Typology Of Governance Research Articles

Die «Zweite Generation»

This article gives an overview of the scientific discussion on the topic of regional governance in Germany in recent years. To this end, theor y-based empirical studies of the “Second Generation” of regional governance research are examined in terms of their compatibility with earlier research. The main examination criteria are: firstly, our understanding of the term “regional governance”, and secondly, the question of the use of regional governance typologies. Thirdly, an in-depth investigation into the issue of a “cognitive turn” in regional governance research is also presented. Finally, conclusions are drawn and several perspectives on further regional governance research are highlighted.English title: The “Second Generation”: Current State and Future Perspectives of Theory-Based Regional Governance Research in Germany

The (Ever) Incomplete Story of Economic and Monetary Union

This article applies the governance typology used in this special issue to the evolution of euro area governance. The article begins with a description of Economic and Monetary Union’s original governance structure, with third order governance (shared norms) present in varying degrees in monetary, financial and fiscal governance. While a shared consensus on the importance of an independent central bank to pursue price stability allowed for the creation of the European Central Bank, euro area governance was otherwise limited to the coordination of national policies. Since the crisis, shifting norms (third order governance) allowed for the creation of new bodies (e.g. the European Stability Mechanism and the Single Supervisory Mechanism) and the expansion of the powers of existing institutions (particularly the ECB). In areas where no normative changes occurred (fiscal and economic policy coordination), second order governance has been marked by incremental changes to existing institutions. The degree to which economic governance has become more hierarchical depends both on the strength of third order governance norms and the preferences of large states like Germany either to retain their own sovereignty or create additional rules that bind member states.

Going Beyond the SHRM Paradigm: Examining Four Approaches to Governing Employees

Drawing from strategic human resource management and organizational theory, this article develops an integrated typology of employee governance. This typology is based on the dimensions of eliciting employees’ commitment to the organization (commitment-eliciting) and achieving employees’ compliance to rules (compliance-achieving), which yields four approaches to governing employees: disciplined governance, bonded governance, hybrid governance, and unstructured governance. Results from 337 firms show that the hybrid governance approach is linked with significantly higher organizational performance than alternative approaches in the Chinese context. In addition, both commitment-based practices and compliance-based practices are positively related to organizational performance, and their interaction produces additional positive effects.

Multi-owned properties in Australia: a governance typology of issues and outcomes

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to develop a governance typology which identifies governance issues and outcomes. Multi-owned properties (MOPs) are a unique property type due to the incorporation of a private governance association. Although there are jurisdictional differences, these associations are generally responsible for the management, maintenance and control of the commonly owned property; determining the contributions payable by each lot owner to the operation of the association; enforcing the rules of the association; and ensuring that records meet legislative requirements. Legislation for MOP schemes was enacted in different jurisdictions to guide the governance and management of these matters. However, challenges relating to the governance of MOPs have continued to be a problem as identified in the literature and practice. Design/methodology/approach – The study first reviewed the legislation in three Australian states to identify specific governance categories and the legislative requirements related to those categories. To gain group opinion about the specific governance issues and outcomes, the Delphi method was utilised whereby industry experts participated in a two-round survey questionnaire. Findings – A typology was developed as a result of consensus found between participants. The findings identified key governance issues and outcomes for MOPs. Practical implications – The governance typology forms the basis for the development of a more comprehensive audit tool for the assessment of governance quality in individual schemes. Originality/value – This paper is the first of its kind to collate issues impacting upon effective owners’ corporation governance and the potential outcomes associated with poor governance practices in MOPs.

Drivers of change in regional tourism governance: a case analysis of the influence of the New South Wales Government, Australia, 2007–2013

The study of governance and policy-making for tourism is an important area of academic scholarship. This paper reviews recent theoretical concepts and approaches to governance, policy-making, and sustainable and regional tourism. Practical application of these concepts is demonstrated through a case study analysis that traces and assesses the main policy and strategic initiatives of the New South Wales Government (Australia) directed at influencing change in regional tourism governance from 2007 to 2013. The analysis compares these main drivers influencing change at a regional scale to relevant themes, concepts and interpretations derived from literature on tourism governance. In particular, it uses Hall's (2011) typology of tourism governance as a framework to explore conceptualisations of the governance structures evident in the case. The paper demonstrates the complexity of the regional tourism governance space, including the ebb and flow of various policy initiatives that have been driven by the political agendas of consecutive governments and their election commitments, as well as a pro-growth mode of governance that does not emphasise sustainable tourism. Moreover, the case suggests the opportunity to use destination management planning as a framework to drive sustainable tourism outcomes.

Governance and control in networks: a case study of the Universal Postal Union

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to adopt “whole network” perspective and analyzes the governance and control mechanisms in the Universal Postal Union (UPU), one of the oldest and largest inter-governmental networks, through the lens of institutional entrepreneurship theory. The purpose is to introduce a typology of network governance forms to the accounting literature and to analyze the governance and management control mechanisms within the UPU, a “participatory federation” (Provan, 1983) type of network that has managed the challenges of collective collaboration since 1875.Design/methodology/approach– The study benefits from unlimited access to all archival materials of the UPU such as minutes of Congress and committee meetings since 1875 as well as secondary documents and market studies related to the postal sector. The data reported in this study are derived from the archives of the UPU in Berne, Switzerland and interviews conducted with senior officials.Findings– Drawing on the work of Provan (1983) and Provan and Kenis (2008) the authors identify five “ideal type” network governance forms based on such variables as differences in the relative power of network participants and whether these networks have arisen spontaneously or due to external coercion, the authors classify the UPU as a “participatory federation.” Within the theoretical boundaries of this typology the authors identify the multi level governance structures and the use of management control mechanisms by each level of governance. The authors introduce a distinction between the “network constitutional organization” that focusses on the socialization of network members and strategy-level orchestration of the overall network and the “network administrative organization” (NAO) that mobilizes management accounting and control mechanisms to monitor, encourage and facilitate member collaboration. The authors propose that control within a participatory federation is enacted through collective entrepreneurship by governance bodies using management accounting and control mechanisms as institutional carriers.Research limitations/implications– The paper is focussed on the current state of the UPU’s network structure and processes and did not explore the dynamics around the emergence of the different network governance and control mechanisms. An exploration of the collective construction by network participants of the need for these mechanisms would provide insights into how they emerge and might lead to a better understanding of the role of NAOs in networks.Practical implications– The paper highlights the challenges faced by collaborative networks and identifies enabling characteristics of a participatory federation’s governance bodies. The empirical observations within the context of the UPU contribute to the theoretical understanding of the desirable characteristics of participatory federations that might be applicable to similar public and private collaborative networksOriginality/value– This study expands the knowledge of management accounting and control systems in networks. It bridges a gap in the accounting literature by adopting a “whole network” perspective and by differentiating types of network governance structures that use management accounting and control systems. This contributes to the understanding of accounting and control across the full range of organizational forms.

How SMEs use trade shows to enter global value chains

Purpose – By examining SMEs’ participation in trade fairs as a way to establish network relationships within a global value chain (GVC), the purpose of this paper is to offer one example of the steps used to reach this goal. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses a priori deductions derived from prior literature and case analysis of a purposive sample of six New Zealand SMEs to develop propositions on the use of trade fairs to enter a GVC network. The authors use the typology of GVC governance developed by Gereffi et al. (2005) to investigate how the use of trade fairs varies for each governance type. Findings – The study concludes that international trade fairs offer great network-building possibilities for SMEs, as well as selling, promotion and information gathering benefits. Both theoretical argument and experiential evidence suggest that these benefits are contingent on the GVC’s governance type. Originality/value – Although there is extensive work on the importance of networks to SME internationalisation, less has been done on the detailed steps used to build these networks.

지속가능한 사회-기술 전환을 위한 정책 거버넌스 유형에 관한 연구

지속가능한 사회-기술 전환을 위한 정책 거버넌스 유형에 관한 연구

Toward a Dynamic Theory of Global Production Networks

abstract Global production networks (GPN) are organizational platforms through which actors in different regional and national economies compete and cooperate for a greater share of value creation, transformation, and capture through geographically dispersed economic activity. Existing conceptual frameworks on global value chains (GVC) and what we term GPN 1.0 tend to under-theorize the origins and dynamics of these organizational platforms and to overemphasize their governance typologies (e.g., modular, relational, and captive modes in GVC theory) or analytical categories (e.g., power and embeddedness in GPN 1.0). Building on this expanding literature, our article aims to contribute toward the reframing of existing GPN-GVC debates and the development of a more dynamic theory of global production networks that can better explain the emergence of different firm-specific activities, strategic network effects, and territorial outcomes in the global economy. It is part of a wider initiative—GPN 2.0 in short—that seeks to offer novel theoretical insights into why and how the organization and coordination of global production networks varies significantly within and across different industries, sectors, and economies. Taking an actor-centered focus toward theory development, we tackle a significant gap in existing work by systematically conceptualizing the causal drivers of global production networks in terms of their competitive dynamics (optimizing cost-capability ratios, market imperatives, and financial discipline) and risk environments. These capitalist dynamics are theorized as critical independent variables that shape the four main strategies adopted by economic actors in (re)configuring their global production networks and, ultimately, the developmental outcomes in different industries, regions, and countries.

Governança nas aglomerações produtivas: proposição de um modelo teórico de análise da trajetória de formação e desenvolvimento da coordenação

The aim of this study is to discuss the governance in the productive clusters and propose a theoretical analysis model of the formation path and coordination’s development. This trend is related to a set of conditions that must be met, such as the presence of a favorable context; support sectors, strong interaction, partnerships, among others. Typologies of governance were developed from the theoretical model whose characterize the stage of development / maturity of coordination. Thus, such model can be used to analyze the governance’s trajectory of different clusters, since it allows surveying the situation of coordination / interaction in the agglomeration.

Changing higher education and welfare states in postcommunist Central Europe: New contexts leading to new typologies?

Abstract The paper links higher education reforms and welfare states reforms in postcommunist Central European countries. It links current higher education debates (and reform pressures) and public sector debates (and reform pressures), stressing the importance of communist-era legacies in both areas. It refers to existing typologies of both higher education governance and welfare state regimes and concludes that the lack of the inclusion of Central Europe in any of them is a serious theoretical drawback in comparative social research. The region should still, after more than two decades of transition and heavy international policy advising, be viewed as a “laboratory of social experimentation”. It is still too risky to suggest generalizations about how Central European higher education and welfare systems fit existing typologies. Consequently, the “transition” period is by no means over: it is over in terms of politics and economics but not in terms of social arrangements. Both higher education and welfare states should be viewed as “work in progress”: permanently under reform pressures, and with unclear future.

Global Regime Divergence: Why the World Trade Regime Has Become More Legalized While the Financial Regime Has Become Less Legalized

The international trade and finance regimes exhibit different levels of legalization. The trade regime is made up of treaties, whereas the financial regime, in contrast, is ruled by agreements that are informal. This difference reflects the different institutional strategies that were successfully pursued by each group of globalists in their respective area over the last fifty years: exporters worked in close relation with their government to build a regime able to contain protectionist opposition at home and provide access to markets abroad; bankers, in contrast, accessed world markets by pressing for the repeal of government regulation at home and intergovernmental regulation abroad. Beyond offering an explanation for the institutional differences between the trade and financial regimes, the study makes three general contributions to the governance literature. First, the formal-informal dimension is shown to be part of a larger list of divergent traits between two broad ideal types of governance, labeled law-based and market-mediated. Second, the factors that account for the divergence between trade and finance also generalize to other regimes in the areas of economics, the environment, human rights, and security. Third, the study offers a typology of informal governance that cuts through the current distinction between trans-governmental networks and private governance.

Governance and transportation policy networks in the cross-border metropolitan region of Luxembourg: A social network analysis

Two major processes have increased the need for cross-border public transportation policies in European metropolitan regions in the recent past: the imperative of a region’s accessibility within the inter-urban competition and the aspired EU-wide regional harmonization and de-bordering process. Governing such multifaceted issues in cross-border regions requires the implementation of suitable and efficient organizational solutions. In the example of the cross-border metropolitan region of Luxembourg, we discuss the contradicting ‘border effects’ of a complex cross-border governance network. Such flexible policy networks are supposed to make the proclaimed economic, socio-cultural, and spatial European integration work on the very local level. We suggest that the governance typology of Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks offers a useful guiding heuristics for function-specific governance arrangements in cross-border regional contexts. We utilize a method mix of a quantitative social network analysis and a complementary qualitative survey to illuminate structural notions of the policy network relations to relate our empirical results to the conceptual debate on governance structures in the politically proclaimed de-bordering regions within the EU.

Relational Process Ontology

This article presents a Governance Typology comprising philosophical and practical theoretical elements which compose four ideal-types found in dominant Western political theory, what we label Institutional, Holographic, Atomistic, and Fragmented governance types. Then a fifth synthesis type is articulated, Integrative Governance, which is based on relational process ontology derived from alternative sources. The article then makes the argument that Integrative Governance is fitting in terms of the contemporary context and leading edge theory and addresses important critiques of the other governance types. In closing, the article affirms Integrative Governance and argues it is a more fruitful grounding for global governance and a more sustainable future.

Touristic web sites performances and governance typologies

The paper aims to highlight and discuss the results of the research, still in progress, about the influence of web sites governance for the touristic promotion of the territory on the criteria through which these communication channels are planned and used. To this purpose the research will compare the Private, Public and No Profit organizations web sites on the basis of two groups of performance parameters regarding, from one side, the offer of information and, from the other, the offer of services. In particular the first set of parameters is composed by: multilinguism, number of images, level of interactivity and of information up-to dating together with the facility of navigation; while the evaluation of services offer refers to online services, e-commerce, integration with the territory items and events. The main hypothesis the research aims to test is, according to the common sense, that the private governance of web sites, respect to the no profit and public one, is mostly addressed to the services than information offer. The relevance of this research topic derives from the consideration of web as a primary channel for the diffusion, processing, search and storage of information about the tourism. Another reason is the increasing resources invested by private and public bodies in the publishing and maintaining of tourism web sites that represent themselves a territory to be explored and enjoied by web tourists.

A Typology of Governments and Governmental Affiliates

There is much confusion as to how states and their political subdivisions are categorized and treated for purposes of the federal income tax. Many assume that a constitutional doctrine of intergovernmental tax immunity requires the federal government to refrain from taxing states and their political subdivisions. However, Supreme Court in cases such as New York v. United States, 326 U.S. 572 (1946), and Garcia v. San Antonio Transportation District, 469 U.S. 528 (1985), has rejected this position. Others believe that these governmental institutions are exempt under Internal Revenue Code (IRC section 115(1), which excludes “income derived from any public utility or the exercise of any essential governmental function and accruing to a State or political subdivision thereof, or the District of Columbia.” In fact, however, the IRS does not treat IRC section 115 as the basis for exempting states and their political subdivisions. The IRS has concluded that the income of states and their political subdivisions are exempted from federal income tax under an implied statutory immunity. That is, these institutions are exempt from tax because, in general, no provision of the Internal Revenue Code taxes them at such. (There is one exception. IRC section 511(a)(2)(B) subjects state colleges and universities, however organized, to the unrelated business income tax.) Moreover, any institution that is an integral part of a state or local government is also free of income tax under this implied statutory immunity. To be an integral part, the institution must be subject to control or substantial involvement by governmental officers and have a financial commitment from a state or political subdivision. The IRS interprets IRC section 115 as applying to the income of an entity that is separate and distinct from a state or its political subdivision, that saves or makes money for the state or political subdivision, and whose assets revert to the state or political subdivision upon dissolution. In addition, the IRS balances public and private balancing in determining qualification for IRC section 115. In the view of the IRS, too much private benefit prevents IRC section 115 status, in the view of the IRS. As an example or entities that do qualify, many private ruling recognize IRC 115 status for pooled insurance funds of various political subdivisions. For particular purposes – special rules for social security tax and federal unemployment tax and eligibility for governmental pension plans, the Internal Revenue Code refers to the category of “instrumentality” of a state government or political subdivision. Status as an instrumentality does not in and of itself qualify an institution for exemption. Nonetheless, institutions that qualify as instrumentalities also generally qualify as IRC section 115 entities, although the IRS applies a different set of tests to these two categories. To complicate these matters further, a governmental institution can in many cases choose to quality for exemption under various categories of IRC section 501(c), including 501(c)(3). To qualify as an IRC section 501(c)(3) entity, the governmental institution must be deemed to be a separate entity and be a clear counterpart of a charitable, educational, or similar organization. Governmental institutions may choose to qualify under IRC section 501(c)(3) for a variety of reasons, including easier fundraising and eligibility for property tax exemptions. These five categories – political subdivision, integral part of a state or political subdivision, section IRC 115 entity, instrumentality, and IRC section 501(c) organization – form a complicated patchwork. A fire department, public library, hospital, or college may fall into one or several of these categories. Two articles of mine have discussed in detail the federal income tax treatment governments and their affiliates: The Integral, the Essential, and the Instrumental: Federal Income Tax Treatment of Governmental Affiliates, 23 J. Corp l L. 803 (1998), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=924607 and Excluding the Income of State and Local Governments: The Need for Congressional Action, 26 Ga. L. Rev. 421 (1992), reprinted at 6 Exempt Org. Tax Rev. 691 (1992). Here, I offer, for easy reference, a one-page table summarizing filing requirements, charitable percentage limits, key authorities, and qualification requirements for each of these five categories.

Economic Thinking About Transnational Governance: Blind Spots and Historical Perspectives

The notion of 'transnational governance' refers to systems in which private actors and other nonstate institutions participate in setting and enforcing norms for cross-border transactions in trade, finance and other business. While the term is modern, the co-evolution of world markets and hybrid regulation has been discussed since the time of pre-classical and classical political economy. Yet, while transnational governance is a hot issue in other disciplines, it is almost a non-theme in current economics. This paper explores the development of economic thinking about transnational governance in three steps. It starts with a description of transnationalization and a typology of transnational governance. Thereafter it relates the historical causes and analytical choices that make it difficult to deal with transnational governance in terms of modern economics. The blind spots in current frameworks of economic thinking raise the question whether more substantial reflections about transnational governance can be found in the history of economic thought, in the periods when economics as an academic discipline developed along with the emergence of nation states and the global system of markets. In the third step relevant ideas of Adam Smith, Friedrich List, Max Weber, John Hicks and many others are discussed and evaluated in the contexts of city states, trading companies, crossborder finance and self‐regulation.

Governance typology of universities’ technology transfer processes

Despite the growing interest in university-to-industry technology transfer, there are very few studies on the governance of universities’ technology transfer offices (TTOs). The few existing ones tend to focus on US universities and generally tackle one dimension of the governance. The present paper aims at contributing to this literature in two ways. First, it takes into account the diversity of organizational models with a theoretical perspective: the paper presents a discussion on which combinations of four structural dimensions should yield viable configurations. Four main types of TTOs are identified: (1) classical TTO; (2) autonomous TTO; (3) discipline-integrated Technology Transfer Alliance; and (4) discipline-specialized Technology Transfer Alliance. Second, the paper relies on 16 case studies of universities located in six European countries in order to address the pros and cons of the four types of TTOs. The results provide both a conceptual understanding and an empirical overview of how universities organize their technology transfer and intellectual property management.

Governance Typology

Public health practitioners and researchers often refer to state public health systems as being centralized, decentralized, shared, or mixed. These categories refer to governance of the local public health units within the state and whether they operate under the authority of the state government, local government, shared state and local governance, or a mix of governance structures within the state. This article describes the development of an objective method of classifying states as centralized, decentralized, shared, or mixed. We also discuss some initial analyses that have been conducted to identify how public health resources and activities vary across states with different classifications. Cross-sectional study. State health agencies. Survey respondents were organizational leaders from all 50 state health agencies. Total full-time equivalent employees, total health agency expenditures, expenditures on clinical services, and provision of clinical services. Centralized state health agencies employ more full-time equivalent employees, have higher total expenditures, and provide more clinical services than decentralized state health agencies. Although higher expenditures on clinical services were observed, these differences were not statistically significant. It is important to take governance classification into account when investigating variation in services, resources, or performance of governmental public health systems. As public health systems and services researchers seek to identify best practices in the organization of public health systems, consistent definition of different types of organization is critical. This system provides an objective and reliable system for classifying governance relationships that allows for comparisons that are meaningful to both practitioners and researchers.

Continuity or Discontinuity? Scientific Governance in the Pre-History of the 1977 Law of Higher Education and Research in Sweden

The objective of this paper is to balance two major conceptual tendencies in science policy studies, continuity and discontinuity theory. While the latter argue for fundamental and distinct changes in science policy in the late 20th century, continuity theorists show how changes do occur but not as abrupt and fundamental as discontinuity theorists suggests. As a point of departure, we will elaborate a typology of scientific governance developed by Hagendijk and Irwin (2006) and apply it to new empirical material. This makes possible a contextualization of the governance of science related to the codification of the “third assignment” of the Swedish higher education law of 1977. The law defined the relation between university science and Swedish citizens as a dissemination project, and did so despite that several earlier initiatives actually went well beyond such a narrow conceptualisation. Our material reveals continuous interactive and rival arrangements linking the state, public authorities, the universities and private industrial enterprises. We show how different but coexisting modes of governance of science existed in Sweden during the 20th century, in clear contrast with the picture promoted by discontinuity theorists. A close study of the historical development suggests that there were several periods of layered governance when interactions and dynamics associated with continuity as well as discontinuity theories were prevalent. In addition, we conclude that the typology of governance applied in the present paper is fruitful for carrying out historical analyses of the kind embarked upon in spite of certain methodological shortcomings.