Typology Of Individuals Research Articles

Movement behaviour typologies and their associations with adiposity indicators in children and adolescents: a latent profile analysis of 24-h compositional data

ObjectivesGrowing evidence supports the important role of 24-hour movement behaviours (MB) in preventing childhood obesity. However, research to understand the heterogeneity and variability of MB among individuals and what kind of typologies of individuals are at risk of developing obesity is lacking. To bridge this gap, this study identified typologies of 24-hour MB in children and adolescents and investigated their associations with adiposity indicators.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 374 children and 317 adolescents from the Czech Republic wore wrist-worn accelerometers for seven consecutive days. Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), sedentary behaviour (SB), and sleep was quantified using raw accelerometery data. Adiposity indicators included body mass index (BMI) z-score, fat mass percentage (FM%), fat mass index (FMI), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Bias-adjusted latent profile analysis was used on the 24-hour MB data to identify MB typologies and their associations with adiposity indicators. The models were adjusted for potential confounders. The identified typologies were labelled to reflect the behavioural profiles of bees to aid interpretability for the general public.ResultsTwo typologies were identified in children: highly active Workers characterised by high levels of MVPA and LPA, and inactive Queens characterised by low levels of MVPA and LPA, high levels of SB and longer sleep duration compared to Workers. In adolescents, an additional typology labelled as Drones was characterised by median levels of MVPA, LPA, SB and longest sleep duration. After controlling for covariates, we found that children labelled as Queens were associated with 1.38 times higher FM%, 1.43 times higher FMI, and 1.67 times higher VAT than Workers. In adolescents, Drones had 1.14 times higher FM% and Queens had 1.36 higher VAT in comparison with Workers, respectively.ConclusionOur study highlights the importance of promoting active lifestyles in children and adolescents to potentially reduce adiposity. These findings can provide insights for interventions aimed at promoting healthy MB and preventing childhood obesity.Graphical

STATISTICAL MODELS FOR ESTIMATING RESILIENCE

Abstract One important component of the Resilience paradigm is the degree of initial change and rapidity of recovery after a stressor. Resilience is determined by both the degree of response, if any, to an insult and, subsequently, the process of return to the initial state. Modeling the recovery process requires use of longitudinal analysis which can incorporate the underlying non-linear trajectory of change, and the multiple systems impacted by the stressor. We will show the models we have employed for one common stressor, surgery. First, we will define and show findings on the Expected Predicted Differential (ERD), the difference between predicted and observed recovery. Second, we will show multivariate trajectories of recovery to demonstrate methods to (1) define typologies of recovery, using PCA, and (2) typologies of individuals in type of recovery, using latent class analysis of trajectories. Second, given the state of the emerging art in resilience research, we will provide a statistician’s view on enhancing the resilience research through design (increasing number and timing of measurements, the number of subjects, and expanding use of the EHR), data structures (incorporating measurements from a greater number of diverse sources, using timing of measures to allow for assessment of dynamic mediation and moderation effects in defining the process), and analysis - extending the ERD to modeling non-linear recovery, incorporating causal analysis, including dynamic mediating and moderating effects into the analytic structure, use Area Under the Curve as a metric for recovery, latent class analysis, and use of multivariate trajectory analysis.

Mask sociology as a way of action theory: Voices of the face mask among social individuals in the COVID-19 masquerade in South Korea.

South Koreans are susceptible to the medical face mask against the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, their mask practices are intriguingly laden with contradictions and inconsistencies. This study accounts for this puzzle by expanding two sociological frontiers: the sociology of action (i.e., action theory of agency and individuality) and the sociology of the mask. Drawing on action theory, it stresses that contradictions and inconsistencies reveal the nature of individuals as social individuals and develops a typology of social individuals during the current pandemic (i.e., atomists, collectivists, and dualists). For mask sociology, it amplifies that any mask practices are conceptualized as a masquerade involving multiple elements for individuality and proposes a theory of mask multivocality that appreciates the ways in which masquerade the social drama becomes concretized. With this two-pronged conceptual innovation, it first demonstrates a patterned relationship between social individuals and mask multivocality. Dualists take more voices from the mask than atomists or collectivists. Dualists take the most contradictory voices as well. Second, it shows that Koreans who take more meanings from the mask reveal not only more vulnerability but more transformative power amid the current pandemic. Demonstrating the promise of mask sociology for the action theory of individuality, it ultimately argues that individuals as social performers often reveal themselves as mask-wearers who become as transformative as they are vulnerable. While this model is founded upon the recent pandemic, it ramifies in political and cultural events that various face coverings accompany.

Towards a typology of logistics “work” beyond formal employment: a synthesised literature review

PurposeLogistics at work is rapidly changing. The changing trend is especially prominent when considering the active involvement of individuals that perform diverse forms of formal/informal “logistics work” (e.g. crowd logistics and self-collection). Thus, by conducting a synthesised review (n = 55), this study aims to provide a typology of individuals' logistics work.Design/methodology/approachThe total social organisation of labour is used as a guiding framework. A deductive literature analysis is performed based on the identified journal articles.FindingsThe review findings reveal three major contexts where individuals perform logistics work: formal organisation, social community and private household, with a decreased level of formality. Under each context, individuals may be engaged in paid or unpaid activities, creating six forms of logistics work, termed as paid/voluntary professional logistics, incentivised/friendly social logistics and rewarded/free consumer logistics. Furthermore, an actor–sphere–resource–value conceptualisation of individual logistics is proposed, focussing on the chains of actors, work settings, resource input and value outcome.Originality/valueThe results provide a theoretical foundation for further research in individual- or consumer-centrism in logistics. Two research directions and seven research questions are presented for future investigation.

Suicide, Firearms, and Terminal Illness: A Latent Class Analysis Using Data From the National Violent Death Reporting System.

Firearms are highly lethal when used for suicide and are used more frequently as a suicide method by persons of older age. Individuals with terminal illness are at high risk for suicide, yet little research has explored how firearms may be used for self-harm in this population. The authors sought to understand the patterns of psychiatric diagnoses, substance use disorders diagnoses, and suicide mechanisms for individuals with terminal illness who died by suicide as well as their demographic and circumstantial characteristics. A latent class analysis using data from the National Violent Death Reporting System was undertaken to better understand typologies of individuals with terminal illness who died by suicide in 2003-2018 (N=3,072). To develop the classes, the authors considered diagnoses of mental illness and of alcohol or substance use disorders, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and mechanism of suicide (firearm or no firearm). Demographic and circumstantial variables were examined across classes. The analysis revealed four classes of persons with terminal illness who died from suicide: depression and nonfirearm methods (N=375, 12%), suicidal intent and firearm use (N=922, 30%), alcohol or substance use disorder and nonfirearm methods (N=70, 2%), and firearm use only (N=1,705, 56%). Firearm access is an important consideration for terminally ill persons at risk for suicide. Screening for psychiatric and substance use disorders may not identify terminally ill persons who are at increased suicide risk because of the presence of a firearm in the home. This population may benefit from tailored interventions in specialty care settings to address firearm safety.

From holistically to accidentally sustainable: a study of motivations and identity expression in sustainable living

Purpose This paper aims to examine the role of individual action in addressing challenges of sustainability, and to help marketing scholars and practitioners better understand what motivates sustainable living. Design/methodology/approach Semistructured interviews with 35 individuals self-identifying as sustainable shed light on motivations and identity expression in sustainable living. Four Drive Theory, and Personal and Social Identity Theory (operationalized through the Dynamic Model of Identity Development), provide this study’s guiding theoretical framework. Data analysis was informed by the Gioia methodology. Findings Individuals differently express their personal and social identities through sustainable living, and are differently motivated to live sustainably. Those expressing personal identity salience through sustainable living draw on a broader set of motivations than those expressing social identity salience. This results in varying levels of commitment to sustainable living, with differences also found in individuals’ personal satisfaction derived from their sustainable living efforts. Based on these findings, a novel typology of sustainable individuals is developed. Research limitations/implications This study is limited by its focus on one geographic area and relatively small sample size. A key implication is the need to consider both personal and social identity when studying behavior in other marketing contexts. Practical implications The research provides important insights for marketing practitioners, policymakers and others seeking to better categorize sustainable individuals and target marketing messages to encourage sustainable behaviors. Originality/value This paper contributes to marketing scholarship by providing new insights on the role of identity and motivations in sustainable living. It introduces a novel typology of sustainable individuals, founded on differences in identity expression and motivational drives, which are also associated with the range of sustainable behaviors people engage with and how individuals make sense of these behaviors.

Toward a typology of driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs.

Most research on driving under the influence (DUI) has relied upon variable-centered methods that examine predictors/correlates of DUI. In the present study, we utilize a person-level approach-latent class analysis (LCA)-to model a typology of individuals reporting DUI. This allows us to understand the degree to which individuals drive under the influence of a particular substance or do so across multiple substance types. We use public-use data collected between 2016 and 2019 from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. The analytic sample was 189,472 participants with a focus on those reporting DUI of psychoactive substances in the past-year (n = 24,619). LCA was conducted using self-reported DUI of past-year alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, hallucinogens, and methamphetamine as indicator variables. More than 1 in 10 Americans reported a DUI within the past-year. One in five people who reported DUI of one substance also reported DUI of at least one additional substance. Using LCA to model heterogeneity among individuals reporting DUI, four classes emerged: "Alcohol Only" (55%), "Cannabis and Alcohol" (36%), "Polydrug" (5%), and "Methamphetamine" (3%). Rates of risk propensity, drug involvement, illicit drug use disorders, and criminal justice system involvement were highest among members of the "Polydrug" and "Methamphetamine" classes. Drug treatment centers should take care to include discussions of the dangers and decision-making processes related to DUI of the full spectrum of illicit substances. Greater investment in drug treatment across the service continuum, including the justice system, could prevent/reduce future DUI episodes.

Uncovering road traffic crashes typologies using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), in a low-resource setting

The main focus of this study was to investigate self-reported road traffic crashes (RTC) among drivers from Loja Ecuador and to illustrate the applicability of multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) in detecting and representing typologies of individuals who have experienced an RTC as well as the typology of RTC events, upon information collected through a web-based survey carried in 2021. Overall, 754 drivers were investigated and we estimated a life prevalence (LP) of RTC of 41.5% (95% CI 36.9 to 46.2). Typology of drivers who reported involvement in an RTC is characterized by a predominance of people of 25 to 40 years of age, who drive mainly cars and frequently experience distraction and use of a mobile phone when driving. Additionally, MCA indicated two distinctive typologies of RTC events. One is characterized by collision vehicle-to-vehicle, due to behavioral factors, occurring at low-speed limit roads during the afternoon. The second one is characterized by collision vehicle-to-surrounding occurring at medium-speed limit roads during the evening and late evening. Our study revealed major determinants of RTC are modifiable behavioral factors and that MCA is both a valid exploratory tool to identify individual and event typologies of those under at most risk to suffer an RTC and a feasible technique to be implemented in low-income countries such as Ecuador.

Typologies of social structures in virtual communities – case study on mobile platforms

"This study (originally published in Romanian) aims to define certain typologies of individuals involved in virtual communities, more specifically in persistent online worlds. In this case the focus is on a case study applied to the platform called state of survival dedicated to the mobile devices segment. it is a platform that combines in one application various types of gaming with several ways of communicating and socializing. The fact that this game has become extremely popular at the beginning of the pandemic correlated with periods of severe lockdown puts it in a unique socio-cultural context which makes it extremely interesting from the point of digital anthropology research. The methodology in use is rather traditional as a set of ethnographic and anthropological tools but adapted to contemporary necessities for studying virtual communities. The aim is to develop a form of social group taxonomy outlining their specific characteristics and eventually even the social norm. The results do not just shape the parameters described above but also involve game mechanics and behavioral patterns as well as the way in which individuals perceive this activity and or their involvement with the virtual world that is correlated with their level of immersion. In this particular context qualitative methods are suitable, but they also have some limitations, it is almost impossible to carry out any statistical research at the level of the general population due to the structure of the platform and the way it functions. On the other hand, one can cover very well certain segments on a very detailed level in order to point out relevant aspects of such virtual worlds. Keywords: Digital anthropology, virtual communities, social structures and networks, online platforms, persistent worlds, massively multiplayer online, mobile, digital ethnology, games"

Sexual and Violent Recidivism of Empirically-Typed Individuals Convicted of Rape

Men convicted of rape are a heterogenous group among individuals with sexual offending history. This may contribute to the difficulty of establishing adequate treatment during institutionalization and preventing recidivism after release. Therefore, we aimed to identify an empirical typology of individuals convicted of rape based on (a) common criminological variables (age at first offense, number of prior convictions, relation to the victim), (b) offense behavior (alcoholization during the offense) and (c) clinical diagnoses (substance abuse and dependence, psychopathy, sexual sadism, Cluster B personality disorders, paraphilias, paraphilia-related disorders) associated with the risk of sexual offending. Data of N = 575 adult males with raping history were analyzed. We found four types with different profiles in the described variables: an antisocial impulsive, a sexualized, a highly violent and a non-criminal situational type. The types significantly varied in prognostic validity for violent, but not sexual, recidivism. Also, the typology exhibited a slightly higher predictive validity for violent recidivism than Static-99 scores. In contrast to Static-99, the typology failed to significantly predict sexual recidivism. Although the types explained more variance of violent recidivism than Static-99 scores, the value of applying a broad set of risk factors in contrast to combining only few are discussed.

“Classifying D/s Profiles Without Prior Assumptions: An Application of Cluster Analysis to Social Data”

ABSTRACT Dominant/submissive role-play (D/s) is associated with specialized roles including Mistress, Master, Slave, Switch, Sadist, and Masochist. The current study uses cluster analysis to provide empirical evidence that no binary opposition or single spectrum constitutes a workable typology of individuals based on their affinities for these roles. The optimality of a particular choice of clustering scheme, including the number of clusters, is established using a replication technique which is presented in detail. A large number (n = 236,353) of individualized results (profiles) generated by the BDSM Test, a popular anonymous web survey, were analyzed. We hypothesize a two-dimensional typology of D/s profiles as the inferential result of our cluster analyses.

Online Radicalisation: Moving beyond a Simple Dichotomy

ABSTRACT Online radicalisation to terrorism has become a pervasive policy concern over the last decade. However, as a concept it lacks clarity and empirical support. In this article, we add an empirical and theoretical lens to this problem by analysing the trajectories of 231 Islamic State terrorists. We use cluster analyses to create typologies of individuals’ different online and offline antecedent behaviours, including the ways in which they engaged in networks with co-ideologues and how they prepared for their events. The findings suggest four types of pathway within our dataset: 1) The “Integrated” pathway which has high network engagement both online and offline, mostly made up of individuals that plotted as part of a group; 2) The “Encouraged” pathway contains individuals that acted more in the online domain at the expense of offline; 3) Terrorists in the “Isolated” pathway are defined by a lack of interaction across either domain; 4) The “Enclosed” pathway encompassed actors that displayed greater offline network activity, but still utilised the Internet for planning their activity. These typologies help to move beyond the dichotomy of online or offline radicalisation; there remain few individuals that either exclusively use the Internet or do not use it at all. Rather, we can conceptualise Internet usage on a spectrum in which these four typologies all sit.

Professional sportsmen attitude towards religion (based on the materials of the sociological survey)

This article discusses the influence of religion on the personality and activities of an athlete. The first part of the article presents the author’s approaches to the study of religiosity, a questionnaire developed by the author with the participation of sports experts and coaches of national teams, adjusted in accordance with the specifics of the sociological selection — professional athletes of Russia, and the typology of religious and non-religious individuals (1 type — religious with dominant religious orientation, type 2 — hesitant-A with unstable religious orientation, tending to religiosity, type 3 — hesitant-B with unstable religion orientation, although tending to the irreligious, type 4 — undecided, 5 type — non-religious), established on the basis of fixed criteria, which are mainly signs of consciousness, behavior, involvement in religious attitudes. The second part contains the results of a series of concrete sociological studies conducted in 2015–2017, among 89 professional athletes with qualifications not lower than the candidate for master of sports of Russia, representatives of various sports clubs and teams in Moscow, to identify the relationship between the individual level of religiosity and the results of sports activities. The article confirms, based on the collected data, the hypothesis formulated by the author that religious faith contributes to the achievement of a high result in sports activities, providing a compensatory and mobilization effect on the individual. In addition, personal qualities are determined that are shaped by the practice of religious athletes in sports, as well as the statistically recorded view that bodily development contributes to spiritual growth. Demonstrating a high level of religiosity, representatives of different sports have their own specific characteristics, rituals, omens, rites of verbal and non-verbal characters. Not every athlete connects traditional religious practice with sports activities, even being deeply religious. Personal god, direct appeal to him in an improvised form in moments of special need (competition, as an example), personal signs — these are the characteristic features of this social category.

Live Nearby, Be Different, Work Apart? Some Learnings from Action Spaces Discrepancies in Santiago de Chile

This article examines macro‐level contextual parameters and individual‐based factors deemed in the literature to directly influence individuals’ daily mobility practices. It considers the urban structure, place of residence, situation in the social hierarchy, and position in the life course. Taking its inspiration from approaches highlighting segregation at destination place and studies focusing on mobility biographies, it enquires whether systematic discrepancies may be detected between the places frequented for work or study on a daily basis by the groups of individuals residing in the same neighborhood. It also looks at whether home location (in a central area, inner suburb, or outskirt) influences how action spaces are configured. The analysis relies on a three‐phase integrated method. First, a typology of individuals is assembled to put together homogenous socio‐demographic groups. Second, the action spaces of these groups are calculated and mapped. Third, the significance of spatial differences in action spaces is assessed using a bivariate colocation test, hitherto used primarily in spatial epidemiology. This three‐phase method is applied to data collected in Santiago de Chile during a survey of 1,000 households, designed to capture spatial mobility from a biographical perspective.

The pathologization of trans-sexuality: Historical roots and implications for sex counselling with transgender clients

Summary Since sex reassignment surgeries (SRS) medical interventions for transsexual individuals were made available in 1951 (Meyerowitz, 2004), the need had emerged to identify candidates who could benefit the most from such interventions. This opened the way to the elaboration of very strict clinical guidelines for the identification of the typologies of transsexual individuals and for the emphasis on “differential diagnosis” between “true transsexuals” and the rest of the transgender population coming to clinical attention. These guidelines set the stage for a “pathologization” of the sexual life of transgender individuals in the eyes of mental health professionals. This review is intended to offer an overview of the historical roots from which such prejudices and biases have stemmed and draw the process of change that lead to gender confirming (GC) approaches.

Теоретичний аналіз філософсько-психологічних основ моральних принципів бусідо

The article deals with the formation of the philosophical and psychological basis of the moral code of masters of the oriental struggle. The constructivism of the religious and philosophical thought of Buddhism and Shintoism in this process is emphasized. The term of «busido» is analysed in lexical-semantic, artistic-figurative and constructive planes. The «warrior’s path» is the key conception of the phenomenon of samurai, the core of life and life-creation, the essence and meaning of a personality’s being, the basic model and the cultural core of the masters in oriental martial arts and samurai. Busido – «warrior’s path» – the samurai code is a set of rules, recommendations and norms of the behavior of a true warrior in battle and everyday life, military philosophy, known from the ancient times. The Samurai Code of Honor proved its ability to educate true warriors, fearless defenders of the native land, brave and courageous, whom the country has been proud of for centuries. The Code has contributed to the formation of the socio-political, moral, psychological, strategic and tactical and technical potential of samurai warriors. The typology of individuals is shown: searchers of death, players with death, who deliberately neglected mortal danger. Life laid on the altar of freedom of the Motherland is the holy fate of the warrior. The existence of life in a vast existential space reveals a universal opportunity for the creation of good deeds and love to a man. The victory of this eternal and boundless world emerges on the verge of life and death. The results of research of moral qualities in sport activities of karatists in kyokushinkai style of Donetsk region are presented. The training program of karatist’s moral qualities optimization is conducted, which includes: mastering of relaxation methods, self-development of consciousness, forming of moral qualities. The program provides the creation of the special social environment, realization of methods, stimulation of psychological mechanisms of sportsmen’s moral qualities development.

The impacts of residential relocation on commute habits: A qualitative perspective on households’ mobility behaviors and strategies

Travel-behavior researchers have generally acknowledged the important role of life events in disruption of habits and increasing individuals’ tendency to re-evaluate their travel behavior. Research in this area is dominated by the use of quantitative research methods, leading to a gap in understanding of the complexity of subjective factors such as habit strength and the reasons underlying resistance to change. In this study, with a retrospective and qualitative approach, 20 individuals who have relocated their home recently are questioned about factors which affected their commute mode choice before and after the relocation. First, participants were categorized based on the commute mode they used before the relocation to assess habit strengths across modes. Second, participants were presented with a set of green-transport-encouraging policies and evaluated on the extent to which they were willing to adopt these policies based on their habit strength. Accordingly, different typologies of individuals were identified. The levels of travel habit strength were found to be directly related to the willingness to change; strong habits, whether good or bad, are unlikely to change even in the wake of a major life event. By focusing on the habit formation and decay during the period of relocation, this study evaluates travel-related decision-making as a process in an effort to understand how and when sustainable-transportation policies should be promoted for different types of individuals in situations where attentiveness for alternative travel modes is increased. This study on residential relocation informs considerations of changes in travel behavior related to other contextual changes.

The Psychology of Shoplifting: Development of a New Typology for Repeated Shoplifting.

Despite the damaging effects of shoplifting on individuals, the current literature offers little guidance for changing shoplifting behavior. One limitation in this area of research has been the failure to use empirically and theoretically sound methodologies to identify individuals' diverse characteristics and motivations. The present study addressed these limitations by developing an empirically and theoretically supported typology of the varied individuals who shoplift. Participants included 202 community individuals who reported repeated shoplifting and provided information about their shoplifting behavior, motivations, mental health, ethical attitudes, personal histories, and life circumstances. Cluster analyses revealed that the sample could be divided into six discrete groups. These clusters comprise a typology of shoplifting, including Loss-Reactive (28% of the sample), Impulsive (20%), Depressed (18%), Hobbyist (18%), Addictive-Compulsive (9%), and Economically Disadvantaged (7%) types. Each type comprises a unique pattern of shoplifting with unique needs. This research establishes a promising foundation for treating the diverse individuals who shoplift.

Relationship between Personality and Biological Reactivity to Stress: A Review.

ObjectivePersonality traits can be the basis for individual differences in the biological response of stress. To date, many psychobiological studies have been conducted to clarify the relationship between personality and biological reactivity to stress. This review summarizes the most important findings in this area of research. ResultsKey findings related to the relationship between personality factors and stress-sensitive biological systems in four research models have been summarized; model of psychosocial characteristics, model based on Rumination and Emotional Inhibition, Eysenck’s biopsychological model, and Five-Factor Approach of Personality. ConclusionAccording to the results of this review, it can be concluded that personality typology of individuals influenced their biological reactivity to stressful events. Understanding the biological basis of personality can help to better understand vulnerability to stress. Future research can be continuing based on framework of the four models.

Dynamic Features of Problematic Drinking: Alcohol Use Disorder Latent Classes Across Ages 18-64.

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are linked with numerous severe detrimental outcomes. Evidence suggests that there is a typology of individuals with an AUD based on the symptoms they report. Scant research has identified how these groups may vary in prevalence by age, which could highlight aspects of problematic drinking behavior that are particularly salient at different ages. Our study aimed to (a) identify latent classes of drinkers with AUD that differ based on symptoms of AUD and (b) examine prevalences of latent classes by age. Our findings advocate for personalized treatment approaches for AUD and highlight the need for carefully considering the role of age in prevention and intervention efforts. We used data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III). Current drinkers aged 18-64 who met criteria for a past-year AUD were included (n = 5402). Latent class analysis (LCA) based on 11 AUD criteria revealed 5 classes: 'Alcohol-Induced Injury' (25%), 'Highly Problematic, Low Perceived Life Interference' (21%), 'Adverse Effects Only' (34%), 'Difficulty Cutting Back' (13%) and 'Highly Problematic' (7%). Using time-varying effect modeling (TVEM), each class was found to vary in prevalence across age. The Adverse Effects Only and Highly Problematic, Low Perceived Life Interference classes were particularly prevalent among younger adults, and the Difficulty Cutting Back and Alcohol-Induced Injury classes were more prevalent as age increased. Findings suggest that experience of AUD is not only heterogeneous in nature but also that the prevalence of these subgroups vary across age.