Typology Of Use Research Articles

Analysis Land Use and Land Cover of the Municipality of Itarema-Ceará- Brazil based on Landsat Multispectral Data

This work investigated the process of land use and land cover in the municipality of Itarema. It is located in the geographic coordinates of Latitude (S) 2º 55’ 13” and Longitude (W) 39º 54’ 54” in the northern region of the state of Ceará, with an area of 720.7 km² in the semi-arid region. The objective of this study was to analyze the changes in land use and land cover in the municipality of Itarema for the period from 2000 to 2020, from Landsat 5 and 8 series orbital remote sensing data to evaluate the evolutionary behavior of the landscape. The methodology used was the literary review in (Leite Rosa 2012) and IBGE Land Use Technician Manual (2013). Technical procedures related to orbital images from the Landsat 5 and 8 series recorded respectively 2000 and 2020 were applied. Imaging treatment was performed with preprocessing and spectral bands, B5 - Medium infrared, B4 - Near infrared and B2 - Green was processed for Landsat 5 and B6 - SWIR-1, B5 - Near infrared and B4 - Red for Landsat 8 in ENVI 4.3. The classification supervised in the Semi-Automatic Plug-in was performed by the MAX-VER method and seven types of use were considered. The results point to a significant change in the typology of dense vegetation from 52.84% in 2000 to a reduction of 25.71% in 2020, followed by the increase in degraded areas from 7.47% in 2000 to 16.03% in 2020. Final considerations, we highlight the importance of remote sensing in observations of landscape evolution and in the interpretation of the typology of use. We identified significant changes in the classes of degraded areas and dense vegetation, both associated supported by the change in the PIB profile of the municipality.

Poisonous affairs: Russia’s evolving use of poison in covert operations

ABSTRACT The August 2020 poisoning of Russian opposition leader Alexi Navalny once again put the spotlight on Russia’s poison program. However, although individual poisonings may draw considerable coverage, little attention has been paid to Russia’s overall pattern of using poison. By comprehensively cataloguing credibly reported poisonings since the 1920s, this paper seeks to understand how Russia’s intelligence services use poison and how their motivations have evolved over the past 100 years. In doing so, the paper establishes a typology of use and highlights evolving trends. Collated data show that the number of incidents is far higher than commonly realized and that the rise in suspected poisonings in post-Soviet Russia is likely related to the rise of Russian kleptocracy, which has allowed members of Russia’s new elite to enrich themselves financially but leaves them vulnerable to charges of corruption. Poison is attractive to Russia’s intelligence services primarily because it offers a discreet way of silencing those who may threaten the new elite and the status quo. However, the use of poison abroad has also precipitated increased awareness of Russia’s continuing research on poison, the use of which has led to international sanctions and widescale diplomatic expulsions. Historical precedent suggests this increased attention may temporarily reduce Russia’s use of poison abroad, although Moscow is likely to retain its extensive poison capabilities. Indeed, growing awareness of suspected poisonings and Moscow’s increasing embrace of implausible deniability has the secondary benefit of intimidating domestic audiences. Thus, in the long run, Moscow’s use of poison—particularly against domestic threats and defectors—is unlikely to be deterred by foreign intervention.

LSD use in the United States: Trends, correlates, and a typology of us

BackgroundRecent years have witnessed an increased interest in LSD. This study investigates current information on the trends and correlates of LSD use from years 2002–2018 and seeks to develop an initial typology of use and misuse. MethodsData is taken from the NSDUH (National Survey on Drug Use and Health) collected between 2002 and 2018 and trends and correlates of LSD use were analyzed with a survey adjusted logistic regression. ResultsOur findings indicate that LSD use has increased 200 % over the study period (.23 % 2002−2005 to .72 % 2015−2018, AOR = 1.10, 95 % CI = 1.08, 1.12). Our findings also indicate several correlates of LSD use including higher levels of education (college degrees: AOR = 1.62, 95 % CI = 1.23, 2.13), not being married (divorced or separated, AOR = 2.31, 95 % CI = 1.44, 3.73, and have never been married, AOR = 5.67, f 95 % CI = 4.09, 7.86), as well as higher levels of antisocial behavior (having been arrested AOR = 3.20, 95 % CI = 2.50, 4.09) and comorbid mental health and substance abuse disorders (serious psychological distress, AOR = 2.39, 95 % CI = 2.05, 2.80). Further, four distinct subclasses were also discovered within LSD users and two of these subtypes of LSD users contained comorbid mental health disturbances and heavy involvement in the criminal justice system. ConclusionLSD use has been on the rise within the last decades, particularly among those who are well educated. Two subclasses of LSD use (those with severe comorbid mental health disorders and those with criminal justice involvement) may require further interventions.

The Twelve-Part Typology of Evaluation Uses

Bringing evaluation insights to use is a mantra among evaluators. Their standard solution is to discern instrumental, conceptual, and legitimizing uses as utilizations of evaluation products and to regard use of evaluation processes as a fourth type essentially different from the previous three. In two fundamental ways, this article is breaking loose from this three-times-one typology of use. One deviation is adding tactical, ritual, and constitutive product uses to the prevailing triad of instrumental, conceptual, and legitimizing uses. Even more fundamental is the second divergence, where all six uses are joined not only to product use but to process use as well. This means that all six types of use will turn up in the form of both product use and process use, leading to a six-times-two pattern instead of the three-times-one-uses-of-evaluation typology. The result is the Twelve-part typology of evaluation uses. After elaborating on the evaluation product-use/evaluation process-use distinction, the paper deliberates on the twelve-part evaluation uses typology in detail and provides practical examples of them all for illumination.

Typology of Use of Plant Growth Regulators by Farmers in Wonorejo Village, Malang-Indonesia

In an effort to increase the growth of plants, in general, farmers use growth regulator substances such as auksin, giberelin, and cytokinin. In an effort to analyze the behavior of plant growth regulator (PGRs), the purpose of this research is to analyze the typology of plant growth regulator. The research design used is descriptive qualitative. The research informant is 10 a member of Organic Farmer Group of Sumber Urip-1 Wonorejo Village, Poncokusumo Subdistrict, Malang District. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. Data collection methods used were in-depth interviews and participant observation. Data analysis used in this research is qualitative analysis by content analysis by using Interactive Model from Miles and Huberman. In this study, magna findings or concepts about the use of plant growth regulators will be analyzed based on the Social Movement Typology theory. Based on the results of the study can be concluded that the use of plant growth regulators included in Alternative Social Movement Typology.

Rural emergency departments: A systematic review to develop a resource typology relevant to developed countries.

Despite low patient numbers, rural emergency departments have a similar diversity of case presentations as urban tertiary hospitals, with the need to manage high-acuity cases with limited resources. There are no consistent descriptions of the resources available to rural emergency departments internationally, limiting the capacity to compare clinical protocols and standards of care across similarly resourced units. This review aimed to describe the range of human, physical and specialist resources described in rural emergency departments in developed countries and propose a typology for use internationally. A systematic literature search was performed for journal articles between 2000 and 2019 describing the staffing, access to radiology and laboratory investigations, and hospital inpatient specialists. Considerable diversity in defining rurality and in resource access was found within and between Australia, New Zealand, Canada and USA. A typology was developed to account for (a) emergency department staff on-floor, (b) emergency department staff on-call, (c) physical resources and (d) access to a specialist surgical service. This provides a valuable tool for relevant stakeholders to effectively communicate rural emergency department resources within a country and internationally. The proposed five-tiered typology draws together international literature regarding rural emergency department services. Although further research is required to test this tool, the formation of this common language allows a base for effective communication between governments, training providers and policy-makers who are seeking to improve health systems and health outcomes.

Evolução do Uso e Cobertura do Solo da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Benfica-PA

As watersheds, understood as the natural unit of the landscape, extremely sensitive even to small changes, are they natural or anthropic. Asso of the use and coverage of this unit can, and for the most part, negatively impact on the sustainability of its natural resources. The understanding of the process as well as through the characterization of its physical constituents associated to the typologies of use, is configured as an essential attribute in the search for solutions to the unrestrained impact on the natural resources. By programming a study in the Benfica River Basin (BHRB) - PA, in which a development of the landscape configuration of the site was analyzed. Knowledge of such information, in particular, to the public power as a subsidy for the accomplishment of environmental planning and management. All as analyzes made in the study of geographic information systems (GIS). The results are an area of the basin suffered large urbanization process Passing from 26.76 km 2 to 41.97 Km 2 . Such growth without proper planning brings with it numerous socio-environmental impacts as found in the study area.

Trends in typologies of concurrent alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use among US adolescents: An ecological examination by sex and race/ethnicity

Substance use during adolescence is a public health concern due to associated physical and behavioral health consequences. Such consequences are amplified among concurrent substance users. Although sex and racial/ethnic differences in single-substance use have been observed, the current literature is inconclusive as to whether differences exist in the prevalence of concurrent use. The current study used data from the 2011–2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to examine typologies (single and concurrent patterns) of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use among current adolescent users age 12–18 by sex and race/ethnicity. Participants were 14,667 White, Hispanic, African American, Asian, and Native American adolescents. The most common typology was alcohol only, followed by concurrent use of alcohol and marijuana. Weighted prevalence estimates indicated that adolescent females were more likely to be current users of alcohol only, whereas male adolescents were more likely to belong to all other typologies. Compared to Whites, racial/ethnic minorities had larger proportions of marijuana only users and were generally less likely than or equally likely to be concurrent users. One exception was for African American adolescents, who were more likely to be alcohol and marijuana users than their White counterparts. Results suggest that concurrent substance use is common among U.S. adolescents, making up over 40% of past-month use, but typologies of use vary by sex and race/ethnicity. Preventive interventions should consider all typologies of use rather than only single substance exposures and address patterns of use that are most pertinent to adolescents based on sex and race/ethnicity.

Relação entre o Relevo e o Uso da Terra do Município de Quixadá -- Ceará

O município de Quixadá está localizado no Sertão Central do estado do Ceará e está sujeito a condições ambientais típicas do semiárido. O presente estudo teve como objetivo evidenciar a importância da Geomorfologia aplicada à organização geoespacial do município de Quixadá. Este estudo foi realizado em três etapas, sendo elas: o mapeamento geomorfológico, que foi feito com base na metodologia de taxonomia do relevo de Ross (1992), a área de estudo foi categorizada do primeiro ao 4o nível taxonômico em escala de 1:40.000; o mapeamento das classes de uso e ocupação da área de estudo; e a demonstração da espacialização das tipologias de uso e cobertura sobre as unidades geomorfológicas.

SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROGRAPHICS IMPLICATIONS OF THE LAND USE IN THE PLAIN AND COASTAL BOARDS BETWEEN ILHÉUS AND OLIVENÇA – BA

Between the diverse units geomorphologicals of the Bahia, are presents also the coastal plains and the coastal trays. Following to present line of beach, healthy noticed by its sandy forms, with colorings homogeneous. Diverse works exist about the genesis litologics of those geomorphological rooms. It researches of big relevance published in national scope as the of Suguio (1975), Martin (1976) and Dominguez (1980) attribute of unanimous form the genesis of the present coastal plain and trays to the interactions between the erosive forces of the sea and depositional conditions on the part of the continental rivers. The objective of that work was map the Coastal Plain and the Coastal Tray in the stretch between Ilhéus and Olivença, and discuss about the activities of use of him soil that grant hidrographics impacts and partner-environmental about both. It was carried out the mapping in scale of detail (1:5.000) of the coastal plain utilizing image IKONUS high-resolution. The corresponding zone to the plain at present is utilized in diverse typologies of use of him soil, since cultivations to property lots. The friable texture of the substrate implies in a sensibility the antropological interventions in the same one. The deforestation in the trays, the urban growth, the extraction of sand and the absence of specific plannings for those rooms geomorphologicals are the present causes of hidrographics degradation and partner-environmental problems to same. The intention of that work is going to dispose facts for contribute with better planning in the area of study

Unawareness to Production, Dropout to Innovator—Primary teachers' understanding and use of a science, technology and society approach to science teaching

This paper investigates the process of teacher change in a group of 8 primary school teachers during their exposure to a science, technology and society (STS) approach to teaching Science in Swaziland. The research aimed to establish the effect of support given to teachers in using the approach through a series of workshops, followed by a 5-week supported implementation of the unit ‘matter and energy’. An analysis of the way in which the STS approach impacted on the classroom practice of the teachers yielded 2 outcomes that were hierarchical. First, teacher understanding of the approach was observed to go through levels of unawareness, recognition of differences in approach, utilisation, personalisation and production. Second, the teachers' level of use of the STS approach was observed to have been affected by their levels of understanding, characterised by the following typologies: dropouts, strugglers, domesticators, succeeders and innovators. Some relationship between levels of understanding and typology of use was found, however, the level of understanding was not the exclusive determinant of typology of use. Only teachers reaching the utilisation level were able to use the innovation in a sustainable way, while those at the level of unawareness were able to become domesticators, adapting the innovation to their usual teaching approach.

Contextualising typologies of environmentally induced population movement

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to show how typologies for environmentally induced population movement need to be understood in a contextualised manner in order to be useful.Design/methodology/approach– This study interrogates some academic discourses concerning environmentally induced population movement. By analysing key environmental factors said to contribute to population movement, in addition to considering time factors, this study uses the case of Tuvalu to demonstrate overlapping categories and the importance of contextualisation.Findings– Current typologies provide a basis for considering a wide variety of motives for environmentally induced population movement, in relation to different drivers, motivations, time scales, and space scales. Yet contextualisation is required for policy and practice relevance.Research limitations/implications– All typologies have limitations. Any typology should be taken as a possible tool to apply in a particular context, or to support decision making, rather than presenting a typology as universal or as an absolute without dispute.Practical implications– Rather than disputes over typologies and definitions, bringing together different views without reconciling them, but recognising the merits and limitations of each, can provide a basis for assisting people making migration decisions.Originality/value– None of the typologies currently available applies to all contexts of environmentally induced population movement – nor should any single typology necessarily achieve that. Instead, it is important to thrive on the differences and to contextualise a typology for use.

A typology of technological change: Technological paradigm theory with validation and generalization from case studies

Shifts in technological paradigms simultaneously disrupt existing industrial organization and raise opportunities for entrepreneurial companies. However, research on technological innovation centers the development of new technological solutions, while largely neglecting changes in customer problems or needs. This paper develops a typology for use as an analytical framework covering technological innovations and variations in market demand. The typology is then applied to the photographic industry, specifically the development of digital imaging technologies which disrupted existing film material and chemistry technologies in a paradigm shift from analog film to digital cameras. Taking a systematic view of product technologies, the typology identifies seven types of technological changes during the photography industry's process of digitalization. Case studies show that disruption of incumbent competencies can be attributed to the interactive effects of technological innovations and variations to market demand. Adaptive strategies corresponding to the identified types of technological changes are reported and discussed. The proposed typology is designed as a generic framework and is validated using an additional set of case studies from the media industrial sector.

A Community of Practice Assessment Framework: A Typology for Effective Groups

This paper outlines a typology for use in the qualitative assessment of communities of practice (COPs). COPs are groups of people who meet together to share knowledge and solve problems around a similar interest, and they are essential to intellectual capital development within organizations. This paper types COPs along two dimensions: trust and risk. These dimensions are used to analyze a COPs capacity for learning and collaboration outcomes. Trust requires an environment that fosters openness toward good and bad ideas, mistakes and accomplishments, and a structure that is negotiated and agreed upon by the self-initiated membership. Productive inquiry provides the baseline for measurement and recognition of risk capacity within a COP. By typing COPs along the dimensions of trust and risk, it will be possible to estimate a given COPs strengths and weaknesses. This can answer the question of what types of groups are more likely to achieve success along these qualitative lines of learning and collaboration. Focus groups are offered as a means of this qualitative assessment.

Bottle Top Capsules in New Zealand Historic Archaeological Sites

Bottle top capsules were applied over the cork or stoppers of many 19th century bottles to guarantee that the contents were authentic. They were manufactured from tin-plated lead foil, and were often embossed with the name and trademark of the bottling company. The capsules were discarded on opening, so they are directly associated with the actual consumption of the bottle contents, and used capsules are regularly found in small numbers in archaeological contexts. This paper explores the use of capsules as an additional tool for analysing historic glass bottle assemblages in New Zealand, with a particular focus on determining the actual rather than assumed contents of particular bottle forms. It also presents a typology for use as a reference tool for analysis of capsule assemblages.

Cyberkids or divided generations? Characterising young people’s internet use in the UK with generic, continuum or typological models

Young people are often characterised as cyberkids in reference to an assumed intense engagement and natural affinity with the internet. This article critiques the empirical basis for such claims and explores two alternative perspectives: namely, continua of use and typologies of use. Using UK data on 12–15 year old home internet users, a series of descriptive and latent class analyses of young people’s internet use is presented. Results show there is little support for cyberkid characterisations and a proposed continuum of use is also shown to not fit the data. A three-way typology of use is instead presented which suggests a third of young home internet users make only limited use of the internet and the remaining two-thirds diverge into informational and creational/communicative users. These findings are used to argue that Mannheim’s notion of generational units may be a useful way to characterise young people’s internet use.

Plants and traditional knowledge: An ethnobotanical investigation on Monte Ortobene (Nuoro, Sardinia)

BackgroundMost of the traditional knowledge about plants and their uses is fast disappearing as a consequence of socio-economic and land use changes. This trend is also occurring in areas that are historically exposed to very few external influences, such as Sardinia (Italy). From 2004 to 2005, an ethnobotanical investigation was carried out in the area of Monte Ortobene, a mountain located near Nuoro, in central Sardinia.MethodsData were collected by means of semi-structured interviews. All the records – defined as 'citations', i.e. a single use reported for a single botanical species by a single informant – were filed in a data base ('analytical table'), together with additional information: i.e. local names of plants, parts used, local frequencies, and habitats of plants, etc. In processing the data, plants and uses were grouped into general ('categories') and detailed ('secondary categories') typologies of use. Some synthetic indexes have also been used, such as Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Cultural Importance Index (CI), the Shannon-Wiener Index (H'), and Evenness Index (J).ResultsSeventy-two plants were cited by the informants as being traditionally used in the area. These 72 'ethnospecies' correspond to 99 botanical taxa (species or subspecies) belonging to 34 families. Three-hundred and one citations, 50 secondary categories of use, and 191 different uses were recorded, most of them concerning alimentary and medicinal plants.For the alimentary plants, 126 citations, 44 species, and 13 different uses were recorded, while for the medicinal plants, there were 106 citations, 40 species, and 12 uses. Few plants and uses were recorded for the remaining categories. Plants and uses for each category of use are discussed. Analyses of results include the relative abundance of botanical families, wild vs. cultivated species, habitats, frequency, parts of plant used, types of use, knowledge distribution, and the different cultural importance of the species in question.ConclusionThe study provides examples of several interesting uses of plants in the community, which would seem to show that the custom of using wild plants is still alive in the Monte Ortobene area. However, many practices are no longer in use, and survive only as memories from the past in the minds of elderly people, and often only in one or just a few informants. This rapidly vanishing cultural diversity needs to be studied and documented before it disappears definitively.

Validation of a Forest Values Typology for Use in National Forest Planning

Abstract Public values for national forestlands are assumed to underlie preferences for actual forest use and define the context for forest planning and decision making, but the relationship between preferences and attitudes toward forest management activities and public forest values (both use and nonuse values) is not well understood. Using data from a survey of Alaskan residents in the Chugach National Forest plan revision process, the relationship between attitudes toward forest management actions and forest values is examined using a variety of statistical procedures. Key findings indicate that: (1) survey respondents were able to identify with 13 distinct forest values based on a modified forest value typology developed by Rolston and Coufal (1991), (2) no obvious latent structure of variables or constructs emerged from factor analysis of the 13 forest values indicating that the forest value typology may not be easily simplified without compromising the exclusiveness of measured forest values, (3) small, but statistically significant correlations were found between attitudes toward specific forest management practices such as logging and mining and held forest values, and (4) forest values are modestly predictive of respondent preferences for specific forest planning decisions. For. Sci. 46(2):240-247.

A typology of Medicaid managed care.

This article presents a typology for use in classifying and interpreting the findings of the growing empirical literature on managed care initiatives in the Medicaid program. Six key program attributes are identified for use in examining similarities and differences among these programs. Several alternative arrangements for each attribute are described from among the more than 60 different programs attempted. The typology is illustrated with five specific program designs, and selected empirical results from them are used to demonstrate how the typology can be employed.