Ubon Ratchathani Research Articles

Optimal river flow management to reduce flood risks: A case study in northeastern Thailand

AbstractFloods during the rainy or monsoon season are typical for Thailand. Flooding occurs when a significant amount of water overflows a shoreline and floods cities and agricultural areas. Losses can be substantially reduced if the flow of the river system is managed appropriately. The objective of this work is to solve the flood forecast problem by formulating a time‐varying optimization problem with ODE constraints to manage the river flow. We demonstrate our concept in the province of Ubon Ratchathani, one of the most flooded areas in northeastern Thailand. The results illustrate that our proposed method will enable operators to efficiently forecast, monitor, and operate the entire river system to mitigate flood risk. Our method is simple and computationally inexpensive, which means that it can be applied to real‐time monitoring systems. Moreover, it is a generalized model that can be extended to a more complicated river system.

Anemia, iron deficiency, and thalassemia among the Thai population inhabiting at the Thailand-Lao PDR-Cambodia triangle

Anemia is a major public health problem in many areas of Southeast Asia. Ascertaining anemia and defining its underlying causes is essential for providing appropriate care, management, and establishment of a control program. Limited studies on these have been carried out on people living at the borders of Thailand, Lao PDR, and Cambodia. This cross-sectional study was done in four areas along the borders of Thailand, Lao PDR, and Cambodia. Blood specimens were collected from subjects aged 15–18 years in four districts including Kantharalak, Si Sa Ket province (n = 36), Nam Khun (n = 109), Nam Yuen (n = 98), and Na Chaluai (n = 128), Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand. RBC parameters were recorded, and serum ferritin (SF) level was measured. Diagnosis of thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies was based on hemoglobin (Hb) and DNA analyses. Measurement of C-reactive protein was performed to exclude false-negative result of iron deficiency. The prevalence of anemia was found to be 25.1%. ID accounted for only 10.5%. Various types of thalassemia were identified in 67.7% of the subjects. The overall prevalence of thalassemia included 3.5% α0-thalassemia, 0.8% β-thalassemia, 47.7% Hb E, and 53.6% α+-thalassemia. The proportions of ID, thalassemia and combined ID and thalassemia among anemic subjects were 6.5%, 66.6%, and 20.4%, respectively. The results indicate that thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies rather than ID are major causes of anemia in Thailand-Lao PDR-Cambodia triangle. This information should prove useful for implementing an anemia control program in the regions.

Classification of Dysmenorrhea among Students at Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University, Thailand According to the Màhaachortàrat Scripture

In the earlier published article, the Address were pointed out to be incorrect and have been requested by the Correspondence Author to be changed from College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq to Faculty of Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicine, Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University, Mueang Ubon Ratchathani District, Ubon Ratchathani 34000, Thailand.

Predicting Factors of Spiritual Well-Being among Thai Patients with Non-communicable Diseases

OBJECTIVES: To examine the spiritual well-being (SWB) and predicting the factors of SWB among Thai patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample was 155 patients with NCDs in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. Multistage cluster random sampling was used for the sample selection. The study was conducted from May 1, 2021 to July 31, 2021. Research instruments consisted of a personal characteristics questionnaire, a personal faith questionnaire, a spiritual contentment questionnaire, a religious practice questionnaire, a social support questionnaire, a perceived severity of illness questionnaire, a meaning of life questionnaire, and SWB questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and factors predicting SWB taken together as a Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) was used. RESULTS: The total score of SWB was at a high level (3.93 ± 0.44). Factors related to SWB were personal faith (r = 0.35; p < 0.01), spiritual contentment (r = 0.33; p < 0.01) religious practice (r = 0.37; p < 0.01), social support (r = 0.42; p < 0.01), and meaning of life (r = 0.35; p < 0.01). Predicting the factors of SWB comprised social support (β = .345; p = 0.00) and religious practice (β = .282; p = 0.00). These predictors accounted for 24.8% of the variance in SWB. CONCLUSION: Factors related to SWB were personal faith, spiritual contentment, religious practice, social support, and meaning of life. Therefore, assessing and providing spiritual care related to these factors is important in promoting SWB among patients with NCDs.

Distribution of Kazachstania Yeast in Thai Traditional Fermented Fish (Plaa-Som) in Northeastern Thailand.

Thai traditional fermented fish products (Plaa-som) from four provinces (Ubon Ratchathani, Surin, Sisaket, and Khon Kaen) in the northeast part of Thailand were collected and analyzed to determine their salt content, total acidity, and pH. Yeasts in all samples were isolated and identified to the genus and species level based on sequence analysis of the D1/D2 of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The results revealed that the salt content, total acidity, and pH values are in the range of 2.01–6.9%, 0.62–1.9%, and 4.4–6.57%, respectively. Moreover, 35 strains of yeast were isolated and identified as eight genera, namely Candida, Diutina, Filobasidium, Kazachstania, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Torulaspora, and Yarrowia with 17 species. The ascosporogenous yeast, Kazachstania, was the most dominant genus found and was widely distributed among the fermented food samples. In addition, a new strain of yeast, Kazachstania surinensis, was also discovered in Plaa-som samples. Thus, this study is the first to report the presence and wide distribution of these yeasts in fish fermentation products.

Factor Related to Satisfaction with Online Learning during COVID-19 Outbreak among Public Health Students, Thailand

During the outbreak, all educational institutions turned to online learning to reduce the risk of infection and prevent the spread of COVID-19. A cross-sectional study design aimed to study factors related to satisfaction with online learning during the COVID-19 outbreak among Public Health students. A total of 163 students of Bachelor of Public Health students from the Sirindhorn College of Public Health in Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand, were included in our study. We gathered data from May to June 2021. An online survey for the COVID-19 outbreak was used to gather data. We calculated descriptive statistics; frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. We analysed the data using descriptive statistics and computed the independent t-test to understand the relationship between variables. We found that majority of the participants were female (82.8%). Participants studied either a Community Public Health program (54.0%) or a Dental Public Health program (46.0%). Most participants used computer notebooks (79.8%) for online study. Google Classroom was the most frequently used online learning platform (98.2%). Overall, online learning was found moderately satisfying (mean=3.300, S.D.=0.920). There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean satisfaction scores compared to gender and two major programs. When comparing satisfaction with online learning between gender and two major programs, we found that there were statistically significant differences in online learning methods, contents of the curriculum, supporting factors, an evaluation, and the instructor. Additional supporting factors were no statistically significant differences between the two major programs

Classical chromosome features and microsatellites repeat in Gekko petricolus (Reptilia, Gekkonidae) from Thailand

The objectives of this study were to examine size, shape, diploid number (2n), fundamental number (NF), NORs region, and distribution of microsatellite by using Fluorescence in situ hybridization technique (FISH) and to establish the karyotype and standard idiogram of sandstone geckos (Gekko petricolus Taylor, 1962). Sandstone gecko distributed in the sandstone mountains in Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand. Five male and five female specimens were collected from Ubon Ratchathani and Mukdahan provinces, Thailand. The metaphase cells were directly prepared from the bone marrow cells. Chromosomes were stained by conventional staining, NORs-banding and FISH techniques. The results found that the diploid number was 38 chromosomes. The fundamental number was 54. The karyotype composed of 4 large metacentric, 4 large acrocentric, 2 large telocentric, 4 medium acrocentric, 2 medium telocentric, 2 small submetacentric, 2 small acrocentric and 18 small telocentric chromosomes. No morphological difference was identified between sex chromosomes of male and female specimens. The NORs appeared to telomere of the long arm of chromosome pair 17. The study displayed that the distribution of microsatellite using (CA)15 and (GAA)10 probes distributed throughout the genome. However, (CA)15 sequences concentrated in the telomere. The karyotype formula G. petricolus is as follow: 2n (38) = Lm4+La4+Lt2+Ma4+Mt2+Ssm2+Sa2+St18.

Solving the Optimal Selection of Wellness Tourist Attractions and Destinations in the GMS Using the AMIS Algorithm

This study aims to select the ideal mixture of small and medium-sized destinations and attractions in Thailand’s Ubon Ratchathani Province in order to find potential wellness destinations and attractions. In the study region, 46 attractions and destinations were developed as the service sectors for wellness tourism using the designed wellness framework and the quality level of the attractions and destinations available on social media. Distinct types of tourists, each with a different age and gender, comprise a single wellness tourist group. Due to them, even with identical attractions and sites, every traveler has a different preference. A difficult task for travel agencies is putting together combinations of attractions and places for each tourist group. In this paper, the mathematical formulation of the suggested problem is described, and the optimal solution is achieved using Lingo v.16. Unfortunately, the large size of test instances cannot be solved with Lingo v16. However, the large-scale problem, particularly the case study in the target area, has been solved using a metaheuristic method called AMIS. According to the computation in the final experiment, AMIS can raise the solution quality across all test instances by an average of 3.83 to 8.17 percent. Therefore, it can be concluded that AMIS outperformed all other strategies in discovering the ideal solution. AMIS, GA and DE may lead visitors to attractions that generate 29.76%, 29.58% and 32.20%, respectively, more revenue than they do now while keeping the same degree of preference when the number of visitors doubles. The attractions’ and destinations’ utilization has increased by 175.2 percent over the current situation. This suggests that small and medium-sized enterprises have a significantly higher chance of flourishing in the market.

Knowledge and Attitude about Emerging Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) among Dental Public Health Students in Thailand

Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was an emerging disease outbreak. Now a pandemic, it continues to threaten public health around the world. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among students of the Bachelor of Public Health program in the dental public health program at the Sirindhorn College of Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani, Faculty of Public Health and Allied Health Sciences, Praboromarajchanok Institute, Thailand from May to June 2021. Our participants included 102 students. The data were collected via a self-administered, online questionnaire. We analysed the data using descriptive statistics and also computed the independent t-test to understand the relationship between variables. Results We found that the participants were primarily female (96.1%). The students were in their first year (35.3%), second year (33.3%) and third year (31.8%) of study. Their average age was 22 years old. Most of them had no underlying disease (96.1%). A majority of the participants (67.7%) reported that their knowledge of COVID-19 was at a moderate. Attitudes toward COVID-19 were at a moderate level (88.2%). There was a statistically significant difference in the mean knowledge scores compared with and without a coexisting disease. The mean scores for attitude towards COVID-19 were statistically significant differences between gender and the participants with and without coexisting. Conclusion To encourage promoting knowledge about COVID-19 and the attitude to protect themselves from infection, we should prioritize health promotion and health education about COVID-19 among students.

Enhancing pre-service teachers in learning management competency by TPACK framework study and professional requirement

Increasing attention has been placed in recent years to the improvement of learning management competency of pre-service teachers, yet many institutions where the teacher education programs offered have not been provided the effective guidelines. The purposes of this study were to examine the ability of the teaching practice and to propose the enhancement approach on learning management competency of pre-service teacher based on technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) framework. Sample of the study included 385 pre-service teachers studying the fifth-year program at Faculty of Education, Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University, Thailand. A learning management competency questionnaire and semi-structured interview were administered to inquire the ability on learning management competency of pre-service teachers during the teaching practice at school. Statistics used for data analysis included frequency distribution, average, standard deviation, and content analysis. Results indicated that pre-service teachers expressed their teaching practices considered each aspect of teaching quality, results ranged from the highest to lowest level were the ability on learner-centered management ( =3.00, S.D.=0.77), the knowledge on teaching design ( =2.96, S.D.=0.72), the assessment and evaluation methods ( =2.95, S.D.=0.74), and the integration of technology ( =2.70, S.D.=0.78), respectively. Recommendations and suggestions were further discussed regarding the enhancement approaches proposed on improving learning management competency of pre-service teachers.

Development strategy for the local health security fund in national health security office region 10, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand

Local health security funds or Community Health Fund are an innovation introduced to achieve greater local government involvement in Thailand’s Universal Health Coverage and is an outcome of decentralizing power to local administrations and serves as a health fund for people in local communities. The fund’s budget is subsidized by the National Health Security Office which the contributes to a fund with a condition that the local government provides matching funding, but it also found that most funds run by fund administrative committee of Local Administrative Organizations had significant weakness such as their lacked strategies for deploying funds, had taken few steps to promote cooperation among local health care providers and lacked systematic mechanisms for assessing available resources and health informatic system. This study aimed to develop a strategy for agreeing and implementing the Local Health Security Fund in a northeastern Thai provinces. It applied mixed research methodology to investigate fund strategies and development models. The quantitative study component involved a questionnaire completed by 720 members serving on funds administrative committees from 270 fund. The results of study identified six strategies employed by existing funds : 1) Strengthening and developing the capacity of fund committee.

Kazachstania surinensis f.a., sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from Thai traditional fermented food.

Seven yeast strains (UBIF12-1, UBFB13-1, SRFS56-3, SRFS57-2, SKFS62-1, SKFS66-1 and SKFS67-1) representing a single anamorphic novel yeast species were isolated from traditional Thai fermented foods in Ubon Ratchathani, Surin and Sisaket in the northeast part of Thailand. The results of analysis of the sequences of the D1/D2 region of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region indicated that the seven strains showed zero to one nucleotide substitutions in the sequences of the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA gene, and zero to four nucleotide substitutions in the ITS region. Kazachstania humilis CBS 5658T was the most closely-related species, but with 0.7-0.9% nucleotide substitutions in the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA gene, and 2.0-2.2% nucleotide substitution in the ITS region. The results of a phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated ITS and D1/D2 regions confirmed that the seven strains represented a single species of the genus Kazachstania distinct from the other recognized species of the genus. Furthermore, the morphological, biochemical and physiological properties of the seven strains not only indicated that they represented members of the genus Kazachstania, but that they were separated from K. humilis and K. pseudohumilis, the two most closely related species in the phylogenetic tree. Therefore, the seven strains were identified as representing a novel species, for which we propose the name Kazachstania surinensis f.a., sp. nov. The holotype is TBRC 15053T (isotype: SRFS57-2 and PYCC 9021). The MycoBank number of the novel species is 841892.

Enhanced bedside mortality prediction combining point-of-care lactate and the quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score in patients hospitalised with suspected infection in southeast Asia: a cohort study

SummaryBackgroundSimple, bedside prediction of infection-related mortality in low-resource settings is crucial for triage and resource-utilisation decisions. We aimed to evaluate mortality prediction by combining point-of-care venous lactate with the quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score in adult patients admitted to hospital with suspected infection in southeast Asia.MethodsWe performed a cohort study by prospectively enrolling patients aged 18 years or older who had been admitted to hospital within the previous 24 h for suspected infection (with at least three documented systemic manifestations of infection according to the 2012 Surviving Sepsis Campaign) at Sunpasitthiprasong Hospital in Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand (derivation cohort). Venous lactate concentration was determined by a point-of-care device and multiple scores were developed. We then evaluated candidate 28-day mortality prediction models combining qSOFA and the lactate scores. A final model was compared with the qSOFA score, a lactate score, and a modified Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score for mortality discrimination using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Mortality discrimination of the qSOFA-lactate score was then verified in an external, prospectively enrolled, multinational cohort in southeast Asia.FindingsBetween March 1, 2013, and Jan 26, 2017, 5001 patients were enrolled in the derivation cohort; 4980 had point-of-care lactate data available and were eligible for analysis, and 816 died within 28 days of enrolment. The discrimination for 28-day mortality prediction of a qSOFA-lactate score combining the qSOFA score and a lactate score was superior to that of the qSOFA score alone (AUROC 0·78 [95% CI 0·76–0·80] vs 0·68 [0·67–0·70]; p<0·0001) and similar to a modified SOFA score (0·77 [0·75–0·78]; p=0·088). A lactate score alone had superior discrimination compared with the qSOFA score (AUROC 0·76 [95% CI 0.74–0.78]; p<0·0001). 815 patients were enrolled in the external validation cohort and 792 had point-of-care lactate data and were included in the analysis; the qSOFA-lactate score (AUROC 0·77 [95% CI 0·73–0·82]) showed significantly improved 28-day mortality discrimination compared with the qSOFA score alone (0·69 [0·63–0·74]; p<0·0001).InterpretationIn southeast Asia, rapid, bedside assessments based on point-of-care lactate concentration combined with the qSOFA score can identify patients at risk of sepsis-related mortality with greater accuracy than the qSOFA score alone, and with similar accuracy to a modified SOFA score.FundingNational Institutes of Health, Wellcome Trust.

Addressing Waste Management in Fresh Markets in Thailand

Fresh markets or wet markets function as important places for exchanging food stuffs and meeting of local people in many emerging economies. Through many activities in fresh markets, solid waste is substantially generated and becomes a main environmental issue. In Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand, solid waste in fresh markets emerges as an environmental issue with potentials to be improved. Selecting two fresh markets with different ownerships in Ubon Ratchathani, the concepts of waste hierarchy and triad-network model were applied to study and compare ways to improve solid waste management systems. Through focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews, this research reveals that solid waste managements of the two markets are centrally organized by the owners with the emphasis on tidiness with little involvements from other actors. To improve waste managements, moving beyond legal requirements and engaging relevant actors are essential. It is also found that different ownership (public vs. private) affects how fresh markets can organize improvement strategies.

Impact of Authentic Videos on Students’ Academic Presentation Skills, the Case of TED Talks and International Business Management Students in Ubon Ratchathani University

The teaching and learning of a second language is such a complex educational area that practitioners and teachers must continue to find better ways to help learners acquire the language faster and easier. Academic presentation skills and public speaking remains one of the most challenging areas of language acquisition and expression. This classroom study is designed to examine the impact of authentic videos (TEDTALKS) on students’ academic presentation skills. A participatory research approach (PAR) is used, and a group of 34 first-year international business students taking the course EAP is used as the sample for the study. Findings reveal that the introduction of authentic videos to the classroom had a significant influence on students’ presentation skills in several areas; introduction, confidence, speech patterns, non-verbal communication, presentation style, and even choice of words; Suggesting that exposing second language learners to authentic content of the target language could greatly contribute to their second language acquisition. This is so because such content bridges a part of the gap created by the limited exposure to the target language being acquired.

The value of wild fish: diet and livelihoods in two rural villages in the Mun River Basin, northeastern Thailand

ABSTRACT Over the last few decades, much has been written about the negative impacts of hydropower dams on wild-capture fisheries in the Mekong River Basin. Furthermore, some studies associated with the water–energy–food nexus have appropriately linked the impacts of hydropower dams to fisheries and human nutrition. Although some research related to food security and nutrition considered changes in human dietary preferences over time, studies about the impacts of hydropower dams on fisheries often implicitly assume that there have been no changes in dietary preferences. Here, we investigate two communities located near tributaries of the Mun River in Ubon Ratchathani Province, northeastern Thailand. We find that while wild-caught aquatic animals remain important, their utilization has shifted due to changes in dietary preferences and other factors. In particular, people often sell wild-caught fish, and use the money to buy other types of animal protein to consume. We suggest that this important issue deserves more attention.

Significance and Values of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand

Abstract Physical change in religious architecture has an effect on perception of the building’s historical value and significance. This article discusses the case of the physical transformation of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception which has undergone four successive changes in architectural characteristics since Christianity was first established in the area in 1881. Methodologically, this study comprises a review of historical documents and interviews with Christians who live in the cathedral’s neighbouring areas. The result shows that the cathedral is significant for local residents as a centre of Christianity and beliefs which have been handed down through generations. From the beginning of its establishment, the cathedral has continually been used for social gatherings in religious activities, therefore, in spite of physical changes, its social and functional values still remain unchanged. Overall, the historical significance of the cathedral to the historic urban landscape of Ubon Ratchathani lies in its intangible rather than its tangible value.

Long-term variations and comparison of aerosol optical properties based on MODIS and ground-based data in Thailand

Comparison and analysis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), and SKYNET aerosol optical depth (AOD) products were investigated at four AERONET and two SKYNET stations in Thailand from 2006 to 2020. AERONET Level 2.0 and MODIS Deep Blue (DB) Collection 6.1 data were applied. Aqua and Terra MODIS AODs (satellite AODs) were compared to AERONET and SKYNET AODs (ground based AODs). Ground-based and satellite AODs were in good agreement, giving a high correlation (R2 = 0.75) in Ubon Ratchathani, associated with biomass burning. The long-term trend in AOD was analyzed. Both satellite and ground based AODs demonstrate increasing trends in AOD over Thailand associated with the urbanized area and traffic congestion. Aerosol particles are categorized into dust, sea salt, and biomass burning, containing fine and coarse modes. A variation between satellite data measurements depended on surface reflectances, such as the large water body surrounding (Songkhla) and the impact of surface albedo (Chiang Mai). Higher AOD values were observed between February to April. In addition, meteorological parameters are directly related to aerosol concentrations, while no significant connection could be developed in the observed values between Angstrom exponent (AE) and Meteorological parameters. Meteorological parameters and temperature inversion more influenced AOD concentrations in February. Nevertheless, the hypothesis showed 95% confidence interval of AODs retrieved from satellite data fell within the confidence range. Therefore, satellite aerosol products are sufficiently accurate for estimating aerosol climatology.

Engaging the Community Child Care Centers to Achieve Nutritious Menu Plan and Vegetable Intake Promotion for Preschoolers in Ubon Ratchathani

ObjectivesFood and nutrition during childhood plays a crucial role for child’s growth and development. In Thailand, community child care center established by a Local Authority Organization provides early childhood education and growth development support to a rural child. This research aims to develop a nutritious menu for lunch meal served in the community child care centers. MethodsThis research used a Participatory Action Research (PAR) for engaging the community child care centers to achieve nutritious menu plan and vegetable intake promotion for preschoolers in Ubon Ratchathani. There were 105 participants joined the research. The intervention includes increasing nutrition knowledge of the cookers, teachers, and parents of children. The development of 1-moth menu planning by the collaboration group participants was conducted. The statistical analysis involved frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Paired t–test. The selected nutritive value of developed menu was analyzed by Inmucal program Version 3.0. ResultsThe participants agreed to use the developed menu-cycle to serve children in all centers with approval from the local government organization. There were significantly increasing of diet and nutrition knowledge scores of the participants (from 11.56 to 12.61). After the intervention, it was found that creating policy guidelines set by the local administrative can lead to improvement of nutritive value of the developed menu. ConclusionsThe community child care center is suitable for promoting nutrition of preschool children in rural area. This research used the participatory action research to involve of cookers, teachers, and parents in designing nutritious menu cycle served in the child care center. This strategy may helpful for child care providers to ensure quality lunch meal for preschool children. Funding SourcesUbon Ratchathani Rajabhat University (UBRU), Thailand.

Synthesis of graphene from food and agricultural wastes in ubon ratchathani province, thailand

This research aims to investigate the possibility of synthesis of graphene from food and agricultural waste materials by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). The starting materials including coconut shells and cricket legs were used to synthesize graphene. The synthesized graphene specimens were characterized by Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, Dispersive Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM. Both resultant graphene samples: coconut shells and cricket legs showed graphene characteristics with the maximum wavelength of UV spectrum of synthesized graphene in ethanol at ~244 nm comparable with a standard graphene. The graphene characteristics of coconut shells and cricket legs were also confirmed by XRD showing (002) peak at 2θ≈26°. The SEM images showed lamella structure and wrinkle texture, demonstrating the multilayered microstructure and crumpled sheets and folded sheets. The TEM images also confirmed the layered sheets restacking structure with the different numbers of sheets and expressed that the graphene is a semitransparent material. Data obtained from Raman spectroscopy indicated that the defect of structure band or D-band at 1,340 – 1,380 cm–1, the graphite band or G-band at 1,500 – 1,600 cm–1 corresponding to sp2 of carbon atom, the graphene band or 2D-band at 2,500 – 2,600 cm–1 showing that the structure of graphene is a multilayer with small sizes and the overtone band of graphite or 2G - band at 3,100 – 3,200 cm–1. On the basis of the result, graphene was possibly synthesized from coconut shells and cricket legs.