Leadership Typology Research Articles

The Economic Policy of Japanese Naval Government in South Sulawesi in the Second World War 1942 -1945

The Japanese economic policy in South Sulawesi seemed to have different policies when compared to the other colonies in Indonesia. It was indicated by leadership typology of Japanese Navy which based in Makassar, Bukittinggi, and Java. In South Sulawesi, the policy was more focused on the compliance of logistic materials by strengthening on clothing industry, plantation of cotton and castor oil, and fisheries. The important policy of the army was the agricultural massive production sector to support the war. In addition, the agricultural and industrial sectors were also developed such as salt, castor oil, textile, silk, handicrafts and the like. Those phenomena analyzed by historical method. It used archives such as Japanese occupation reports in Makassar, Romusha archives in Makassar, and Japanese local politic documents in South Sulawesi. The reports on Japanese economic activities in South Sulawesi were also consulted. Information from magazines and newspapers were also taken such as Pemberitaan Makassar, Bintang Timoer, Sinar Baroe, Soeara Asia, Hong Po, and Pemandangan. In addition to, it has complied oral history with direct interviews to the people who are still alive and experienced on the era. The Japanese economic policies in South Sulawesi influenced great changes in new economic structure on the emergence of the diversification of popular-based commodity especially clothing and foodstuff during the war. That was the reason why people in South Sulawesi directed to execute intensification of agriculture in a professional productive manner supported by communal industrial policy.

Leading by fear and by love: Niccolò Machiavelli and the enlightened despotism of the Marquis of Pombal in the eighteenth century Portugal

This study adopts a historical perspective analysis to identify the thought on leadership in the eighteenth-century Portugal. The paper empirically analyses a letter sent from the Portuguese eighteenth-century Minister Marquis of Pombal to the Governor of Maranhão (currently Brazil), about ‘the art of good leadership’. A grounded theory analysis to the letter content found evidence that the enlightened despotism of the Marquis of Pombal can be interpreted as a later echo of the thought of Niccolò Machiavelli. The paper ends by presenting a typology of leadership for paradoxical times and discussing the influence of Machiavelli’s thought in the eighteenth-century debate on religion and enlightenment, as well as the critical role his ideas might play in today’s VUCA world.

Southern Filipino school leaders and religious diversity: a typology

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore how school principals in Southern Philippines approached issues related to religious diversity because of its long history of ethno-religious conflict. Religion has particular importance in the field of education, since how and in what ways religion is included in formal and non-formal curricula can have large bearing on student learning and engagement.Design/methodology/approachData for this exploratory qualitative case study were collected over five months in Cagayan de Oro, located in Northern Mindanao, Philippines. The interview sample included 42 principals. School site observations took place in 23 public schools. Data were analyzed and sorted using an inductive and iterative process that thematically coded the data that focused broadly on leadership and religiosity.FindingsThe presentation of findings is organized by leadership typologies that emerged through the analysis of the data. Findings suggested that school leaders approached religious diversity in one of five ways, namely, as evangelical leaders, devotional leaders, separational leaders, respectful leaders, or uninformed leaders.Originality/valueThis study is a unique contribution to understanding how principal spirituality informs leadership, especially in the non-western cultural contexts where there is need for a localized leadership inquiry.

KEPEMIMPINAN SPIRITUAL PADA PESANTREN MAHASISWA (Studi Multsitus pada Pesantren Mahasiswa Ulul Albab, Ulul Yaqin dan Ulul Hikam Malang)

<p><em>Spiritual leaders are leaders who influence people led by inspired, enlighten, awaken, enabling, and empowering through the approach of spirituality or religious ethical values. This research was conducted in three boarding students, in student boarding Ulul Albab, Ulul Yaqin and Ulul Hikam in Malang, East Java, using a qualitative approach. This study was designed wearing a multi-site study. Once the data as a whole has finished checking, the data collected were analyzed, with analysis of the site as well as inter-site analysis. From the research result shows that: (1) Perspective spiritual leadership is a boarding student. (2)Spirituality actualization of<strong> </strong>leadership in the assembly caregivers (3) Typology of leadership tends to behavior leadership of participative colleguelike – democratic - spiritual religion (4) Decision-making (5) Settlement of individual conflicts (6) The development team (7) Variety of spiritual leadership in organizational culture (8) The value system of spiritual leadership, and (9) There are several obstacles and solutions in spiritual leadership at the boarding (pesantren) students. <strong></strong></em></p><p> </p>

Varieties of Transformational Solutions to Institutional Ethics Logic Conflicts

It is well established within the ethics and institutional theory literatures that institutions can have conflicting logics with ethical dimensions and that there are solutions to the conflicts. Within institutional, ethics, and change leadership theory, quantitative, mixture solutions such as distributive solutions have been frequently considered. The ethics, institutional, and change leadership theory literatures have recognized that there are qualitative transformational solutions that are different than quantitative mixture solutions. However and for the most part, with the notable exception of the Thornton et al. (Am J Sociol, 105(3):801–843, 2012) typology of solutions, the institutional, change leadership, and ethics literatures have not considered typologies of transformational solutions. And more specifically with respect to this article, the institutional, change leadership, and ethics literatures have not considered different types of transformational solutions to institutional logic conflicts with ethical dimensions. This article: (1) develops a typology of transformational solutions; (2) applies the typology with historical examples of conflicting institutional ethics logics within factory, cultural, and institutional social change leadership cases; and, (3) considers practical and theoretical implications for institutional ethics change leadership for achieving and/or resisting different types of transformational solutions.

Locating sustainable leadership within a typology of leadership in business

Corporate sustainability has become a topic of increasing importance for business leaders. A growing number of them are committing their organisations to corporate sustainability, a form of self-regulation which seeks to preserve social, environmental, and economic capital. This requires leaders to engage in transformational change, challenging organisational paradigms and introducing sustainable values into their organisations. Despite a considerable body of research on leadership in business, there is limited work to date on understanding the relationship between leadership and corporate sustainability. This conceptual paper begins to address this gap by exploring the concept of sustainable leadership. It proposes four types of leaders and the business context in which those leaders may be appropriate. This paper aims to locate sustainable leadership within a leadership typology which compares leadership approach with environmental beliefs. This may be used to better understand how leadership influences corporate sustainability within organisations.

A conceptual model of factors affecting e-commerce adoption by SME owner/managers in Jordan

Since the internet revolution, internet usage in business environment e-commerce has changed the way of doing business in SMEs. It is well known that e-commerce is essential for SMEs in enhancing their competitiveness, productivity, enlarge market and cost reduction. However, Jordan is facing slow adoption of e-commerce by SMEs. This paper reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the major models and theories relevant to technology adoption: technology acceptance model, theory of reasoned action, technology-organisation-environment, diffusion of innovation and Hofstede's cultural dimensions. Also, the literature review shows the most common sequences in level of e-commerce adoption in SMEs: Rao model; Daniel model; Rayport and Jaworski model; Lefebvrea et al. model and leadership typologies. On the bases of these theories and models, a conceptual framework for SMEs' e-commerce adoption level in Jordan is suggested. This conceptual framework can be tested empirically for SMEs in Jordan as well as other Arab countries.

A Fragmented Discourse of Religious Leadership in France: Muslim Youth between Citizenship and Radicalization

At a time when public debates about radicalization of Muslim youth in the West are taking center stage and when questions about “home-grown” security threats are increasing in the wake of a number of terrorist attacks in many émigré societies, this article provides fresh empirical insights from the perspective of religious leadership. It outlines a picture of a highly diverse Muslim religious landscape where competing religious discourses are struggling to attract and support Muslim youth facing social dislocation and identity crises within increasingly contested social milieus. The article argues that a typology of religious leadership is clearly emerging where a spectrum of faith-based orientations and religious practice emphasize, to different degrees, notions of attachment to universal ethics and individual agency. The fact that conservative, sometimes radical, interpretations of such contestations represent a minority of voices is heartening even though the actual damage by such minority is often disproportionate to its actual size within the so-called silent majority. The empirical insights provided by the religious leaders interviewed for this study offer hope that the future of Western Muslims is more positive than we are led to think, if the possibility of combining devout faith with local political engagement becomes a real and sustainable conduit towards social inclusion and intercultural understanding and if necessary support and understanding are extended by the host communities.

The Conceptual Basis for a Global Leadership Typology

The global leadership field has thus far remained underdeveloped and disconnected. To foster more cohesive theoretical and empirical work, we systematically review and theoretically integrate extan...

Integrating Libertarian Paternalism Into Paternalistic Leadership

Extant theory suggests that paternalistic leadership is not a unified construct and that benevolent paternalistic and exploitative paternalistic leader styles are independent. However, this representation ignores the emerging concept of libertarian paternalism. In order to explore this prospective style of leader paternalism, we performed a historiographically informed examination of prominent paternal capitalists from the era of industrial paternalism in the United States. We discovered that the paternalistic leadership of H. J. Heinz lacked the degree of coercion and intrusion found in other paternalistic leaders of the period, even when compared with those motivated by benevolence. As this resonated well with current notions of libertarian paternalism, we analyzed the paternalistic leadership style of Heinz alongside contemporaneous archetypical exploitative (George Pullman) and benevolent (Henry Ford) paternalistic leaders. We interpret the historical evidence to integrate the emergent idea of libertarian paternalistic choice architecture into a more comprehensive typology of paternalistic leadership.

Collaborative and Transformational Leadership in the Environmental Realm

The environmental sector is often characterized by ‘wicked' problems: problems that are ever-changing and difficult to define, have multiple causes and affected parties, and lack a clear solution. To explore scholars' suggestion that wicked problems necessitate leadership that is collaborative and transformational, this study analyses how community-based environmental leaders—those who emerge from community need and are propelled to address pressing environmental issues—discuss their leadership styles. Drawing on data gathered through narrative interviews with 12 leaders from diverse sectors in the San Francisco Bay Area (California, USA), we use a leadership typology to consider the role of collaborative, participatory, and transformational leadership styles. We found that the majority of leaders describe their work as collaborative and transformational, but that almost all respondents also discussed an equally transformational, but less than fully collaborative/participatory, style. Interviewees also described three kinds of leadership work suggested as key components of transformational and collaborative leadership: bridging difference, reframing discourse, and unleashing human energies. We reflect on these findings as they relate to recent work on participatory processes in environmental management; the importance of relationships, trust, and meaning in leadership; and the role of learning in environmental behaviour and management.

Recasting Leadership Reform in Australian Local Government: A Typology from Political Theory

ABSTRACTChanges to elected leadership in Australian local government have seen greater authority assigned to mayors in several jurisdictions. A Discussion Paper recently released under the auspices of the Australian Centre for Excellence in Local Government (ACELG) has recommended further reforms, arguing inter alia that mayors ought to enjoy a personal mandate and a stronger strategic role. This paper places these suggested reforms into context by developing a typology of local government leadership from political theory. We argue that this quadrilateral typology provides a critical portrait of recommendations for stronger leadership which, in this instance, have been transposed from two unitary systems of government (England and New Zealand) to the Australian federal system, without due consideration of the literature examining stronger mayoral roles. It is argued that caution should be exercised when redrafting legislation governing mayoral authority, a process presently underway in New South Wales (NSW).

American engagement and the pathways to Arab–Israeli peace

This close empirical study of decades of US efforts to bring peace between Arab states and Israel helps reflect on Arild Underdal and Oran R. Young’s leadership typologies. Distinguishing between coercive leadership based on the incentives and sanctions that robust capabilities make possible and instrumental leadership focused more on talking, skilled mediation, and policy innovation is useful. However, this US mediation demonstrates that the two are not wholly distinct as previously suggested. The narrative of US efforts from Richard M Nixon to William J Clinton, including 22 cases of US involvement in Arab–Israeli mediation, suggests successful US mediation has been based on four factors. US involvement has led to breakthroughs when the US administration was highly engaged and kept at the problem after an initial diplomatic setback; benefitted from an exogenous event; managed that event to the US advantage; and dealt with strong Arab and Israeli partners.

Was Hamlet a level 5 leader? A critical analysis

This paper is what can be described (in a positive sense) as a hybrid. This is because it analyzes the character of Hamlet in terms of his leadership qualities which means that it also explores the world of organizational behavior. In fact what the paper does is an analysis of one of Shakespeare’s most famous protagonists and then draws the specific leadership traits he exhibits. It does this by drawing heavily on the play itself to make the points. More specifically, it looks at the character of the Prince of Denmark in terms of the leadership typology created by Jim Collins, the specialist in organizational development and behavior. Collins coined the term Level 5 leader based on his research of visionary companies. A Level 5 leader according to Collins is one who combines the paradoxical traits of personal humility and professional will. This does not mean that he or she is a weak person. On the contrary the professional will drives them to extraordinary lengths in order to benefit the organization. But at the same time they do not thrust themselves into the limelight. They are thinkers who know what is best for the company and then go about to deliver what is required. The question the paper explores is whether Hamlet was a genuine Level 5 leader or was he some other type of leader masking as a Level 5. Key words: Level 5 leadership, leadership, crisis, organizational development.

Principal, Agent or Bystander? Governance and Leadership in Chinese and Russian Villages

What does ‘local self-governance’ mean in post-communist Russia and China? In order to answer this question, the article focuses on village-level governance in both countries by employing a four-fold typology of village leadership in public affairs. In both countries, the withdrawal of state power from local communities and the introduction of legislative ‘self-government’ has not brought autonomy to the local and community levels. The findings here suggest that the single ‘state agent’ category of village leadership that emerged under the communist regime is shifting to become one of the remaining three types, ‘principal’, ‘local agent’ and ‘bystander’. There was a growing tendency towards a non-autonomous type of ‘bystander’-style leadership in China and the ‘local agent’ type in Russia. This article suggests that the development of these local governance styles should not be attributed to a common transitional process departing from the communist past, but is the outcome of four factors that influence village leaders in two countries: administrative distance between local and village level, village social structure, fiscal arrangements and electoral relationships.

Prophets, priests and kings: re-imagining ancient metaphors of diffused leadership for the twenty-first century organization

This paper re-imagines the ancient Hebrew threefold leadership typology of prophets, priests and kings for the contemporary organization or community. The essence of what is here termed the “trioptic typology” is that leadership is ideally diffused throughout an organization with different individuals or groups performing functions or roles that correspond to these metaphors. Each of these metaphors is discussed in turn, and interactions between them delineated. The typology is illustrated through two brief cases, one positive and one negative. While the typology arises from within a faith tradition, the metaphors are applicable in other contexts, particularly in those in which spiritual leadership is needed or required. All three roles, it is argued, are necessary for healthy change dynamics within organizations or communities.

A hierarchical model of technology adoption for small owner-managed travel firms: An organizational decision-making and leadership perspective

This article assesses the diffusion of innovation theory and the technology acceptance model, and explores the factors influencing the decision to engage in technology adoption in small owner-managed travel firms. This is done through the use of the overarching theory of organisational decision-making to identify concepts and constructs which relate to the decision to adopt. The work aims to identify the genesis of adoption decisions in particular where owners are themselves the managers and provide leadership for the organization. After the distillation of factors it was found that due to simple hierarchical structures and decision-making processes which were further exacerbated by immediate self-interest, leadership was the most significant driver. This article goes further to identify leadership typologies at each level of technology adoption in firms.

Student Voice in the Elementary Years: Fostering Youth-Adult Partnerships in Elementary Service-Learning

Service-learning is promoted widely by professional organizations (NCSS, 2001), but often with little reflection on the nature of meaningful student participation and the impact of teacher leadership styles. The authors studied mixed-age “small school” advisory groups involved in service-learning at one elementary school; observational, interview, and focus group data were collected. They present three case studies that represent various leadership typologies of elementary service-learning: The Catalyst, The Synthesizer, and The Commander. The authors then map these leaders' priorities onto a Youth Adult Partnership (YAP) continuum to suggest how student voice, a common component of successful service-learning, might occur in the elementary years.

An Exploratory Study on Ideal Leadership Behaviour: The Opinions of American Police Managers

This study examines the perceived ideal leadership behaviour in police organisations. It is based on a survey of 126 police managers from 23 US States who attended the Administrative Officers Course at the Southern Police Institute during the academic year 2007–2008. The questionnaire used in this investigation includes the Leader Behaviour Description Questionnaire Form XII (Stodgill, 1963). The main objectives of this exploratory analysis are to rank the importance of leadership characteristics based on police officers' perceptions, to create a typology of leadership styles preferred, and to identify the demographic factors that are most likely to influence variations in opinions regarding the behaviour of an ideal police leader. This research shows that individual characteristics can influence not only managerial styles, but also leadership preferences. In particular, results imply that gender and race play an important role in structuring leadership preferences. Female police officers do not appear to differ from men in their preferences for a predominantly task-centred and structured leadership. However, women seem to favour more than men do: (1) a type of leader who can be considered ‘transformational’; or (2) a more democratic, worker-oriented leader, who would allow subordinates freedom of action and would respond well to the followers' concerns. Compared with Whites and other racial minorities, African American police officers tend to favour more a structured task-centred leadership orientation or a leadership style described as transformational.

Multilateral Leadership at the UN after the Lisbon Treaty

The Lisbon Treaty introduces major reforms to European Union (EU) foreign policy coordination, particularly at the United Nations (UN) in New York. These reforms coincide with efforts to take a more strategic approach to the EU’s role on the world stage and improve its leadership. This study uses Oran Young’s typology of leadership to identify ways in which the EU and its Member States might implement the reforms of the Lisbon Treaty into the UN context more strategically, focusing on the various leadership roles the EU might pursue in the UN’s multilateral diplomacy. As the EU seeks to improve its performance in bolstering effective multilateralism, it must define how it wants to lead at the UN, and weigh the difficulties of making the necessary changes to pursue a more strategic approach to multilateral leadership.