Typology Of Countries Research Articles

Global maternal health country typologies: A framework to guide policy.

Maternal mortality remains a large challenge in global health. Learning from the experience of similar countries can help to accelerate progress. In this analysis we develop a typology of country groupings for maternal health and provide guidance on how policy implications vary by country typology. We used estimates from the Global Maternal Health (GMatH) microsimulation model, which was empirically calibrated to a range of fertility, process, and mortality indicators and provides estimates for 200 countries and territories. We used the 2022 estimates of the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and lifetime risk of maternal death (LTR) and used a k-means clustering algorithm to define groups of countries based on these indicators. We estimated the means of other maternal indicators for each group, as well as the mean impact of different policy interventions. We identified 7 groups (A-G) of country typologies with different salient features. High burden countries (A-B) generally have MMRs above 500 and LTRs above 2%, and account for nearly 25% of global maternal deaths. Countries in these groups are estimated to benefit most from improving access to family planning and increasing facility births. Middle burden countries (C-E) generally have MMRs between 100-500 and LTRs between 0.5%-3%. Countries in these groups account for 55% of global maternal deaths and would benefit most from increasing facility births and improving quality of care. Low burden countries (F-G) generally have MMRs below 100 and LTRs below 0.5%, account for 20% of global maternal deaths, and would benefit most from improving access to family planning and community-based interventions and linkages to care. Indicators vary widely across groups, but also within groups, highlighting the importance of considering multiple indicators when assessing progress in maternal health. Policy impacts also differ by country typology, providing policymakers with information to help prioritize interventions.

Country Typologies According to the Impact of Geopolitical and Health Crises on the Energy-Food Nexus

Country Typologies According to the Impact of Geopolitical and Health Crises on the Energy-Food Nexus

Country typology reflecting (sub)national conditions for housing policy implementation

The paper demonstrates the importance of subnational data on housing to be systematically reported and added to country typologies. We asked which national and local level characteristics of housing regimes can serve as benchmarks for reasonable country groupings. The aim of this paper is to (1) develop a methodological tool enabling the comparison of conditions for housing policy implementation on national and subnational levels and (2) identify the group of countries where conditions for housing policy implementation on national and subnational levels tend to be comparable. This country classification can be used as a practical instrument for comparative analyses and policy learning. As a conceptual framework, we used the international comparative Housing research 2.0 launched by Hoekstra in 2020. For our analysis, we selected 15 basic factors that were tested in 24 European countries. We have identified three key factors having an impact on housing policy implementation: decentralisation level in housing, local budget housing expenditure and the information on which governance level has core competencies within housing. The numeric database has been run through a k-means cluster analysis. Five distinct types of countries with similarities in conditions for housing policy implementation on national and subnational level have been identified and described.

‘Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Ketenagakerjaan’ in the Perspective of Welfare State

The Social Security Agency for Employment as social protection insurance for all workers in Indonesia has five main products. Each BPJS employment product has benefits and advantages for its participants. This research method is qualitative, namely by describing and analyzing data that has been obtained through data collection techniques of interviews, and literature study which is then explained in the form of detailed and systematic explanations. The results of this research show that based on the country typology formulated by Titmus, following the benefits facilitation provided by BPJS employment. The first point is realized with death benefits, work accident benefits, and old age benefits which provide protection benefits to workers when they can´t carry out work when sick, providing compensation and scholarships to families who have lost their source of livelihood, and several other benefits.

CONSUMPTION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES IN POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES (EU-27)

The aimed of the research at presenting the volume and the diversification of the consumption of fruit and vegetables (F&V) in the 27 European Union (EU-27) countries during the 2010-2021 period, and was prepared the typology of countries, based on the consumption pattern of those products. The data on the F&V consumption volume in the EU-27 countries were taken from the food balances of FAO. The analysis shows that the F&V consumption volume in the analysed period was different. The annual F&V consumption in the 2019-2021 period in Poland was 200.1 kg/per capita and was by 5% higher than in the 2010-2021 period. Some huge disproportions in the F&V consumption volume were noticed among such countries as: Croatia, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, as well as Czech Republic, Latvia, Cyprus, Hungary, Bulgaria, Slovakia and Lithuania. The significant changes in the F&V consumption volume that took place in the 2019-2021 period, compared to the 2010-2012 period, can be noticed in such countries as Croatia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, as well as Hungary, Slovenia and Germany. In the 2019-2021 period, in 6 of the EU-27 countries, the consumption of fruit decreased: it happened in Luxembourg, Italy, Croatia, Sweden, Denmark and Malta. The same thing happened to the consumption of vegetables in 8 countries: Greece, Italy, Portugal, Malta, Spain, Romania, Cyprus and Lithuania. Currently, the F&V consumption volume in the EU-27 countries corresponds to the recommendations of WHO. The Polish society, in terms of its F&V consumption volume in the macro-economic scale, was most similar to many societies of the Central Europe (i.e. Latvia, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Hungary, Slovakia and Bulgaria), as well as to the society of Cyprus (in those countries, in the 2019-2021 period, the F&V consumption volume was 180.9 kg/per capita/year).

Proscribing Right-Wing Extremist Organizations in Europe: Variations, Trends, and Prospects

ABSTRACT Among the legal instruments that address organized right-wing extremism in Europe, proscription is one of the most severe. Yet there is scant comparative work on where, how frequently, and against which right-wing extremist organization proscriptions have been applied. This article presents a new dataset on Proscribed Right-wing Extremist Organizations (PREOs) in Europe. A typology of countries’ proscriptive regimes illuminates how proscription by executive decrees is more frequent than proscription by judicial ruling, and how proscription by executive decrees appears to be more responsive to high-profile incidents of extremist violence. We complement this descriptive overview with a close investigation of patterns in Germany, the state that has most frequently used proscription against right-wing extremist organizations. Furthermore, the article presents paired case studies of the proscriptions of Blood & Honour in Germany (by executive decree) and the Nordic Resistance Movement in Finland (by judicial ruling), which point to the causal factors underlying proscription of right-wing extremist organizations.

SPECIAL FEATURES OF ENERGY TRANSITION IN ASIAN COUNTRIES

The current stage of development of the world energy industry is taking place in line with the fourth industrial revolution, characterized by the changing ways of life and the introduction of new technologies based on R&D. Environmental pollution has reached a large scale, and as a result it has become necessary to change the structure of modern fuel and energy balance in favor of renewable and non-traditional energy sources. Asian countries vary widely in terms of the level of economic development, making it difficult to create an integrated energy market in Asia. A typology of countries according to the level of economic development was elaborated on the basis of a multi-scale analysis using traditional methods of economic geography. In total these countries rank first in the world in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for almost 60% of pollutants released into the environment. The fuel and energy balance of Asian countries is characterized by a high proportion of coal, which contributes to the large-scale environment pollution. In accordance with international practice, the countries of the continent adopted energy programs aimed at lesser emissions by reducing the share of coal and switching to low-carbon energy sources. The energy transition can take place primarily in the leading Asian countries that have necessary financial resources. Most Asian countries are at the early stages of industrialization, and the energy transition is almost impossible at this stage because they use energy-intensive industrial technologies. The urgent need to stop climate change comes into conflict with rising energy consumption. Asia has become the world’s leader in energy consumption, as it takes place not only in industry, but also in the utility sector, because 4.2 billion people, or more than 50% of the world’s urban population, live in cities. China has become a leader in the introduction of renewable energy sources, the country has developed and implements new environmental standards that will achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 through the accelerated commissioning of new zero-emission power plants. The rejection of coal could aggravate socio-economic problemsof Asia because of its high share in the fuel and energy balance and the large number of people employed in the industry. In line with the sustainable development goals, the Asian countries try to introduce renewable energy sources based on the local comparative advantages.

Development of local democracy in the system of reforming public administration

Introduction. The multifaceted nature of the processes of reforming public administration determines the relevance of conducting a comprehensive study of the development processes of local democracy as one of the key directions. Among the main focuses of scientific research on the development of the system of public administration and local self- government is the identification of the main problems and obstacles, taking into account the priorities of European integration and the processes of European integration.Purpose. The purpose of the study is to understand the meaning of the concepts “democracy” and “local democracy” from the standpoint of forming systemic conditions for their spread worldwide and ensuring the full development of local democracy in Ukraine.Methods. To achieve the goal, the following methods were used: as a historical analysis, synthesis, and analogies - for the study of the conceptual apparatus; analysis, grouping, and tabular methods - in tracking the processes of the spread of democracy and its resource provision for the development of local democracy.The works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, reports of international analytical agencies, and domestic legislation form the research information base.Results. Approaches to understanding are revealed, and the relationship between “democracy” and “local democracy” as the basis of modern concepts of social development is determined. Emphasis is placed on the systematization of the basic provisions of the concept of local democracy. The processes of the spread of democracy in the world are analyzed according to the typology of countries according to the level of development of democracy. The structure of government expenditures by levels of management was studied. Countries are grouped according to the distribution of costs between levels of public administration. The peculiarities of the development of local democracy in Ukraine are revealed under the main problems and challenges caused by the war.Prospects. Further research should investigate the development processes of local democracy in the context of ensuring the post-war renewal of Ukraine’s regions and the fulfillment of tasks to ensure accelerated integration into the EU. In this context, an in-depth study of the experience of EU countries and the development of tools for the implementation of strategic tasks following the peculiarities of Ukraine are essential.

CLLD in the 2014–2020 EU Programming Period: An Innovative Framework for Local Development

This paper presents an overview of how the Community-led Local Development (CLLD) instrument has been used in the EU in the 2014–2020 programming period. It provides a typology of countries applying the options offered by CLLD and illustrates the various ways in which the different eligible EU funds were contributing financially. The article discusses the experiences made with CLLD implementation, focusing on the purpose for which CLLD was implemented, the barriers encountered, and the achievements so far. A particular look is taken at the urban dimension of CLLD as one of the innovative elements of the 2014–2020 programming period. Overall, CLLD can bring significant added value for the targeted territories and can foster an increased policy integration. However, challenges remain, particularly around administrative complexities, and these impact on the willingness of policy-makers to make use of the full range of options offered by CLLD. Indeed, looking into 2021–2027, there are countries discontinuing CLLD, but, at the same time, the CLLD model is being expanded where experiences have been predominantly positive.

Пространственно-временные особенности ожидаемой продолжительности жизни населения в странах Юго-Западной Азии

Introduction. The study is devoted to a comparative analysis of the spatio-temporal features of life expectancy in Muslim countries of Southwest Asia in 1990–2020. Materials and research methods. Statistical data from the United Nations, the World Bank, the UNESCO Institute of Statistics and the World Health Organization were used as sources. Various research methods were used, including comparative geographical, graph-cartographic, and correlation analysis. The dependence of life expectancy on economic resources was revealed using the Preston curve. Research results and their discussion. The general and country trends of changes in life expectancy in the region are investigated. The peculiarities in the change in the difference between the life expectancy of men and women have been established. A typology of countries by life expectancy and the nature of its change is proposed. The main factors affecting life expectancy are identified, in the frequency of mortality, per capita spending on education and health care, the value of GDP (PPP $) per capit. Conclusions. Life expectancy in most Muslim countries of Southwest Asia is higher than the global average, significantly differing between them. There are three groups of countries – with high, above average, average and low life expectancy. Each group is characterized by different rates of change of the indicator. The average life expectancy of women is higher than that of men within the same limits as in most countries of the world. However, the instability of the geopolitical situation in the region leads in some cases to a significant increase in the gap due to the increase in male mortality. The value of life expectancy depends on a set of factors, but the most significant among them are mortality, per capita income, and the development of healthcare.

A typology of the Baltic region states according to excellence in science and technology

Global manufacturing systems function in such a way that countries develop industrial spe­cialisation, which leads to territorial disparities. The countries of the Baltic region are no exception despite their strong economic ties and developed industries. A signifi­cant element of any manufacturing system is its scientific and technological subsystem, which is described in this article for ten countries (Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Nor­way, Finland, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia), based on an analysis of a clustered set of national character­istics: R&D financing and staffing in the scientific and technological subsystem. A total of ten indicators, absolute and relative, are investigated. The study relies on combined grouping, graphical and cluster analysis to build a typology of countries and distinguish their types ac­cording to their scientific and technological excellence As a result, a typology of the countries of the Baltic Sea region has been pro­posed and types of countries with similar characteristics have been identified: the two main types are traditional market economies and post-socialist countries, whose common features are observed in all sets of main characteristics. Several subtypes are described as well. The research draws on 2010—2019 (2020) statistical data from the European Statistical Office (Eurostat), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Russia’s Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat).

Analysis of Ideological and Value Potential of Middle East Powers at Present Stage

The presented study examines the ideological and value space of the Middle East and identifies the key characteristics of this subsystem of international relations in the context of the global transformation of the modern world order. The author’s definition of the concept “ideologeme” is presented, which is a stable conceptualized ideological and value construct formulated by the state with the aim of proclaiming or achieving certain national interests. Also, as part of the study, an experimental mathematical model was proposed for analyzing and assessing the potential for states to implement ideologies. The model is based on the principle of minimum-maximum normalization of four main parameters-potentials of states – economic and military power, the soft power index and the human development index. The proposed model was tested in the Middle East subsystem of international relations. Based on the results of the assessment and analysis of the potential of states, a system of typology of countries was formulated using a logical and mathematical method based on a combination of strong and weakened potentials. A conclusion is drawn about the importance of studying the ideological and value potential of states within the framework of individual subsystems of international relations, since for Russia this opens up new horizons for strategic planning and makes it possible to strengthen its position on the negotiation track.

Gender equality models in the European Union

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the current situation of the European Union in terms of gender equality, researching the possible existence of models differentiated by groups of countries or conglomerates. For this, the indicator offered by the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) has been used, which includes six dimensions: work, money, knowledge, time, power and health.Design/methodology/approachThe Gender Equality Index is compared with an alternative indicator that has been developed using the same dimensions but with a different methodology. Specifically, the DP2 distance measure has been applied, the use of which is common in studies focusing on well-being and quality of life. In addition, a cluster analysis has been carried out that allows classifying the EU member states and obtaining groupings of countries according to the proximity between them in terms of equality between men and women.FindingsThe results show that the most egalitarian countries are those of northern Europe, but without finding the typical north–south classification. Thus, in the group of the least equal are many eastern countries that have recently joined the EU, along with other southern countries that have been part of the EU since its creation, such as Italy. The classification of the countries resulting from applying one or the other methodology is not identical although there are hardly any significant changes. The groups obtained in the years for which information is available are also not altered, which reflects the structural nature of gender equality.Originality/valueThis paper shows a division into four groups of countries according to gender equality, using different indicators and methodologies. The typology of countries has hardly altered during the last decade.

Determinants of Africa’s Development: An Exploratory Study

The increasing sustainability and the causes of economic growth in African countries, provide a set of new research questions for development scholars around the World. The possible determinants of this phenomenon are usually considered to be of economic, social, and institutional natures. In this work is assessed which economic, social, and institutional determinants of economic development are important to the development of Africa countries, for the years 1996 and 2014. The similarities amongst countries and the evolution between the two years are also analyzed. A principal components analysis for categorical data to examine the inter-relationships between the indicators in 1996 and also in 2014. An agglomerative clustering algorithm was used through two different methods: ward’s method and complete linkage method (also called furthest neighbor). The Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was suited by a k-means algorithm, to obtain an optimal solution and a typology of countries was identified for each year. The main contribution of the work is to make a joint analysis of the three determinants of economic growth and development – economic, social, and institutional, in which the literature is extremely scarce. Results indicate a positive association amongst institutional, economic, and social determinants of development, which means that countries that exhibit a good performance in institutional indicators also have a good performance in economic and social indicators, and vice-versa, although results are not as clear for 2014 as they are for 1996. Additionally, a higher concentration of countries in the two clusters in which these three indicators are better in 2014 (31 countries in 1996 and 49 countries in 2014), seems to indicate a positive evolution for development of African countries from 1996 to 2014. Results show that policy makers should take an integrated view regarding development and economic growth policies and take in consideration both the economic, social, and institutional characteristics of each country. If an economic, social, or institutional policy is designed independently of the other two, this policy will probably fail in reaching its development or economic growth goal, since all these three factors are interconnected.

Туристский потенциал стран Центрально-Восточной Европы в рамках Европейского союза

The purpose of the work is to assess the tourism potential and its use by the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), their involvement in European integration. The transformation of tourism in the CEE countries after joining the EU is considered. With the help of a set of indicators, the rating of countries according to the level of development of tourist potential is calculated. The following indicators were used: the number of UNESCO sites, the quality of beaches, the price competitiveness index, infrastructure development indicators (number of the accommodation, aviation passenger turnover, density of the road and railway network), human development index, international safety rating, environmental management efficiency rating, the number of reviews on the Internet, travel competitiveness rating. There are 4 groups of countries. The first two groups with high and relatively high levels do not include any CEE countries. The third and fourth groups (with medium and low levels) consist almost entirely of CEE countries, with the exception of some countries in Western, Northern and Southern Europe. The classification shows that the CEE countries lag behind other EU countries not only in terms of basic tourism indicators. But it is also insufficiently adapted to the recreation of the natural, cultural, historical and socio-economic base. The typology of countries according to the attractiveness of tourist destinations is carried out and ratings on absolute and relative indicators of development are calculated. On the basis of the three ratings, a bubble chart is constructed reflecting the effectiveness of the use of the tourist potential by the EU countries. Its analysis shows that Croatia occupies a special place against the background of lagging behind the rest of Europe in the use of the tourist potential of the CEE countries, which, despite the average values of the potential, is ahead of most of the leading European countries in terms of the effectiveness of its use. With the availability of good natural and cultural and historical resources, the rise of the CEE tourism industry is possible in the long term.

Risk and Vulnerability Differences Across the European Union Based on an Accidental-Injury Proneness Index

Injuries from accidents are an important public health problem in Europe. This study provides a diagnosis of this social problem, examining whether differences in accident rates and injury rates between European countries can be explained in terms of a collective propensity or tendency to suffer accidental injury. Identifying the social factors that can affect the predisposition in a country of its population to suffer accidents, we distinguish between those that act to increase the probability of accidents—factors connected to voluntary risk-taking—, and those that operate aggravating their consequences—vulnerability factors connected to social position. To examine variability, we have calculated an Accidental-Injury Proneness Index (AIPI), which measures both the incidence and seriousness of accidents. In addition, as the propensity to suffer accidental injury varies significantly by gender and age, we have calculated scores on the index for different age groups and by sex for all 28 countries participating in the European Health Interview Survey, using 2014 data. To understand the logic underlying the data and develop a typology of countries based on the propensity for accidental injury, we carry out a principal component analysis, followed by a two-step cluster analysis. The two dimensions obtained from the analysis are: motives for risk taking and grounds for vulnerability. The results confirm the hypothesis that connects reflexive modernity with the search for emotion through risk-taking by carrying out activities motivated by “being happy”, which in empirical terms translate into high accident rates.

Theory and practice of geographical studies of Latin America in scientific works of Victor Volsky

The paper is devoted to the analysis of scientific works of V.V.Volsky in the field of geographical studies of Latin America. During 40 years he was the chair of the department of social and economic geography of foreign countries at Moscow University and for many years served as the director of the Institute of Latin America of the Academy of Sciences. Main research lines Volsky followed are being reviewed: the complex geo-graphical country studies, economic regionalization and regional studies, typology of countries. An assessment of his contribution to development of these topics is provided. Scientific works of Volsky are evaluated from the point of view of different paradigms of geographical country studies. Examples of practical implication of research results are provided, which served as a base for implementation of different development projects in Latin American countries. The importance of Volsky’s ideas for modern development of science and role of his scientific heritage for higher geographical education are pointed out.

International trade as a factor in ensuring food security in the modern world

Today one of the most pressing global problems is the problem of hunger and malnutrition, the solution of which is directly related to ensuring food security. In the context of increasing economic integration, international trade is the most important tool for ensuring food security. Food trade is one of the most steadily developing segments of the global market. Today, the leading exporters are also the largest importers of food, wisely combining the benefits of international economic integration and the principle of developing domestic agricultural production. The role of international trade in ensuring food security was assessed by comparing the global food security index and the value of net food exports, which made it possible to develop a typology of countries. The first two groups include countries that provide their citizens with a high level of food security through domestic efficient agricultural production or through imports. The third and fourth groups include agricultural underdeveloped countries, where the problem of hunger and malnutrition can potentially be solved through international trade and increased efforts of the international community.

The employability dispositif, or the re-articulation of the relationship between universities and their environment

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on how universities are increasingly made responsible for the employment of their students . Drawing on Governmentality Studies, we suggest framing this pressure as an employability dispositif. We join critical studies which link the employability imperative to a neo-liberal transformation of the higher education landscape. However, we criticise them for not paying enough attention to how the dispositif is put into practice by different universities and countries. As a consequence, they overlook important differences in terms of its institutionalisation. This contribution presents an overview of the dispositif's variegation, based on the findings of a survey with responses from 84 European universities in 26 European countries, which makes our study the most comprehensive in the field to date. Using an abductive approach, we aim, in addtion, to find explanations for the variegation. We show that a high youth unemployment rate has little explanatory power for the strength of the employability dispostif, in contrast to tuition fees and the country typology that we use and further develop. The dispositif is most advanced in Liberal Market Economies, indicating that universities in these countries seem to be on the way to becoming labour market institutions in their own right.

The political economy of national climate policy: Architectures of constraint and a typology of countries

In the wake of the Paris Agreement, countries have yet to embark on deep decarbonisation pathways. This article explores the reasons for this limited response, taking a comparative political economy lens to identify national constraints that actively hinder climate policy progress. We discuss different metrics of climate policy progress, including emissions trends, climate legislation adoption, policy adoption, policy stringency, and policy outcomes. We then review literatures that explain varying national outcomes along these dimensions. Identified constraints include (but are not limited to) exposure to fossil fuel extraction activities, supply-side coal dependency, a lack of democratic norms, exposure to corruption, a lack of public climate awareness, and low levels of social trust. Correlation and principal component analysis of these variables demonstrates strong co-dependencies, including a North-South divide in institutional quality, trust and climate awareness that limits full participation in climate legislation and the removal of fossil subsidies. Recent trends indicate stability in corruption across the whole sample, and the continued durability of autocratic and extractivist states. We identify common constraints for five distinct country groups using cluster analysis: ‘oil & gas states’, ‘fragile states’, ‘coal-dependent development’, ‘fractured democracies’ and ‘wealthy OECD’. We highlight the need to scrutinise architectures of constraint – combinations of political economic factors that are mutually reinforcing and highly resistant to intervention.