led to the forced migration of Ukrainians and Ukraine residents. African immigrants who fled Ukraine at the start of the war faced inhumane challenges and violations of their human rights in their attempt to cross Ukraine's border points to safety, unlike their white counterparts. This paper analyses four Africans’ experiences in their attempt to cross the Ukraine border to safety using biographical method. Additionally, the paper reviews ten media footages of first-hand experiences by African immigrants at the Ukraine border points as people fled to safety between 24th February 2022 and 30th April 2022. The paper uses qualitative method to analyze the experiences and narratives of African immigrants from international media and deconstructs their experiences using the theory of race and ethnicity. The Africans' experiences are analyzed into typologies and deconstructed to illuminate the African immigrants’ experiences of historic, structural and systemic racism during global crisis. The objective of the interviews is to gather experiences and gather empirical evidence of racism experiences that took place at the Ukrainian border points. This paper highlights the conversation of human rights violations and social injustices against Africans in times of crisis and raises the questions of inequality and injustice treatment towards African immigrants during crisis in Europe.

Simmering tensions on the Russia–Ukraine border and natural gas futures prices: identifying the impact using new hybrid GARCH

Focusing on the Russia–Ukraine war, this paper investigates natural gas futures volatilities. Applying several hybrid GARCH and EGARCH models, which innovatively incorporate both fat-tailed distribution errors and structural breaks, we derive the following new evidence. First, our hybrid modeling approach is effective in timely capturing the natural gas futures volatility spike when tensions simmered on the Russia–Ukraine border. Second, the hybrid modeling approach is effective for not only GARCH modeling but also EGARCH modeling. Third, the volatility estimates from our hybrid models have predictive power for the volatilities of nonhybrid models. Fourth, the volatility estimates from the nonhybrid models lag behind the volatilities of our hybrid models.

Analysis of the conditions and specifics of the border command posts engagement in the performance of missions on the restoration of control over the state border of Ukraine

Purpose: to analyze the conditions and specifics of the border command posts involvement in the performance of missions on restoration of control over the state border of Ukraine. Method: system analysis, generalization; synthesis. Findings: threats to border security, missions and measures performed by the border command post during the restoration of control over the state border of Ukraine were summarized, contradictions were identified, and the further focus of the study was formed. Theoretical implications: the result of the study allows the further development of scientific and methodological support for the involvement of bodies and units of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in various conditions, in particular, during the restoration of control over the state border of Ukraine. Practical implications: it is possible to use the results of the study during the organization of the operational and service activities of the state border protection bodies for a year or another period and during the implementation of measures to restore control over the state border of Ukraine. Originality: measures carried out by the border command posts during the restoration of control over the state border of Ukraine are systematized according to directions, which are aimed at ensuring the security of the state border and national security as a whole.

The Budapest memorandum: lessons and unfulfilled expectations on Ukraine’s path to joining NATO

The Budapest Memorandum for Ukraine (the official name is the Memorandum on Security Guarantees in Connection with Ukraine’s Accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons) was the result of negotiations on the disposal of the Soviet Union’s nuclear weapons. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, its nuclear weapons were deployed or stored in four of the fifteen successor states: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine. This raised important questions of security and protection, as well as command and control; and Moscow and Washington agreed that Russia should be the sole nuclear successor to the Soviet Union. The United States recognized that it would have to offer security guarantees to Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine to persuade them to hand over their Soviet-made nuclear weapons to Russia and join the NPT as non-nuclear-weapon states. In coordination with London and Moscow, Washington drew up a package of security guarantees. These assurances were set out in the Budapest memorandums regarding Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. France and China – the other nuclear-weapon states recognized by the NPT—have offered their own guarantees unilaterally.
 The Budapest Memorandum on Ukraine confirmed the obligation to respect the independence, sovereignty and existing borders of Ukraine (according to the Helsinki Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) of 1975); to refrain from the threat of force or its use against the territorial integrity or political independence of Ukraine, as well as from any use of weapons against Ukraine, except in cases of self-defense or otherwise in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations; and refrain from economic coercion against Ukraine in accordance with the Final Act of the CSCE. The memorandum also reiterated the positive and negative security guarantees provided to all non-nuclear-weapon state parties to the NPT.
 This scientific article is devoted to the study of the significance of the Budapest Memorandum for Ukraine and its influence on the possibility of the country joining NATO. The historical context of the conclusion of the memorandum is studied, the key obligations are determined and the consequences of their violation are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the current security situation in Ukraine, in particular due to the annexation of Crimea and the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine. The article examines the prospects of Ukraine’s membership in NATO and suggests ways to resolve unfulfilled expectations and restore the international community’s trust in the commitments made within the framework of the memorandum.

Prevention of corruption risks during customs procedures: typology and signs

The article examines the theoretical and practical problems of determining the essence of corruption risks in the implementation of customs procedures, its signs within the limits of its customs and legal support. The definition of “administrative and legal provision of customs affairs” is given. The essence of the category “corruption risk in the sphere of implementation of customs procedures” has been determined. It has been found that corruption-inducing factors in the activities of officials of customs bodies are formed both in the sphere of organization and management of state customs affairs, and arise from the abuse of power and official position by officials of customs bodies and violations of the established procedure for carrying out customs procedures. The scientific approach is supported, that it is advisable to divide the factors of corruption risks in the implementation of customs procedures into external and internal. It was established that the customs procedure is a law-enforcement activity of customs authorities and their officials, aimed at the implementation of their powers regarding the organization of the movement of goods and vehicles across the customs border of Ukraine, ensuring compliance with customs rules. It was determined that the customs procedure is aimed at maintaining the regime of legality in matters of organizing the movement of goods and vehicles across the customs border of Ukraine. It has been proven that the elements of the structure of the implementation of customs procedures should include: customs control procedures; customs clearance procedures; tax and customs payment procedures. It has been established that customs control and customs clearance are the main areas of activity of customs authorities, which are carried out by performing customs formalities, which are components of customs procedures. An understanding of the legal nature of customs procedures as a legal regime operating at the facilities and in the places where they are carried out has been established. The content and criteria for the distribution of customs regimes in the context of customs regime rules are determined. Signs of corruption risks during customs procedures have been identified.

Administrative responsibility for violation of customs rules during the movement of goods by natural persons across the customs border of Ukraine: reasons and signs

The article is devoted to the disclosure of the features of administrative responsibility in the movement of goods by natural persons across the customs border of Ukraine, its grounds and features. Attention is focused on the categories: «offence», «customs offence», «natural person», «resident», «non-resident», «customs rules», «administrative responsibility», «violation of customs rules», «administrative responsibility for violation of customs rules». It was found that the violation of customs rules during the movement of goods by individuals across the customs border of Ukraine belongs to the category of administrative offenses and is a type of legal responsibility. It is suggested that the violation of customs rules in the case of movement of goods by individuals across the customs border of Ukraine should be understood as intentional or negligent action or inaction of an individual who interferes with the established procedure for movement of goods by them across the customs border of Ukraine, implementation of customs clearance procedures and customs control of such goods, or ( or) exemption or settlement of customs payments. It has been proven that the elements of violation of customs rules when moving goods by individuals across the customs border of Ukraine must include: a) object; b) the objective side; c) subject; d) the subjective side.
 The grounds for administrative liability for violation of customs rules during the movement of goods by natural persons across the customs border of Ukraine have been disclosed. A proper definition of administrative responsibility for violation of customs rules during the movement of goods by individuals across the customs border of Ukraine is proposed as a specific form of negative response of the state in the form of its authorized bodies (customs and judicial) to violations of customs rules during the movement of goods by individuals across the customs border, according to which physical persons who have committed such violations are subject to onerous consequences of a material or other nature for their illegal actions and provides for administrative fines for this in the order and form determined by the Customs Code of Ukraine. The signs of administrative responsibility for violation of customs rules during the movement of goods by individuals across the customs border of Ukraine have been clarified.

Separate legal aspects of movement of vehicles for personal use by natural persons across the customs border of Ukraine

The article is devoted to revealing the specifics of the practical and theoretical problems of moving vehicles for personal use by natural persons across the customs border of Ukraine, certain aspects of their customs control and customs clearance within the framework of customs regulation. Definitions of the categories "goods", "vehicles", "personal vehicles”, "commercial vehicles", "natural persons", "citizens", "personal use of a vehicle", "commercial" use of a vehicle" are defined. It was established that commercial vehicles are not goods according to the requirements of the Customs Code of Ukraine. The types of individual prohibitions when natural persons import vehicles for personal use into the customs territory of Ukraine have been clarified. It was established that customs clearance when citizens import vehicles for personal use into the customs territory of Ukraine is possible for the purpose of free circulation, and the first state registration of imported vehicles in Ukraine, new and those that were in use, or manufactured in Ukraine, is carried out on the condition that they comply with environmental standards not lower than the "EURO-2" level in accordance with technical regulations. The declaration form used by citizens to declare vehicles for free circulation has been clarified. It was revealed that in the case of citizens importing vehicles for personal use, which are imported into the customs territory of Ukraine and are subject to state registration, a customs declaration in the form of a single administrative document is provided for declaration. Features of the passage and movement of land vehicles for personal use across the customs border of Ukraine by natural persons who are not their owners are highlighted. The grounds and conditions for exemption from taxation with customs payments upon importation (forwarding) to the customs territory of Ukraine by natural persons of vehicles for personal use have been defined.

Methodical apparatus for risk assessment in decision-making to combat illegal migration at the state border of Ukraine

This study proposes a methodical apparatus for risk assessment when making decisions on combating illegal migration at the state border of Ukraine. This apparatus includes a risk assessment methodology, a set of risk assessment indicators and criteria for combating illegal migration, a model of illegal migration risk assessment and a model for choosing the processing method. The goal that was set during the methodology development involves the following main stages: forming a set of indicators and criteria for risk assessment, assessment of the threat impact level (assessment of the threat probability level and the level of the threat’s negative consequences), vulnerability assessment, determining the risk level and the processing method. An expert survey of analysts from the Ukrainian Border Guard Agency was carried out to develop this set of risk assessment indicators and criteria. The proposed set includes new indicators, mathematical assessment models, quantitative values of assessment criteria and considers the influence weight of the main factors on the threat and vulnerability levels. This provides an opportunity to bring the qualitative characteristics of the risk level indicator to the provisions of modern risk management theory to obtain the quantitative value of the risk level, to exclude a subjective factor in assessment and to determine the risk level more accurately. The improved methodical apparatus allows developing of an action strategy aimed at minimizing the negative consequences of risk when making management decisions to combat illegal migration to assess a risk management result using an economic effect indicator.

Prospects and peculiarities of the existence of the genus Oenothera L. species outside the places of cultivation in Odesa region

Cultivated plant species can often become elements of the spontaneous flora fraction of ecotopes of varying degrees of anthropogenic transformation. An example is representatives of the genus Oenothera. Some of them are able to master extreme man-made ecotopes or take root in natural multi-component coenoses. Work with the species of the genus is complicated, since the issues of their hybridization require additional scientific developments. The species Oenothera biennis and O. rubricaulis are the most common spontaneous elements of the flora on the territory of Ukraine. At the same time, the following species were noted for several regions of the northern and central (sometimes–eastern) parts of Ukraine: O. depressa, O. erythrosepala, O. glazioviana, O. hoelscheri, O. villosa. Some species have a limited distribution: O. missuriensis, O. parviflora, O. pycnocarpa, O. fallax, O. speciosa, O. tetragona, O. wienii. According to modern literary data, information on the distribution of Oenothera species for the Odesa region is either absent or critically scarce. In the herbarium collections of the Odesa National University named after I.I. Mechnikov (MSUD), historical and modern, there are some specimens of representatives of this genus. However, all of them relate mainly to the distribution of Oenothera biennis within the borders of Ukraine, or, occasionally, the adjacent territories. The herbarium also contains specimens of other species, but their identification requires the attention of specialists. Literary summaries which contain information about the species of the Oenothera genus (Oenothera biennis) mainly characterize the centuries-old flora of the Odesa region. In general, there are very few cases of spontaneous growth of Oenothera species found in the South of Ukraine. During the floristic survey of ecotopes below the Dniester–Tyligul interfluve, we found several habitats of Oenothera glazioviana. The ecological conditions of the sites differed significantly. In general, most species of the genus Oenothera do not have a high invasive potential, however, monitoring the establishment of species of the genus in ecotopes with different anthropogenic load is advisablе.