Order Typology Research Articles

La teoria de las "contraintes" jurídicas

A partir de una teoría de la interpretación que postula que los intérpretes jurídicos están libres, la teoría de las “contraintes” trata de aislar algunos factores específicos que influyen, determinan o intervienen en el proceso de decisión jurídica. Las “contraintes” reducen el campo de las posibilidades de los actores que producen un enunciado, una decisión o un razonamiento jurídicos. No son sinónimas de obligación en el sentido común de los juristas que definen la obligación jurídica como conjunto de deberes impuestos por normas jurídicas. El concepto de “contrainte” tampoco se concibe en el orden del “sollen” (deber ser), sino en el orden del “sein”. La hipótesis es que existen “contraintes” específicamente jurídicas que se diferencian de los factores morales, económicos, psicológicos, sociales que determinan también las decisiones jurídicas. Este artigo trata de conceptualizar la especifidad de tales “contraintes” y de establecer tipologías que permitan identificarlas más precisamente.

Caged Gammarus as biomonitors identifying thresholds of toxic metal bioavailability that affect gammarid densities at the French national scale

Bioaccumulated concentrations of toxic elements in biomonitor invertebrate species have already been used to successfully link metal bioavailability and impairments of stream macroinvertebrate communities at the scale of the watershed. However, implementing this empirical comparative approach at a greater spatial scale remains a challenge due to the diversity of biogeographical contexts encompassed by regional and national scales. We showed in previous studies that the use of standard organisms caged permits the use of a common biomonitor over a far greater geographical range, while limiting the influence of confounding factors on levels of bioavailable contamination. In this study, levels of Cd, Hg, Ni and Pb contamination assessed by active biomonitoring with caged Gammarus fossarum were compared to abundances of on-site gammarids on 94 sites in France. Based on this national dataset of in situ bioassays, we first re-determined bioavailable background assessment concentrations (BBACs), i.e. concentrations measured in caged G. fossarum indicating a significant bioavailable contamination, which we had previously defined at a regional scale for these four metallic elements. On-site gammarid abundances were retrieved from monitoring programs implemented by French water agencies for the evaluation of ecological status for the European Water Framework Directive. These abundances were corrected for the influence of stream physico-chemical typology in order to permit a reliable comparison of gammarid densities between sites at the national scale. Clear trends of degradation of gammarid densities with increasing levels of bioaccumulated concentrations were identified for three of the four elements (Cd, Ni and Pb). Threshold concentrations in caged organisms above which the numbers of free-ranging gammarids were abnormally low – namely bioavailable ecological assessment concentrations (BEACs) – were determined. The reliability and validity of the BEACs, their comparison with BBACs and their usefulness in terms of prioritisation of contaminants, sites in freshwater management, are discussed.

Design of the Macro-Regional Educational Systems: Problems of Typology

The article presents a review of existing Russian universities typologies. Lately we have witnessed considerable interest towards this problem arising from the current changes in the field of higher education in Russia, including introduction of USE, transition to two-level model, overall use of rating system of student knowledge evaluation, etc. The sechanges are reflected in all aspects of society’s life which in turn makes universities of all types work harder to meet the requirements of all population groups. Dividing educational institutions according to the role they play in the macro-region is the ultimate aim for organizing university typology. Therefore practical significance of a typology is also manifested in supporting right decision making in the field of higher education management. The aim of this article is to study existing university typologies and possibility of their application in the Russian educational space. The review presented in the article is built on the analysis of national university typologies appearing after 2012. Considering the fact that international educational systems have their own typologies [1], ours can supplement foreign experience taking into account Russian specifics. Analysis of Russian universities typologies presented in the article is built on a methodological approach of modern Russian higher education nonlinear development [2, 3]. Nonlinear model of higher education suggests existence of close network interaction between universities of different types. According to this model all educational space subjects should interact in a horizontal dimension. Therefore there is a need for a brand new university typology that allows for describing national educational space as a unity of macro-regional educational systems each functioning effectively on its territory in a horizontal dimension. By macro-regions we mean Federal areas, by regions - subjects of the Russian Federation. Russian education is a combination of many educational systems, practically autonomous clusters. According to that any typology applied to all educational space of Russia will have its limitations. Therefore the article speaks of a possibility to apply typologies to educational space using the example of one macro-region - Ural Federal area. The choice of this particular region can be explained by its geographic, economic, social and cultural peculiarities. The novelty of the article is in the attempt of using existing approaches to university typology in order to analyze macro-regional system of the Ural Federal area. Applying existing university typologies to macro-regional educational space has demonstrated that at present they are difficult to use as the current situation requires using nonlinear approach. The review has resulted in forming a database forformulating author’s criteria system and a matching typology that would work effectively for a macro-regional educational space.

Deriving classifier word order typology, or Greenberg’s Universal 20A and Universal 20

Abstract The word order typology of numerals (Num), classifier or measure word (C/M), and noun (N) put forth by Greenberg (1990 [1972], Numerical classifiers and substantival number: Problems in the genesis of a linguistic type. In Keith Denning & Suzanne Kemmer (eds.),

Total Factor Productivity and Social Cooperation: Theoretical Framework and Tentative Empirical Analysis

The paper develops the ideas centered around the proposition that high total factor productivity (TFP) is conducive to social cooperation by drawing the interests of economic and, in more general terms, social agents together. In the first part of the paper, a simple theoretical framework is presented that leads to a typology of social orders which is based upon the stimuli of social agents for cooperation and predation. In the second part, a tentative empirical analysis is conducted (panel-data regression with fixed effects) which provides a crude testimony for the plausibility of the theoretical claim that high TFP is associated with cooperation-fostering institutions. The third part of the paper elaborates on the results of empirical analysis and presents some further hypotheses which are concerned with two quite different subject-matters: on the one hand, with the role of TFP as a possible factor of social cooperation; on the other hand, with the typology of social orders proposed by North, Wallis and Weingast in their “Violence and Social Orders”. The latter theme is integrated in the discussion about TFP, cooperation and predation

Transições juvenis, gerações sociais e processos de inclusão social na Argentina pós-neoliberal

Este artigo propõe contribuir para o debate sobre a desigualdade e as condições de vida da juventude, a partir dos resultados de uma pesquisa que teve por foco a transição entre educação e mundo do trabalho em duas conjunturas históricas distintas (Argentina, 1999 e 2011). Os resultados foram obtidos a partir da construção de painéis para acompanhamento dos egressos do ensino secundário. Apresenta-se uma tipologia para discutir a ideia de que há uma forma típica ou ideal na organização do curso da vida. Além disso, apresenta relatos de jovens que sugerem que as situações de vulnerabilidade podem ser reversíveis em um contexto social que favoreça a inclusão social.

The role of the level of intensification, productive orientation and self-reliance in extensive beef cattle farms

The identification of the livestock production systems (LPS) existing in a given area constitutes the first step to manage farms sustainably, since it improves the knowledge of its operation and subsequently allows for establishing the appropriate managerial strategies for each LPS. It is of great interest, as LPS are key for agro-ecosystem conservation and rural population in many areas. The present study was conducted in light of the importance of the beef cattle sector for one of the oldest and most heavily protected agroforestry systems (‘dehesa’, SW Spain and Portugal). A total of 63 beef cattle farms (including organic and conventional ones) were analysed from the structural and technical-economic points of view, aiming to: (i) improve the knowledge of the dehesa beef cattle sector; (ii) define specific managerial strategies tailored to each typology (LPS) in order to increase their sustainability as well as that of the dehesa ecosystem; (iii) clarify whether there is a relationship between the typologies obtained on the basis of technical-economic indicators and a previous classification of the farms based on their condition of being organic, and their productive and market orientation. For this purpose, the analysis paid special attention to the level of intensification, productive orientation (presence of a calf-finishing period) and self-reliance (related to their dependence on subsidies). The methodology yielded the following four typologies: (i) extensive farms selling at weaning with low productivity; (ii) extensive farms with low productivity and high dependence on subsidies; (iii) calf-finishing farms with average stocking rates and high profitability; (iv) irrigated farms with low presence of livestock, and high fixed capital and economic fluxes. In general terms, management and structure of dehesa beef cattle farms positioned them in a good place regarding CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) trends (mainly in terms of environmental protection). However, the farms studied must improve several aspects. Firstly, they need to increase their degree of self-reliance (reducing their dependence on external workforce and subsidies). Secondly, their productivity and economic performance must also be increased. The latter could be achieved by adding value to the products being sold, i.e. finishing more calves, developing new products and/or participating in marketing. Generally speaking, a close relationship between farm typologies and the previously established groups of farms (Conventional, Organic 1 and Organic 2) has not been observed. This was due to the similarities between organic and conventional farms in the context of the dehesas with regard to indicators used in the present study.

Book Review: Theology and the End of Doctrine

Theology and the End of Doctrine. By Christine Helmer. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press, 2014. xvi + 196 pp. $35.00 (paper).Christine Helmer has written a book that marks a critical turning point in postliberal theology. To give some background, in The Nature of Doctrine: Religion and Theology in a Postliberal Age (WJK, 1984) George Lindbeck hoped bypass the impasses in ecumenical and academic discussions regarding the role of doctrine. Where liberals treated doctrines as correlates of a shared religious experience, conservatives treated them as truth claims about objective realities. Seeking transcend these mutually antagonistic perspectives, Lindbeck developed a typology in order present a third option. Instead of treating theology as an experiential/expressive or a cognitive/propositional inquiry, Lindbeck offered a cultural/linguistic approach that treats theology as the grammar the church employs maintain its own self-understanding.In the thirty years since the publication of Lindbeck's volume, there have been many interpretations of this postliberal project by Christopher Seitz, Ephraim Radner, Kevin Vanhoozer, and Bruce Marshall, among others. However, later iterations have generally accepted Lindbecks characterizations of the current plight of theology and the typology he constructed. They have not wondered why his approach has been so appealing, or what price is paid when theological appeals experience and truth summarily dismissed as a type of reflection no longer viable.By tracing the history behind the impasse Lindbeck inherited, particularly as it appeared in German theology in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Helmer offers a crucial restatement of the postliberal project. This enables her nuance what Lindbecks typology too clearly distinguished: appeals experience and truth claims, rather than representing a failed ap- proach, remain essential theology. Indeed, postliberal theological projects that fail provide these connections inevitability signal the end of theology as a meaningful resource for Christians. Theologians, she writes provocatively, are not museum docents whose role is to point out doctrinal artifacts from lost civilizations; rather, they must show how God still has do with humanity (p. 169).Helmer draws key insights from Schleiermacher and Barth retrieve the role of experience and truth in postliberal theology. From Schleiermacher, she argues that experience is always already part of language and culture. Therefore, no account of the latter (experience and culture) is ad- equate without an account of the former (experience). Such an account is found in Schleiermachers New Testament studies of the acclamations of Jesus as the Christ, which illustrate the key role that experience plays in the social construction of consciousness and, by implication, language and culture. …

Exploiting Maximum Entropy method and ASTER data for assessing debris flow and debris slide susceptibility for the Giampilieri catchment (north‐eastern Sicily, Italy)

AbstractThis study aims at evaluating the performance of the Maximum Entropy method in assessing landslide susceptibility, exploiting topographic and multispectral remote sensing predictors. We selected the catchment of the Giampilieri stream, which is located in the north‐eastern sector of Sicily (southern Italy), as test site. On 1 October 2009, a storm rainfall triggered in this area hundreds of debris flow/avalanche phenomena causing extensive economical damage and loss of life. Within this area a presence‐only‐based statistical method was applied to obtain susceptibility models capable of distinguishing future activation sites of debris flow and debris slide, which where the main source of failure mechanisms for flow or avalanche type propagation. The set of predictors used in this experiment comprised primary and secondary topographic attributes, derived by processing a high resolution digital elevation model, CORINE land cover data and a set of vegetation and mineral indices obtained by processing multispectral ASTER images. All the selected data sources are dated before the disaster. A spatially random partition technique was adopted for validation, generating 50 replicates for each of the two considered movement typologies in order to assess accuracy, precision and reliability of the models. The debris slide and debris flow susceptibility models produced high performances with the first type being the best fit. The evaluation of the probability estimates around the mean value for each mapped pixel shows an inverted relation, with the most robust models corresponding to the debris flows. With respect to the role of each predictor within the modelling phase, debris flows appeared to be primarily controlled by topographic attributes whilst the debris slides were better explained by remotely sensed derived indices, particularly by the occurrence of previous wildfires across the slope. The overall excellent performances of the two models suggest promising perspectives for the application of presence‐only methods and remote sensing derived predictors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Plus jamais la même À propos de quelques interprétations récentes de la Révolution française

RésuméCet article propose une discussion sur trois publications récentes et importantes consacrées à la Révolution française: le livre de Timothy Tackett,The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution, celui de Jonathan Israel,Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from the Rights of Man to Robespierreet, enfin, celui de Haim Burstin,Révolutionnaires. Pour une anthropologie politique de la Révolution française. Ces ouvrages se caractérisent notamment par un retour bienvenu à des interprétations générales renouvelées par de nouvelles approches théoriques. Le processus révolutionnaire est donc envisagé sous de multiples points de vue: le premier se fonde sur le courant historiographique connu sous le nom de « nouvelle histoire des émotions » pour expliquer l’obsession de la conspiration et, donc, la Terreur; le deuxième propose une utilisation nouvelle de l’histoire traditionnelle des idées, considérée comme capable d’expliquer les prétendus « faits concrets »; le troisième envisage l’expérience révolutionnaire selon une perspective inspirée par l’anthropologie en établissant une typologie afin de la caractériser. Cependant, tous sont unis par leur résistance à analyser la structure politique en tant que telle, c’est-à-dire à étudier comment fonctionnaient concrètement les institutions politiques pendant la Révolution.

Never the Same Again: On Some Recent Interpretations of the French Revolution

This essay is a discussion of three recent and important books on the French Revolution: Timothy Tackett's The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution, Jonathan Israel's Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from the Rights of Man to Robespierre, and Haim Burstin's Révolutionnaires. Pour une anthropologie politique de la Révolution française. All three volumes are characterized by a welcome return to general interpretations based on new theoretical approaches and consider the revolutionary process from multiple points of view: the first uses the historiographical current known as the “new history of emotions” to explain the contemporary obsession with conspiracies and thence the Terror; the second proposes a new approach based on the traditional history of ideas, considered capable of explaining the so-called “hard facts”; the third envisages the revolutionary experience from an anthropological perspective, constructing a typology in order to characterize it. Nevertheless, all three are united by a reluctance to analyze the political structure itself; in other words, to investigate the concrete workings of political institutions during the Revolution.

A GIS-Based Model for the analysis of an urban flash flood and its hydro-geomorphic response. The Valencia event of 1957

Summary Flash floods are recurrent events around the Mediterranean region. Extreme episodes activate hydro-geomorphic high-intensity processes with low frequency. In urban environments, the complexity becomes higher due to the existence of very quick-response runoff. However, immediate recovery works remove the urban marks. After a short time both the significance and magnitude of the hydro-geomorphic event become completely unrecognizable. Nevertheless, these episodes generate extensive documentation which is testimony of the processes in almost real time. It is necessary to exploit this source typology in order to draw flood sketches when events far in time may lack a sufficiently rich database. This is particularly the case for the Valencia flash flood (October 1957), located in the lower Turia River basin (Eastern Spain). It left numerous pieces of hydro-geomorphic evidence, but its tracks were covered a short while after the flood. In any case, it remains part of a non-systematic legacy that has not yet been exploited, consisting of immediate aerial and oblique high resolution photography, pictures at street level, water marks and administrative records. Paradoxically, despite being considered a milestone in metropolitan territorial planning (the river was definitely diverted), an accurate reconstruction of the hydraulic behaviour was required from an integrated point of view. To this aim, the development of a GIS-Based Model enabled the utilisation of the above-mentioned materials. This non-conventional information was treated jointly from a new perspective. It provided database support through a vast amount of organised, structured and georeferenced information about the 1957 event. In a second stage, the GBM made it possible to characterise the Turia urban reach and interpret both the hydro-geomorphic (trenches along barrier beaches, erosion, deposition, etc.) and hydraulic (urban streams along the streets, flow directions, flood extent, levees breaks, overflows and inflows, etc.) processes mainly through photo-interpretation.

G. I. Gurdjieff and the Study of Religion/s

This is an introduction by the guest editors to a special issue on the study of Gurdjieff approached within the comparative study of religion/s. We position this special issue within a new wave in the study of Gurdjieff that aims to eschew emic biases as well as a narrow ‘new religion’ typology in order better to engage the social, cultural and textual histories common to the general study of religion/s. We briefly indicate the existing scholarship on Gurdjieff in this light before introducing the contents of the five original articles in this special issue, with particular reference to the pioneering work of Andrew Rawlinson on Gurdjieff as a ‘western guru’.

Warlords, Intervention, and State Consolidation: A Typology of Political Orders in Weak and Failed States

Despite efforts to bolster failed states over the past two decades, many states in the international system still exhibit endemic weakness. External intervention often leads to political instability and in most cases fails to foster state consolidation, instead empowering and creating ties with the ones it aims to weaken. Using the case of Afghanistan, I develop a typology of political orders that explains variation in degrees of state consolidation and provides the basis for more systematic comparative analysis. I demonstrate the resilience of a political logic according to which non-state armed actors (warlords) “shape-shift” and constantly reinvent themselves to adapt to changing political environments. This article, based on extensive field research in Afghanistan, shows why failed states are unlikely to consolidate and exhibit Western-style state building, as a result of intervention or otherwise.

Varieties of youth welfare citizenship: Towards a two-dimension typology

How do welfare states deal with the period of the life course that is youth? In this article, we propose a two-dimension typology in order to account for cross-national variation in the access to financial independence of young people, that is, what we call ‘youth welfare citizenship’. The first dimension addresses the issue of welfare support, and distinguishes between a familialization perspective, according to which young people are seen as children, and an individualization perspective, in which they are considered as adults. The second dimension relates to the integration into the labour market, which can either provide skills for every young person in an encompassing strategy, or deliver such skills only to a specific part of the youth population in a more selective strategy. It leads to four regimes of youth welfare citizenship, which we identify in the article: the denied citizenship, the monitored citizenship, the second-class citizenship and the enabling citizenship.

The Creation of Social Value within Markets: A Typology of Social Orders

The Creation of Social Value within Markets: A Typology of Social Orders

SOCIAL ORDERS AND POLITICAL ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL PROCESSES

Abstract: Contemporary Political Science deals mainly with three major research fields (typology of social order within countries, existing and emerging regional identity and world order in international system), which are studied separately. This division is a product of the traditional, West-centric theories. The current article building upon achievements of the Russian school of Asian studies and new reality of the West and East proposes framework for complex approach towards political reality with due account of interdependence between global, regional and national levels.

Ontological Scope and Linguistic Diversity: Are There Universal Categories?

The aim of this paper is to address a longstanding concern about the linguistic ‘relativity’ of ontological categories, and resulting limitations in the scope of ontological theories. Given recent evidence on the influence of language on cognitive dispositions, do we have empirical reasons to doubt that there are ontological categories that have universal scope across languages? I argue that this is the case, at least if we retain the standard ‘inferential’ approach within analytical ontology, i.e., if we evaluate ontological interpretations of L-sentences relative to certain material inferences in L. Research in linguistic typology suggests that types of entities postulated for the domain of Indo-European languages cannot capture the ontological commitments of the (much larger group of) non-Indo-European languages. Ontological category theory thus seems to have three options. The first option is to abandon the standard ‘inferential’ approach to ontological category theory. Alternatively, if we stay with the inferential approach, we face the following choice. Either ontology must let go of its ambitions to provide general domain descriptions for any language and settle for the more modest project of reconstructing the ontological commitments of a group of natural languages. Or else analytical ontologists should turn to linguistic typology in order to accommodate the diversity of inferential structures embedded in natural languages. I recommend and explore this third option, illustrating a strategy for how to construct a domain theory that can be used across languages. In a first step I show how linguistic research on the semantics of verbs and nouns (studies on so-called “Aktionsarten” and “Seinsarten”) can be used to identify the inferential patterns of ten basic concepts of modes of existence in time and space. In a second step I show how these inferential data can be interpreted ontologically within General Process Theory , an ontological framework based on nonparticular individuals (“dynamics”).

Typology of Word Order in Chinese Dialects: Revisiting the Classification of Min

On the basis of the degree of subtopic prominence, Liu (2001a) suggests that Wu and Min are weak VO dialects, while Cantonese is a strong VO dialect. The present study examines the word orders exhibited by the directional verb/the directional complement and the theme object/the locative object in Wu, Min and Cantonese, when denoting self-agentive and agentive motion events. The findings of the study show that the word orders exhibited in the three Min dialects studied, namely Fuqing, Hui'an and Chao'an, closely resemble those in Cantonese, but differ significantly from the ones exemplified in Wu. The contrast between Min/Cantonese and Wu is further supported by their differences in the tolerance of postverbal object and in the use of preposition or postposition. The findings of the present study suggest that Min and Cantonese are strong VO dialects while Wu is a weak VO dialect in the sense of Liu (2001a).

The Welfare State in Egypt, 1995-2005: A Comparative Approach

This article applies the typology of welfare state regimes developed by Esping-Andersen in 1990 to the welfare state in Egypt as an example of developing countries. The study surveys the relations between the state, the market, and society from 1995 to 2005, a period characterized by a shift towards a market-oriented economy, challenging the historical legacy of the state’s social role. The methodology employs a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis while examining the characteristics of seven main welfare schemes and social safety nets in Egypt. The findings suggest that the Egyptian current welfare state can be best described as “conservative/informal,” where social benefits are tied to employment in the formal sector, leading to the family, religious institutions, and clientelistic networks taking on important roles to meet the social needs of the larger informal sector. In addition, the study proposes amendments to the Esping-Andersen typology in order to better understand the welfare programs of developing countries. Mismanagement, quality considerations, the gap between stated goals and implementation, disparities created by gender and urbanization differences, and the role of informal sector should be systematically considered when analyzing welfare regimes in general, and those of developing countries in particular.