Typology Of Different Types Research Articles

Epistemic negotiations on a closed psychiatric ward

ABSTRACT On a closed psychiatric ward, conflict and disagreement may exist between patients and psychiatrists on how to interpret the patient’s condition. This forms a complexity for implementing contemporary ideals such as shared decision making, which would require a substantial degree of epistemic flexibility from both psychiatrists and patients. Recently, authors have argued that psychiatrists are pluralistic and pragmatic in their interpretation of the patient’s condition, implying a space for this flexibility in the clinical encounter. In this article we present an empirical study in which we aim to describe, understand, and explain this epistemic space and the dynamics between the psychiatrist’s and patient’s interpretation. We aim to explore and contextualize philosophical discussions through empirical research. We performed a qualitative inquiry on a closed psychiatric ward and found that both patients and psychiatrists were epistemically flexible, but epistemic negotiations were more complex and variegated than often presumed. We constructed an empirically grounded typology of different types of epistemic interaction, which shows that this interaction can only be properly understood if one acknowledges that it is shaped by different professional, societal and personal norms and values. We conclude by discussing the scope and limits of the epistemic space that we found.

Analysing expert advice on political decisions in times of crisis

This article analyses the relationship between expert knowledge and political decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark, Greece and the United States. Due to the swift spread of the COVID-19 virus across the globe, the management of the pandemic required urgent government responses. Our empirical findings enabled us to identify a new typology of different types of advice, from naked power to technocracy, including in-between modes of networking and interactions. We also demonstrate how systemic and governance characteristics affect expert-politics responses in the three countries. The findings demonstrate similar responses in Greece and Denmark, by contrast with the United States. We conclude by proposing a new research agenda for expert-politician relations during crises, which focuses on the role of experts in public sensemaking, which is particularly important in an era of recurring and overlapping crises.

Nature and Typology of Different Types of Soviet Conservatism

The paper poses the problem of Soviet conservatism. What protective forces and mechanisms were inherent in the Soviet system? Since any society should have its own conservative tendencies, one can also talk about elements of conservatism in the Soviet society, culture and ideology. Nevertheless, refl ections on this problem lead to an epistemological diff iculty. In what sense can we talk about Soviet conservatism in general? After all, the defi ning worldview of the Soviet period was Marxist ideology, which was radically revolutionary and progressive. Even the word “conservative” was then perceived in a decisively negative way. Nevertheless, it is noted that in the late Soviet society it was possible to be a Soviet conservative, wishing for the preservation of the USSR but disapproving of communism and Marxism. The paper states that Soviet conservatism cannot be described as a single entity. In diff erent epochs, diff erent types of Soviet conservatism can be distinguished that struggled with each other and contradicted each other. In addition, the distinction between them is a bit of conditional, because all of them were permeated by the revolutionary-progressive elements of the dominant ideology or stood out against a background of the latter. The paper outlines an approximate general typology of Soviet conservatism: cultural-humanistic Soviet conservatism, pro-Leninist Soviet conservatism, Stalinist Soviet conservatism, pro-Stalinist Soviet conservatism, situational Brezhnev conservatism, and Soviet conservatism of non-Soviet authors and thinkers. It states that the USSR was largely brought to the collapse by the defectiveness and insuff iciency of its conditionally conservative, protective forces and principles. It is only with a very high degree of conditionality that one can talk about the phenomenon of Soviet conservatism, understanding it as a set of transformed, unnatural, and contradictory conservative and quasi-conservative ideological currents that do not add up to a single whole.

Editors' Note

Jim Rodgers was a founding member, a former Vice President, President, and Executive Director of the National Association of Forensic Economics. Jim was also a recipient of the NAFE Past Presidents Award.Jim was a friend and supporter of the Journal of Forensic Economics. He was a member of the JFE Board of Editors and, along with Bob Male, was one of the original editors of papers that make up the JFE state paper series.In this issue, to honor Jim's memory, we are reprinting his 2002 paper on “Valuing Losses of Pension Benefits” In our opinion, this paper, along with his 2000 paper on “Estimating the Loss of Social Security Benefits,” is among the most important contributions that Jim made to forensic economic practice. In the paper reprinted here, Jim provides a typology of different types of retirement plans. He explains when it is appropriate and when it is not appropriate to use a simple percentage-of-earnings approach to estimate the value of lost pensions in personal injury, wrongful death, and employment termination litigation.Jim's paper on estimating the loss of Social Security benefits argues that the employer contribution to Social Security valued at either 6.2% or 7.65% of earnings is just plain wrong. Jim maintains that there is a weak connection between the percent of earnings contributed by employers and the actual value of the Social Security benefits received by workers. Because of this weak connection, Jim argues that damages experts should either ignore Social Security benefits or compute the present value of reduced Social Security benefits directly. On a more personal note, Steve Shapiro recalls one of his last telephone conversations with Jim. He complained about a damages report, which valued lost Social Security benefits at a fixed 6.2% of wages. Jim expressed frustration at forensic economists who did not want to read the body of relevant literature and instead took unwarranted shortcuts when preparing reports.In our next issue of the JFE, we anticipate including papers by Jack Ward and Steve Shapiro that they will be presenting at a special NAFE Session to honor Jim at the January 2023 Allied Social Sciences Associations Meeting in New Orleans.We remember Jim for his keen intellect, his ability to identify core issues in forensic economics problems, his affable sense of humor, his engaging Texas drawl, and his knack for making people feel welcome and at ease. He is missed.

Making a Water Data System Responsive to Information Needs of Decision Makers

Evidence-based environmental management requires data that are sufficient, accessible, useful and used. A mismatch between data, data systems, and data needs for decision making can result in inefficient and inequitable capital investments, resource allocations, environmental protection, hazard mitigation, and quality of life. In this paper, we examine the relationship between data and decision making in environmental management, with a focus on water management. We focus on the concept of decision-driven data systems—data systems that incorporate an assessment of decision-makers' data needs into their design. The aim of the research was to examine the process of translating data into effective decision making by engaging stakeholders in the development of a water data system. Using California's legislative mandate for state agencies to integrate existing water and other environmental data as a case study, we developed and applied a participatory approach to inform data-system design and identify unmet data needs. Using workshops and focused stakeholder meetings, we developed 20 diverse use cases to assess data sources, availability, characteristics, gaps, and other attributes of data used for representative decisions. Federal and state agencies made up about 90% of the data sources, and could readily adapt to a federated data system, our recommended model for the state. The remaining 10% of more-specialized data, central to important decisions across multiple use cases, would require additional investment or incentives to achieve data consistency, interoperability, and compatibility with a federated system. Based on this assessment, we propose a typology of different types of data limitations and gaps described by stakeholders. We also propose technical, governance, and stakeholder engagement evaluation criteria to guide planning and building environmental data systems. Data-system governance involving both producers and users of data was seen as essential to achieving workable standards, stable funding, convenient data availability, resilience to institutional change, and long-term buy-in by stakeholders. Our work provides a replicable lesson for using decision-maker and stakeholder engagement to shape the design of an environmental data system, and inform a technical design that addresses both user and producer needs.

Digital twins in smart farming

Digital Twins are very promising to bring smart farming to new levels of farming productivity and sustainability. A Digital Twin is a digital equivalent of a real-life object of which it mirrors its behaviour and states over its lifetime in a virtual space. Using Digital Twins as a central means for farm management enables the decoupling of physical flows from its planning and control. As a consequence, farmers can manage operations remotely based on (near) real-time digital information instead of having to rely on direct observation and manual tasks on-site. This allows them to act immediately in case of (expected) deviations and to simulate effects of interventions based on real-life data. This paper analyses how Digital Twins can advance smart farming. It defines the concept, develops a typology of different types of Digital Twins, and proposes a conceptual framework for designing and implementing Digital Twins. The framework comprises a control model based on a general systems approach and an implementation model for Digital Twin systems based on the Internet of Things—Architecture (IoT-A), a reference architecture for IoT systems. The framework is applied to and validated in five smart farming use cases of the European IoF2020 project, focussing on arable farming, dairy farming, greenhouse horticulture, organic vegetable farming and livestock farming.

Narratives in Action: Modelling the Types and Drivers of Sikh Activism in Diaspora

Using data gathered for an investigation of “Sikh radicalisation in Britain”, in this article I develop a typology of different types of activism among Sikhs in diaspora based on an analysis of historic and contemporary media sources (newspapers, radio, television, online), academic literature, ethnographic fieldwork and a series of semi-structured interviews with self-identifying Sikh activists. I assess the reasons behind a variety of different incidents involving Sikh activists, how Sikh activists view the drivers of their activism and to what extent this activism can be regarded as being “religiously motivated”. I critique existing typologies of “religious activism” by developing a typology of Sikh activism which challenges the distinction often made between “religious” and “political” action. I argue that “religiously motivated actions” must be understood in conjunction with narratives, incidents and issues specific to particular religious traditions and that generic motivations for these actions cannot be applied across all religious traditions.

The Roles of Experts and Expert‐Based Information in the Advocacy Coalition Framework: Conceptual and Empirical Considerations Based on the Acid Mine Drainage Case Study in Gauteng, South Africa

The Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) remains one of the leading conceptual models in the policy sciences because it continues to be revised and updated as required. A focus area of the ACF that requires further theorization is the roles of experts and expert‐based information in influencing policy problem contexts. Our article takes a necessary step in this direction by (1) evaluating the usefulness of Weible’s expectations regarding the uses of expert‐based information in different types of policy subsystems and factors that contribute to shifts from one subsystem to another; and (2) making critical observations that result from this evaluation in the context of the controversial acid mine drainage policy case study in South Africa. The findings of our case study analysis indicate that Weible’s framework performed reasonably well but also revealed opportunities for further improvement. We therefore suggest adding awareness raising as a use of expert‐based information, developing a typology of different types of experts who participate in policy subsystems, and including a focus on the use of expert‐based information in policy subsystem shifts. We also reflect upon the relevance and importance of continuing to expand ACF applications to countries outside of North America and Western Europe.

Pathways to the criminalisation of emotional distress: An offence- and harm-based typology

The article examines the criminalisation of causing negative emotional states in others and pursues a principled response to the question under which conditions, in a liberal democratic society, it is legitimate to criminalise human conduct that leads to emotional distress in others. Its main aim is to develop an exploratory typology of different types of legally-relevant emotional distress, based on existing offences and informed by the criteria drawn from criminal law philosophy. Following the conceptual distinction between ‘harm’ and ‘offence’, a typology of legally relevant emotional distress ranging from simpler cases of distress through more in-depth offendedness and offence-plus-harm to states of emotional harm is presented. The article then discusses some ‘hard cases’, such as special vulnerabilities and the question of changing sensibilities through time. The repercussions of these changes for an effective and legitimate criminal justice as well as policy implications are addressed in the concluding section.

Fixos e fluxos: revisitando um par conceitual

O artigo propõe revisar e discutir o par conceitual “fluxos e fixos” proposto pelo geógrafo brasileiro Milton Santos nos anos 1970, ampliando um quadro de exemplos pertinentes e produzindo um esquema compreensivo válido para este sistema conceitual. O uso desse par conceitual na Geografia e em outras áreas das Ciências Humanas é ainda pertinente na atualidade, pois permite apreender tanto as estruturas como o movimento de uma cena geográfica. Em vista disto, retomar o conceito e ampliar suas possibilidades e campos de aplicação torna-se relevante. Em uma sessão inicial, comenta-se a importante percepção de que o espaço contém tempo, encaminhada por geógrafos do início do século XX, como Vidal de La Blache. Entrementes, sustenta-se que, se foi uma contribuição vital a percepção do tempo acumulado no espaço geográfico, é preciso também dar a perceber que o tempo também está presente nas paisagens geográficas pelo simples fato de que estas não são estáticas, aspecto contemplado pela complementaridade recíproca do par conceitual fixos-fluxos.Ideias destacadas: artigo de revisão e reflexão sobre o par conceitual “fluxos/fixos” proposto pelo geógrafo brasileiro Milton Santos. Reexamina-se a contribuição desse geógrafo, e exploram-se os desdobramentos dessa perspectiva teórica. Acrescenta-se um refinamento original através de uma tipologia mais especificada de diferentes tipos de fluxos e fixos.

Dimensions of social meaning in Post-classical Greek

Abstract Especially in the first half of the twentieth century, language was viewed as a vehicle for the transmission of facts and ideas. Later on, scholars working in linguistic frameworks such as Functional and Cognitive Linguistics, (Historical) Sociolinguistics and Functional Sociolinguistics, have emphasized the social relevance of language, focusing, for example, on linguistic concepts such as deixis, modality, or honorific language, or embedding larger linguistic patterns in their social contexts, through notions such as register, sociolect, genre, etc. The main aim of this article is to systematize these observations, through an investigation of how the central, though ill-understood notion of “social meaning” can be captured. The starting point for the discussion is the work that has been done in the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). This framework distinguishes “social” (“interpersonal”) meaning from two other types of meaning, and offers a typology of different types of contexts with which these different meanings resonate. In order to achieve a more satisfactory account of social meaning, however, I argue that we need to connect SFL to a theory of how signs convey meaning. The discussion is relevant for Ancient Greek in its entirety, but focuses specifically on Post-classical Greek: as a case study, I discuss five private letters from the so-called Theophanes archive (IV AD).

How to tackle the conundrum of quality appraisal in systematic reviews of normative literature/information? Analysing the problems of three possible strategies (translation of a German paper)

BackgroundIn the last years, there has been an increase in publication of systematic reviews of normative (“argument-based”) literature or of normative information (such as ethical issues) in bioethics. The aim of a systematic review is to search, select, analyse and synthesise literature in a transparent and systematic way in order to provide a comprehensive and unbiased overview of the information sought, predominantly as a basis for informed decision-making in health care. Traditionally, one part of the procedure when conducting a systematic review is an appraisal of the quality of the literature that could be included.Main textHowever, while there are established methods and standards for appraising e.g. clinical studies or other empirical research, quality appraisal of normative literature (or normative information) in the context of a systematic review is still rather a conundrum – not only is it unclear how it could or should be done, but also the question whether it necessarily must be done is not settled yet. Based on a pragmatic definition of “normative literature” as well as on a typology of different types of systematic reviews of normative literature/information, this paper identifies and critically discusses three possible strategies of conducting quality appraisal.ConclusionsThe paper will argue that none of the three strategies is able to provide a general and satisfying solution to the problems associated with quality appraisal of normative literature/information. Still, the discussion of the three strategies allows outlining minimal conditions that elaborated strategies have to meet in future, and facilitates sketching a theoretically and practically promising strategy.

Unpacking the Social Media Bot: A Typology to Guide Research and Policy

Amid widespread reports of digital influence operations during major elections, policymakers, scholars, and journalists have become increasingly interested in the political impact of social media bots. Most recently, platform companies like Facebook and Twitter have been summoned to testify about bots as part of investigations into digitally enabled foreign manipulation during the 2016 U.S. Presidential election. Facing mounting pressure from both the public and from legislators, these companies have been instructed to crack down on apparently malicious bot accounts. But as this article demonstrates, since the earliest writings on bots in the 1990s, there has been substantial confusion as to exactly what a “bot” is and what it does. We argue that multiple forms of ambiguity are responsible for much of the complexity underlying contemporary bot‐related policy, and that before successful policy interventions can be formulated, a more comprehensive understanding of bots—especially how they are defined and measured—will be needed. In this article, we provide a typology of different types of bots, provide clear guidelines for better categorizing political automation, and unpack the impact that it can have on contemporary technology policy. We conclude by outlining the main challenges and ambiguities that will face both researchers and legislators as they tackle bots in the future.

Urban resilience patterns after an external shock: An exploratory study

Resilience has in recent years become an established concept in dynamic systems analysis. It is also increasingly employed in dynamic spatial systems, such as cities. The present paper offers an evidence of resilience of urban systems after an external shock. It pays particular attention to natural disasters affecting a cityʼs system. A typology of different types of disasters and of related damage is presented, from a global perspective on the regional occurrence of such calamities. The cost and recovery potential after an external shock are statistically explored. We find that population size and density are critical parameters for the order of magnitude of disaster damage. The comprehensive approach to urban resilience based on risk assessment, identification and management proposed in this paper helps to depict a feasible urban resilience pattern after an external shock.

Qualitätsbewertung in systematischen Übersichtsarbeiten normativer Literatur. Eine Problemanalyse

Systematic reviews aim at searching, selecting, analyzing and synthesizing scientific literature in a transparent and systematic way in order to inform decision-making in the health care system on the basis of the best available evidence. In recent years, such reviews have also gained importance also in bio-, public health- and research ethics, as well as in health technology assessment. Such reviews do not only analyze ethically relevant empirical literature (e.g. on risk and benefit), but normative literature as well, i.e. literature consisting of ethical arguments. As the appraisal of the literature that should be included is paramount for a systematic review, the problem of how to appraise the quality of normative literature arises. This problem has not yet been solved satisfactorily.After developing a pragmatic definition for “normative literature”, a typology of different types of systematic reviews of normative literature is presented. Based on existing approaches for quality appraisal, this paper identifies three possible strategies for solving the problem of quality appraisal of normative literature, and discusses their respective strength and weaknesses relative to the different types of systematic reviews. It becomes apparent that none of the existing approaches is able to solve the problem of quality appraisal in a general and convincing way. The paper concludes with stating minimal conditions regarding the elaboration of future strategies, and outlines a promising strategy that is theoretically acceptable and practically feasible.

The Types of Trust Involved in American Muslim Healthcare Decisions: An Exploratory Qualitative Study

Trust in physicians and the healthcare system underlies some disparities noted among minority populations, yet a descriptive typology of different types of trust informing healthcare decisions among minority populations is limited. Using data from 13 focus groups with 102 American Muslims, we identified the types and influence of trust in healthcare decision-making. Participants conveyed four types of trust implicating their health-seeking behaviors-(I) trust in allopathic medicine, (II) trust in God, (III) trust in personal relationships, and (IV) trust in self. Healthcare disparity research can benefit from assessing how these types of trust are associated with health outcomes among minority populations so as to inform intervention programs that seek to enhance trust as a means to improve community health.

The necessity, logic, and forms of replication

Research summary: A replication study assesses whether the results of a particular prior study can be reproduced, including in new contexts with different data. Replication studies are critical for building a cumulative body of research knowledge. This article discusses and provides a typology of different types of replications, compares replications with other approaches to cumulating knowledge, and provides guidelines toward producing high‐quality replication studies. The articles in this Special Issue provide examples of replication studies in strategic management.Managerial summary: Research studies sometimes draw implications for managerial practice. A single empirical study, however, is specific to a particular context, relies on a particular set of data, and uses a particular research design. As a consequence, a single study cannot establish whether the findings generalize to a different context and whether the research design is robust to alternative approaches. Replication studies can help to establish the range of applicability of prior studies and better support what implications can be drawn for managerial practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

OTC: A Digital Stepping Stone, or a Dead End Path?

The digital finance industry is both young and dynamic, and, as it grows, it is constantly innovating to address the issues it faces. One of the contemporary issues of discussion is over-the-counter (OTC) transactions. The delivery of mobile money over the counter, raises a number of questions around the fact that it can limit product evolution; can decrease provider profitability; and can lead to unregistered transactions, which run the risk of money laundering and terrorism financing.In this paper, we want to look more closely at these questions and, with the help of data from The Helix Institute, InterMedia and the GSMA, provide an analytical perspective on the pros and cons of the OTC model. This will allow us to propose some recommendations on how to manage OTC going forward. We begin by defining a common ground for the discussion by creating a simple typology of different types of OTC. Then we look into the different questions raised by the OTC model. In the third section, we take a stand, arguing that certain types of OTC should be seen as a stepping stone to mobile money account adoption and usage. Lastly, we present our conclusions and recommendations to move the industry forward, given the data presented and some of the new developments in the field.

Den politiska dimensionen i undervisning och meningsskapande

The purpose of this article is to clarify and reason about the political dimension in teaching, learning and meaning making. This is done with the aid of empirical results emanating from analyses of classroom communications. The article begins with a didactical typology of different types of teaching and learning situations dealing with the political dimension in our lives. The article continues by taking a closer look at a situation known as a political moment, in which students are deeply and emotionally engaged in a problem or question involving conflicting opinions and interests and where the inclusion and exclusion of some of these is unavoidable. Based on research results, the article also discusses the possibilities and challenges of including and dealing with political moments in educational activities.

Transmedia Television Drama: Proliferation and Promotion of Extended Stories Online

This article reports on a study of additional transmedia content that is available online in relation to all Australian television drama productions and high rating international drama productions in a five-month period, between January and June 2012. In particular, it asks what additional material exists, and develops a typology of different types of content in order to further explain the current state of play in Australian production. The study examines extended storytelling texts developed specifically for the internet, like ‘webisodes’. It also considers other video and further content that can be based on extending the story world of a program. This article presents and examines the results of the study, arguing that this material can be seen to support the idea of an industry in transition. It finds that there are differences in approach to this type of content between public, free-to-air commercial and subscription broadcasters. Children's television programs are seen to offer the most sophisticated approach online at this time.