Architectural Typology Research Articles

An Evaluation Tool for Physical Accessibility of Cultural Heritage Buildings

Persons with disabilities (PWD) account for 10–15% of the world’s population. The lack of accessibility in the built environment imposes a constraint on its use by these individuals. In heritage buildings, this restriction includes access to other main qualities in addition to use. This problematic issue has been dealt with in different sectors, especially in the tourism sector. The objective of this study is to design and implement a physical accessibility assessment tool adapted to the particularities of heritage buildings. The methodology consists of two phases. In the first phase, the tool and the necessary instruments for its use are designed. Accessibility levels are also established. In the second phase, the tool is applied to a sample size of 45 buildings. The results show the tool and related instruments, as well as the data obtained from the analysis of the sample: identified barriers, the level of accessibility of the entire sample, and the level of accessibility by architectural typologies. The conclusions and discussion reflect on the utility of this tool, the feasibility of its extension to other domains, and the relevance of the information obtained from the sample to improve accessibility in architectural heritage.

Historic wooden architecture typology in Tobolsk late in the 19th and early 20th centuries

The article is devoted to the architecture typology of historical wooden buildings in cities and rural settlements of the Tobolsk province. The research results can be used for studying related topics in the field of restoration and reconstruction of historical and architectural heritage. The research materials were iconographic data, books, articles and dissertations on the topic. Approaches include the field surveys, measurements and photographs of objects. As a result, the analytical material allows identifying the main types of wooden residential buildings late in the 19th and early 20th centuries in terms of their constructive and space-planning solutions. Definitions are given to the objects at issue, examples of the architectural typology of wooden historical buildings in the Tobolsk province late in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Analyses and architectural typology of preserved traditional mosques in the old city of Herat in Afghanistan: the case of Quzzat Quarter

The study aims to analyse the architectural typology and determine the period of construction for the preserved traditional mosques of the Quzzat Quarter in the Old City of Herat (known as the Pearl of Khorasan). Twenty-nine mosques are located in the area, three of which are modern and 26 are traditional. Twelve out of the 26 traditional mosques still exist and have preserved their traditional landscape. Using analogy to analyse water cisterns and mosques, we determine when each mosque was developed and establish the period of development for each structure. Further analyses are carried out on the edifices’ architectural details. Architectural analyses and mosque typologies suggest that five buildings were built before the Timurid dynasty; two were built during the Timurid dynasty (1370−1507 CE); and one was built after the Timurid dynasty. Two mosques incorporating elements from different periods are counted as exceptions, and the remaining two are considered to have been built during transitional periods.

ARCHITECTURAL TYPOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF MAIN HOUSES IN THE KISOHIRASAWA IMPORTANT PRESERVATION DISTRICT FOR GROUPS OF TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS

In this study, the townhouses in the historical district of Kiso-Hirasawa, Nagano, Japan, were classified according to their rooms’ configuration and kitchen location. They have tori-doma (earthen floor), and the rooms are usually arranged in the order of mise, okatte (kitchen), and zashiki. In modern times, however, the kitchen is often built in the back. Looking at the distribution of typologies, we can see that while many traditional typologies remain in Nakamachi, modern ones are found in other areas. This analysis by architectural typology is an effective means for observing the transformation of urban spaces.

CULTURAL, ARCHITECTURAL, ‘SENSE OF PLACE’ AND SUFISTIC BELIEFS IN MOSQUE TOURISM CASE STUDY: MASJID AR-RAHMAN, PULAU GAJAH, KELANTAN

The mosque is a sacred important religious symbol for bringing Muslims together as demonstrated during the time of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). This paper investigates the potential of Masjid Ar-Rahman of Pulau Gajah, Kelantan as a spot for mosque tourism. Although this mosque was constructed in 2016, it has demonstrated simplicity in its scale and traditional image. It has the value of hybrid assimilation or Hindu-Buddhist syncretism and tolerance and coined as the Nusantara hybridized Malay and Javanese architectural styles. The typology of this humble Malay Mosque architecture is of medium-scale and reflects the Sufistic contextual value beliefs encouraging religious and architectural tourism alike. The conceptual framework capitalises the research gap found in mosque cultural, architectural and Sufistic beliefs research by further delving into constructing the ‘Sense of Place’ in relation to the ‘Sacred Places’. This research employs qualitative methods of interviewing visitors, applying phenomenological and case study approaches supported by architectural documentation in emphasising the symbolic and semiotic aesthetics aspects in constructing the ‘Sense of Place’ bonded by the Sufistic symbolic aesthetics. The theory is constructed in the deeply rooted Islamic Mosque architecture via Sufistic beliefs that provides platform for the mosque tourism activities.

EDU-AI: a twofold machine learning model to support classroom layout generation

PurposeThis study aims to present a twofold machine learning (ML) model, namely, EDU-AI, and its implementation in educational buildings. The specific focus is on classroom layout design, which is investigated regarding implementation of ML in the early phases of design.Design/methodology/approachThis study introduces the framework of the EDU-AI, which adopts generative adversarial networks (GAN) architecture and Pix2Pix method. The processes of data collection, data set preparation, training, validation and evaluation for the proposed model are presented. The ML model is trained over two coupled data sets of classroom layouts extracted from a typical school project database of the Ministry of National Education of the Republic of Turkey and validated with foreign classroom boundaries. The generated classroom layouts are objectively evaluated through the structural similarity method (SSIM).FindingsThe implementation of EDU-AI generates classroom layouts despite the use of a small data set. Objective evaluations show that EDU-AI can provide satisfactory outputs for given classroom boundaries regardless of shape complexity (reserved for validation and newly synthesized).Originality/valueEDU-AI specifically contributes to the automation of classroom layout generation using ML-based algorithms. EDU-AI’s two-step framework enables the generation of zoning for any given classroom boundary and furnishing for the previously generated zone. EDU-AI can also be used in the early design phase of school projects in other countries. It can be adapted to the architectural typologies involving footprint, zoning and furnishing relations.

Landmarks of the Metropolis, the Types of Forms of Varsovian Skyscrapers as Compared to Global Precedence

The following paper is devoted to research on the types of forms of skyscrapers built in Warsaw from 1989 to 2022. The research focuses on defining the architectural typology of such forms as elements of the image of the city. The research was carried out in the following stages: defining the character of international examples of skyscrapers, research on types of forms of high-rise buildings realized in Warsaw and their formal classification, determination of typological features of twenty-four high-rise buildings under study, and their changes over time. The characteristic elements of the image of the city and urban composition related to the examined buildings were determined. As a result of the research, it was determined that the most common types of forms found in the study group were free forms—41.6%, polygonal forms—25%, and obelisk forms—20.8%. In individual cases, there are tapered, aerodynamic, and regional forms. The research showed a trend in the latest projects, dating back to the last five years, consisting of an increase in the number of buildings constructed, an increase their scale, a lowering of their slenderness, and a tendency to implement polygonal forms more often than free forms. High-rise buildings are landmarks in the urban composition and the image of Warsaw. Most often, they designate paths and nodes with which they are associated. The types of forms of high-rise buildings in Warsaw vary; there is no uniform type of form of high-rise building implemented in the period. For this reason, the research should be updated and carried out using the methodology presented in the paper.

Modern tendency of development of architectural typology on the example of micro-apartment for Almaty city

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the social and functional features of micro-apartment and, based on the findings, to demonstrate the projects of modern micro-apartment designed for one or two people, which are implemented in the experimental design.Design/methodology/approachBased on the analysis of the study of theoretical scientific works on the research topic and from the standpoint of an interdisciplinary discourse the social and economic prerequisites for the demand for such a dwelling are determined and the categories of citizens for whom a micro-apartment is an advantage are identified. Particular attention is paid to the typological boundaries of the study, the generalization and synthesis of sources which is reflected in identifying the features of the functional zoning of a micro-apartment in connection with the needs of residents and determining modern ways to improve the comfort of living.FindingsAt the examples of experimental design of micro-apartment for the city of Almaty we substantiated the expanding the existing typology of residential buildings by adding a new type of urban dwelling – a micro-apartment which occupies a niche between apartment housing for permanent residence and traditional hotels.Originality/valueThe content of the study is devoted to the analysis of a micro-apartment as a new type of modern urban dwelling for a single and small-family population. Urban residents’ interest in economical, affordable small-area dwellings as well as the need to study and design micro format dwellings for the modern urban environment is a topical issue.

The Architecture of Territory: The Lands Building and State Expansion in New South Wales

ABSTRACT The New South Wales colonial project was a land-centred enterprise that became dependent on the surveying and sale of land. The process of land alienation was a significant factor in the configuration of the colonial territory as well as the development, distribution and typologies of architecture. This article considers a building that was central to this project: the Lands Building in Sydney that housed the Lands Department, the bureaucracy responsible for implementing the governmental instruments relating to Crown land. An analysis of the building suggests that systems of governance were deeply entwined in its form, planning and use. Of particular concern is the integration of symbols and technologies of surveying and land recording that are integrated into the design of the building and its subsequent adaptation. These include the configuration and expression of the façade, the organisation of the plan, a domed observatory and measuring instruments. At stake is the reframing of the architecture of the State as a technology of governance with territorial reach.

Everyone Inside. Transformation of an Inaccessible Heterotopy. The Case of Buoncammino's Prison.

The specific architectural typology of the prison, congenitally inaccessible to the urban morphological and cultural context in which it sets, as heterotopia carries in itself physical and cognitive barriers. The day after their abandonment, as happened for the former prison of Buoncammino in Cagliari, it's interesting to understand what new relationships should be put in place to make it accessible to all of the city users, in both material and immaterial terms.

PERIPHERAL MONUMENTS: BOOK REVIEW OF THINKING DESIGN: BLUEPRINT FOR AN ARCHITECTURE OF TYPOLOGY BY ANDREAS LECHNER

In Thinking Design: Blueprint for an Architecture of Typology Andreas Lechner reassesses the question of architectural typology in relation to design research, practice, and theory. The book is organised into three extended chapters, entitled: Tectonics, Type, and Topos. In dialogue with the text are drawings of 144 important buildings from ancient times to the twenty-first century, focused on civic typologies. Each of those typologies incorporates a suite of 12 examples drawn in neat line drawings at a consistent scale. An enclosed booklet features design theses extracts by twelve students of TU Graz that illustrate Lechner’s approach to teaching and design. I reflect on each chapter and argue that Thinking Design offers an original theoretical reflection on the status of the urban periphery and opens compelling questions about architecture and architectural design research as a practice of critical inquiry.

KNOWLEDGE BUILDING ON ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PERANAKAN CHINESE HOUSE IN STRAITS SETTLEMENTS AND CHINATOWN OF YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA: KETANDAN, PAJEKSAN, AND KRANGGAN

Chinese residing in various countries can strongly maintain their culture, shown in the form of a distinctive architectural identity. The principles of Chinese architecture certainly experience adaptation to various natural and cultural contexts of countries outside their home country, the four-seasons country, Mainland China. Current situation of Yogyakarta as a fast-growing tourism destination, diverse in cultures and nature is both an opportunity and threat towards Chinese housing established since 1755. In this research, the principles of Chinese architecture in their home countries will be studied, as a major influence of Chinese Peranakan Housing in Yogyakarta in order to understand and later on categorize each housing based on it’s architectural characteristics. Research methods are in stages, the first stage being literature review on typology and principles of Chinese architecture; the second stage is to structure and analyze the architectural characteristic findings; and the third stage is to draw conclusions from the process of interpretation, answering the research questions. The results are in the form of architectural characteristics derived from philosophy, principles, libation ritual, and kingship in early China to 1900s China.

Natural FRCM and Heritage Buildings: Experimental Approach to Innovative Interventions on “Wall Beams”

In this paper, an innovative strengthening system for masonry walls made of externally bonded Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) is presented. Due to the good mechanical properties and the compatibility with the architectural heritage, the FRCM is an adequate alternative to the use of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites and other traditional techniques. The proposed system is applied to the strengthening of a classical architectural typology in cultural heritage architecture, which is the “in falso” masonry: a load-bearing wall built over a masonry vault, and hence without a direct load path to the ground. A research program, characterized by an experimental campaign, has been started in order to devise and verify an optimal strengthening system that assures for the masonry wall a structural behavior similar to a “wall beam”, so to prevent progressive collapses when the underlying masonry vault loses its carrier function. In particular, rather than the canonical application, consisting in widespread application to the whole surface of the masonry wall, an innovative intervention made of “Green Tape” of composites has been designed and verified by a specifically designed experimental set-up. The main objective of the research is to propose a reinforcement strategy not detrimental to unmovable artistic assets and tied to the safety and robustness of the architectural heritage.

CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN TYPOLOGY OF CAR WORKSHOP AND SHOWROOM BUILDINGS

In the era of the 2000s, revolutionary building typologies emerged, with mass forms of buildings that developed beyond the usual boundaries of existing building typologies. For example, the typology of hospital buildings at this time may follow the typology of hotel buildings, or the typology of traditional Lombok buildings, which was originally a typology of rice barns, changing its function to become a full-fledged residential building which is still in the typology of rice barns but has made adjustments to the details. shape, opening, and use. As well as building materials. Likewise, in the development of the building typology of showrooms and car repair shops, typology can change by adopting other building typologies that experience adjustments regarding the function of space and design details that can accommodate the needs of showrooms and car repair shops. So that in the era when the building was designed and built, the showroom and car repair shop would become a building with a contemporary architectural typology. This is because there is a desire to make showrooms and car repair shop buildings different from showrooms and car repair shops of the same type so that they will become icons and attractions for users and consumers as well as entrepreneurs who have an interest in car affairs. This study aims to analyze the application of contemporary architecture to exhibition buildings and car repair shops.

The built heritage as a resource for architectural education: documentation of the vernacular settlements and architecture in Oman

PurposeThrough a project of cooperation between the Ministry of Heritage and Tourism (MHT) and Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), a team including faculty members, technicians and students from the SQU department of civil and architectural engineering (CAE), was involved in the project of documentation, survey and the development of management plans of four (4) Omani Vernacular settlements (Harat). Such an experience was meant to initiate students from different levels in undergraduate programs of civil and architectural engineering to the fieldwork and professional practice in the field of built heritage studies. The present research aims to explore the effect of such an experience on the learning process and skills acquired by the involved students.Design/methodology/approachThe research was undertaken with students of CAE undergraduate programs at SQU. The documentation method has been implemented in 4 different settlements with the same students. A questionnaire has been administered to the participating students after their graduation to collect their feedback regarding the benefits of this experience on their education and skills development. The data was complemented by active observation and semi-directive interviews with some students randomly selected among the respondents to the questionnaire.FindingsThe outcome of each documentation campaign as well as the results of the questionnaires administered revealed that this experience has raised students' awareness about the importance of studying the built heritage and safeguarding it. The research has shown that important soft skills, such as team-working, leadership and communication, have been consolidated. It has also revealed that this experience was an opportunity for students to discover the variety of options within the profession of architecture and its intellectual and ethical responsibilities. Such aspects are hardly grasped when taught within a “classical” teaching/learning setting.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitations of this research were the hard working conditions during the summer in Oman and the direct interaction of the students with the buildings. Even cautious, such interaction represents a risk for an already fragile heritage.Practical implicationsThe paper includes a detailed description of the architectural documentation tools and methods used in the case studies. These tools and methods can easily be applicable, with slight adaptations, in other architectural documentation projects involving undergraduate students. The documentation methodology and the generated corpus of 3D digital models can be used in other documentation projects and further studies such as architectural typologies, bioclimatic properties, natural ventilation patterns, daylight performance, etc.Originality/valueThis paper reports on the outcomes of the first experience of its kind in Oman and the Gulf region, where undergraduate students (predominantly females) were involved in an interdisciplinary project for the documentation of important vernacular settlements and their buildings. The added value of this research is that its methodology can be a reference for professors of Architecture and related specialties aiming to integrate research and field work with education.

Implementation of a Sense of Home in High-Density Multicultural Singapore Nursing Homes: Challenges and Opportunities.

Many studies have introduced principles for creating a sense of home in nursing homes, yet they mostly feature cases from low-density developments in Western countries. This raises a question about how those principles are interpreted and implemented in other cultural contexts, especially in high-density, multicultural environments such as Singapore. This paper examines how a sense of home is implemented in Singapore nursing homes, with a specific focus on the role of the built environment. Participant observations were conducted in five nursing homes in Singapore comprising various architectural design typologies, with the focus on the residents’ everyday interactions with their built environment. The study identified the extent of the presence of a sense of home in Singapore’s nursing homes and the prevalence of an institutional care model. More specifically, the study explicates Singapore nursing home residents’ management of privacy and personalization in shared spaces, illuminates the need for holistic implementation of homelike environments integrated with building designs and care programs and reiterates the pivotal role of social relationships in fostering a sense of home for the residents in the nursing homes.

Architecture Typology of Rural Plain Houses Based on Formal Features, Case Study: (Talesh, Iran)

Housing is the most essential human need that in the past, rural houses have met this need well. Indigenous rural homes have undergone changes over time, some of which have been based on internal needs and needs, and some have been due to development and exogenous changes. One of the most critical steps to identify this type of change is the typology of indigenous homes; In this way, an essential step in the path of cognition, understanding and more coverage of this phenomenon is taken. Based on this, the present study intends to study and analyze the architectural types of houses in Talesh village, which originate from human nature, natural space and the bed in which they are formed. Therefore, to estimate the proportions and classification of the architectural plans of its houses, it is necessary to use a quantitative-qualitative research method. Mathematics is used in the Python programming language in data analysis. For this purpose, by selecting 150 samples of rural houses in the form of purposeful clusters and converting the created matrix from the dimensions and size of the plans to zero and one code, their similarity has been calculated. They are in close categories. Findings obtained by simulating the plans show that sloping roofs, building elevation, east-west orientation, porch, open plan and natural ventilation are common features in all indigenous houses. It is found in this area. Therefore, in general, the two architectural patterns in this area are one-story houses and Telar houses, in which high chair houses are a frequent type.

The application of sacredness in temple architecture – Buddhist museum

Buddhism is one of the oldest religions in the world, and the development has led to a great change in the typology of Buddhist architecture, and caused a complex scope of the concept. This complexity is due to the absence of architectural literature that regulates the addition of supporting functions, such as profane and sacred value, in improving Buddhists' education. However, the addition of a profane function reduces sacred value and act of worship, opposes architectural design, and defiles ritual activities. Furthermore, one of the functions that provide education as well as a personal approach to Buddhism is the museum. This research aims to examine the contextual relationship between main and supporting functions, namely the sacred (worship building) and the profane (museum), respectively. And also, to display the sacred value through architectural characteristics. The analytical method used the theory of sacredness and contextuality. This was further elaborated in various architectural scopes to produce a relationship between temples and museums, that apply sacred values according to Buddhist philosophy. The research leads to differences in principles application, such as orientation, hierarchy, boundary scope, geometric shapes, symmetry, repetition, material appearance, shape synergy, zoning, processions, atmospheric ambiguity, symbolic objects, boundary guards, and gathering areas.

Identifikasi Tipologi Ruang Terbuka Publik Perkotaan Taman Catur Ayani Kota Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat

Identification of Typology of Urban Public Open Space Taman Catur Ayani, Pontianak City, West Kalimantan. Open space is the embodiment of urban environmental development. The arrangement of public open spaces affects affecting people in urban areas. Public Open space is a place of recreation and infrastructure for community interaction in urban areas. Taman Catur Ayani is located in Kota Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat Province. This study aims to identify the typology of Non-Green Open Space in Taman Catur Ayani, Kota Pontianak. The research method used is qualitative. It collects data using direct observation of visitors' activities to Taman Catur Ayani. Based on the study results, This park has 5 (five) typological characteristics in Non-Green Open Spaces, namely: plazas, parking lots, sports fields, playgrounds and recreation areas, barriers, and corridors. The dominant activity in Taman Catur Ayani is architectural typology. The function of public space that does not yet exist in this park is incidental. Because it is an open space in the city center, this park cannot accommodate any emergency activities.

Sustainable embodied experience in the built environment: reinterpreting architectural history through embodied cognition

PurposeArchitectural history is the fundamental resource that informs the essence of architecture and design thinking; however, education does not appear to link history to design thinking. A study of architectural history textbooks reveals the inadequacy of relying on the modern paradigm and architecture's typology of styles and periods. Instead, conceptual metaphor theory is recommended as the framework for understanding architectural history from an experiential approach. This study aims to complement architectural history by a new understanding of embodied cognition in generating paradigm change.Design/methodology/approachThis study reviewed architectural history through changing body metaphors in terms of embodied experience. The study examined three different metaphorical structures of the body – nature, machine and neural network – projected on the built environment and experienced in accordance with three periods of architectural history, which are categorized as before modern, modern and after modern.FindingsAs a result of the case study, ancient pyramids can attain more empirical meaning as playful spaces than abstract forms, Greek temples as social spaces than symbolic spaces, medieval churches as atmospheric spaces than visually-centric spaces, modern residential buildings as unsustainable machines and contemporary parks as raising awareness of sustainable environment.Originality/valueTherefore, this article contributes to understandings and knowledge of how built environments are experienced from the perspective of a neural network, to the development of a pedagogical alternative to traditional architectural history, to linking architectural history to design and practice to re-establish the importance and vitality of architectural history and finally to creating a sustainable didactic.