Typological Theory Research Articles

Grammatical Alliance in Malay Language: A Study of Linguistic Typology

This article is entitled Aliansi Gramatikal Na Lingua Melayu: Study of Linguistic Typology. This study of the Malay language's grammatical alliance aims to understand (1) the basic construction of clauses, (2) the construction of complex sentences, (3) the pivotal system, and (4) ultimately the definition of the grammar alliance system. This study uses the theory of language typology as the main theory proposed by Comrie. (1988). These research data are clauses and sentences. Qualitative descriptive. This approach aims to understand the existence of the overlap of different external and internal symptoms of the subject being the subject of the study. Data from the coordinative construction and subordinative construction of the Malay language typologically leads to the finding that in syntax, the Malay languages treat S equally with A, and give different treatment to P (S`=`A`≠ P). The Malay language is a group of languages that works with the S/A pivot system. A system of grammatical alliances such as this suggests that Malay is syntaxically a language of nominative-akusative type. Observing the behavior of S on the intransitive clause with the behaviour of A and P on the transitive clauses of Malay language which indicates that S is equal to A and equally equal with P, then morphologically Malay language has a tendency as a nominative-akusative language.

유형론적 관점에서 본 중한 병렬구조 비교연구

Parallelism means that two grammatical units are connected in an equal relationship, and is a linguistic structure that universally exists among the world's languages. However, because the realization method of the parallel structure is different for each language, this paper conducted a comparative analysis of the parallel structure of Korean and Chinese, especially parallel phrases, from a typological perspective to examine the commonalities and differences as well as the causes. This can be summarized as follows: The Chinese-Korean parallel structure can be divided into several types depending on the classification criteria. Based on the semantic type, it can be broadly classified into 'equal type', 'transitional type', and 'selective type', and depending on the part of speech of the parallel item, 'name-name parallel structure', 'dong-dong parallel structure', and 'type- It was confirmed that it can be divided into a ‘parallel structure’. In addition, this paper examined the syntactic function of the Chinese-Korean parallel structure in four aspects, including the degree of marking of the Chinese-Korean parallel structure, the syntactic position distribution of the parallel structure, the position of the conjunction, and whether heterogeneous parallelism is possible. In addition, the similarities and differences between Korean and Chinese parallel structures were explained in connection with the language types of Chinese and Korean and the theory of linguistic typology.

Typology of Corner Buildings in the District of Central Market Medan

The Central Market Medan is a district that holds significant architectural and historical value, especially in Medan. Built during the colonial era in 1929, the Central Market Medan was inaugurated in 1933 and consisted of 183 shopping buildings. The Central Market Medan played a role as a generator of commercial activity and was declared the largest market area in Medan during that period. As a commercial district, corner buildings play a significant role in optimizing commercial functions. Most of the corner buildings were built with special treatment that can be seen from the corner form and can be easily distinguished from the surrounding buildings to emphasize the presence of street corners. This research aims to analyze the corner buildings in Central Market Medan to find out the correlation between the corner building typology theory and corner buildings in Central Market Medan. The research is conducted using a qualitative method by field observations and literature studies. The results of this research are expected to find the typology of corner buildings in the District of Central Market Medan in the mean of emphasizing the corners in urban space. It is hoped that this research will contribute to developing architectural knowledge, especially regarding the corner buildings in the District of Central Market Medan.

The roles of trust and privacy calculus in citizen-centric services usage: evidence from the close contact query platform in China

ABSTRACT The mechanism of the ‘privacy calculus’ between privacy risks and benefits has gained attention in e-government service, but there were few empirical studies. Trust reduces perceived risk as well as enhances perceived benefits. However, the effects of different types of trust on privacy calculus are yet undefined. Regarding above issues, we build a research model based on the theoretical framework of ‘Antecedents → Privacy Concerns → Outcomes (APCO)’, theories of privacy calculus and e-government trustworthiness typology. We analyse survey data from the Close Contact Query Platform providing citizen-centric services for COVID-19 in China. Trust in transactions and information is increased by trust in government organisations. Trust in government organisations and transactions decrease perceived privacy risks, while trust in government organisations and information enhances perceived privacy benefits. Privacy risks and benefits significantly affect usage intentions, and the effect of privacy benefits is greater. We also identified mediating effects. Our findings have important implications regarding the unexplored inner mechanism of trust, the roles of privacy calculus in e-government adoption, and the expansion of the APCO framework. We offer recommendations for citizen-centric platform developers, administrators to design citizen-centric services, and offline public servants.

Problems of general and typological theory of composite sentence with a parenthetical clause as an invariant type of syntactic unit

The article touches upon the problem of the theory of invariant types of syntactic units, mainly of composite sentences, which needs a unified approach, for there are a huge number of notions and terms, one way or another, relating to various aspects of the latter indiscriminately treated and commented on. In the article, an attempt has been made by the author to take inventory of the existing invariant types of syntactic units, which are traditionally considered to be five-fold, but the author has revealed and established one more invariant type of composite sentence termed by him “composite sentence with a parenthetical clause” of the two subtypes: a) introductory clause and, b) insertive clause, realizing the new introductory and insertive syntactic relations termed by the author accordingly: 1) introduction; 2) insertion like syntactic relations “coordination” and “subordination”, hence, as to the author, introductory and insertive clauses function, like other clauses, as introductory and insertive parts of the matrix clause.

Ergative and Antipassive Construction in Minangkabaunese: Are There?

That Minangkabunese has active-passive dichotomy is not questioned anymore since it has been treated as an accusative language. Further typological analysis toward grammatical constructions of this language leads to a claim that it may be treated as an ergative language in which the ergative and antipassive constructions exist. That Minangkabaunese has ergative and antipassive construction is still questioned in some matters. Therefore, further grammatical-typological data, analysis, and discussion are needed. This paper, which is based on and developed from a part of results of research conducted in 2021-2022, particularly analyses whether Minangkabaunese has ergative and/or antipassive constructions. Two questions are raised, namely: (i) are there ergative and antipassive constructions in Minangkabaunese? and (ii) what is the linguistic implication of such claim toward grammatical typology of Minangkabaunese? This descriptive-qualitative study was practically operated as a linguistic field research and supported by a library study. Native speakers as represented by selected informants and written texts of Minangkabaunese were the sources of data. The data are in the form of clause constructions of Minangkabunese identified as the standard ones and were analyzed based on related theories of grammatical typology. The result of data analysis reveals that Minangkabaunese has ergative and antipassive constructions. Implicationally, this language may be typologically treated as an ergative language at the syntactic level beside as an accusative language.

Merit System Innovation through the SIPINTER Application (Information System for Self-Assessment of Merit System Implementation) in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the implementation and impact of the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) management innovation carried out by the State Civil Apparatus Commission (KASN) through the SIPINTER application (Information System for Self-Assessment of the Implementation of the Merit System) and its relevance in achieving good governance in Indonesia. This study used a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach, and data were obtained from official sources such as the KASN website and online news. The theory used in this study is the Public Sector Innovation Typology theory from Halvorse et al. (2005), covering (1) Creation of new services, (2) Process innovation, (3) Administrative innovation that focuses on policy change, (4) System innovation, (5) Conceptual innovation, and (6) Radical change in rationality. The results of the study show that the application of information technology in ASN management through the SIPINTER application has increased transparency, accountability, and effectiveness of ASN management at various levels of local government. Future research can carry out the development of a sustainable strategy as an important step to realize the potential of this application in the implementation of a meritocratic system in all regional and central government in Indonesia.

ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО ПРОЦЕССА НА ОСНОВЕ ПСИХОТИПА ОБУЧАЮЩЕГОСЯ

Modern teaching methods introduced into the educational process do not always take into account the peculiarities of students' thinking. This omission may negatively affect the productivity of the methods used. The article presents possible approaches to increasing the effectiveness of training, taking into account the psychotypes of students at a departmental university. In this regard, of particular interest is the definition of the concept of “psychotype” of a person, on which the authors of the article rely when describing a generalized model of individual behavior. The authors consider the main stages of designing the educational process for engineering educational programs, and use the theory of C. Jung and the main provisions of the theory of socionics and Myers-Briggs typology as the basis for their research. At the same time, increasing the reliability of the research is achieved through questioning students using the standard MBTI tool, as well as using a technique for determining one’s own psychotype based on studying one’s preferences. The use of methods for analyzing the psychotypes of students and further taking into account the identified characteristics when planning the educational process and independent work at a departmental university, as well as following these recommendations, will allow one to achieve better learning results and increase the accessibility of perceived information.

Analysis of Japanese Cartoon Film Paprika in the Light of Carl Jung’s Personality Typology Theory

Analysis of Japanese Cartoon Film Paprika in the Light of Carl Jung’s Personality Typology Theory

Issues and Strategies in English Translation of Public Notices in Light of Text Typology Theory: A Case Study of Zhoushan City

This paper focuses on the English translations of public notices in Zhoushan City, which plays a crucial role in facilitating international tourism development. Zhoushan City boasts abundant tourism resources and aims to attract a global audience. However, the current English translations of public notices have various issues that hinder the comprehensive advancement of public services and the overall upgrading of the tourism industry. Drawing on Newmark’s theory of text type translation, this study examines the existing problems in English translations and proposes suitable solutions to enhance the effectiveness and accuracy of the translations. By standardizing the English translations of public notices, Zhoushan City can create a favorable cultural and tourism environment, improve the international quality of urban tourism, and establish itself as a prominent tourism and cultural brand.

The application of text typology theory in translating children psychological works

In recent years, children's mental health has gradually become a hot topic of public concern. The source text of this translation project is selected from Children's Ways: Being Choices from the Author's Studies of Childhood written by a British psychologist James Sully. The aim of this project is to provide some reference for children's psychological research field. The source text belongs to popular science literature, so this paper uses "text typology theory" to analyze it. Based on Katharina Reiss's "text typology theory", the commentary analyzes the text type, audiences, translation purpose and function, and formulates corresponding translation strategies according to the above analysis.

Linguistic cognition and worldview

ABSTRACT Herslund’s cognitive-perceptual and communication models, comprising a typological theory of linguistic worldview, are replaced by an integrated cybernetic-semiotic model, where language/text is understood as cognition, as individual linguistic discourse acts and collective discourse interaction. Thus, actual cognitive-linguistic communication is not situational context, but the pragmatic basis. As such, it constructs its further socio-cultural cognitive domain and its universe of discourse, characterizing it with a language-specific worldview inherent in its dynamic competence. Perceptual-actional cognition constructs the human natural Umwelt. Integrated cognition maps triune reality, with its natural, mental, and cultural dimensions. Just as the mental is an aspect of the biological world, society-culture is a construction by individual minds. Linguistic cognition is subjective discourse acts, performed by particular minds, or intersubjective discourse interaction – communication within the historical-general commind of a society-culture. Owing to the diversification of human language into divergent types of linguistic practices and traditions, interlocutors entertain specific linguistic worldviews and construct and live in divergent society-cultures. Furthermore, they have (inter)personal cognitive mappings of themselves, their interlocutors, their in-groups and out-groups, and express these identities in discourse. Since linguistic and non-linguistic cognition is integrated and displayed in consciousness, individuals inhabit diverse bio-cultural worlds-of-living – in-group homeworlds and out-group alienworlds.

A/Ā-Operations at the Mongolian Clausal Periphery

This paper examines and provides a unified analysis for the interaction between ECM and A¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hspace{1.27777pt}\\overline{\\hspace{-1.27777pt}\ ext {A}\\hspace{-1.27777pt}}\\hspace{1.27777pt}$$\\end{document}-operations such as thematic topicalization and wh-licensing at the Mongolian embedded clausal periphery. Building on a previous proposal that ECM targets Spec CP, which can be an A-position in Mongolian (Fong 2019), I argue that thematic topicalization and wh-licensing are associated with an A¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hspace{1.27777pt}\\overline{\\hspace{-1.27777pt}\ ext {A}\\hspace{-1.27777pt}}\\hspace{1.27777pt}$$\\end{document}-domain projected below CP. Furthermore, I advance an analysis in which the A- and A¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hspace{1.27777pt}\\overline{\\hspace{-1.27777pt}\ ext {A}\\hspace{-1.27777pt}}\\hspace{1.27777pt}$$\\end{document}-properties of syntactic dependencies are the result of different features involved in Agree relations. The Agree-based analysis allows for a flexible account for the intricate patterns of the A/A¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hspace{1.27777pt}\\overline{\\hspace{-1.27777pt}\ ext {A}\\hspace{-1.27777pt}}\\hspace{1.27777pt}$$\\end{document}-interactions at the Mongolian clausal periphery, while also making concrete predictions confirmed by independent facts from this language. I then compare the Mongolian case with typical cases of improper movement, and discuss the implications of the current account for a general theory of movement typology.

Range of Types of Local Element Synthesis Forms and Non-Local on Villa Isola Building in Bandung City

The Indis architecture of the 1920s to 1940s in Indonesia was a phenomenon of the formation of Dutch colonial buildings with high architectural value that still survive today. The shape results from combining modern European architecture with Indonesian vernacular architecture. The research uses a range theory approach to the type of architectural synthesis forms, architectural synthesis theory, local and non-local elements theory, architectural synthesis form theory, archetypes theory, and typology theory. The research methodology is carried out with qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative approach is descriptive and interpretative research, where the data is more concerned with interpreting local and non-local architectural elements in the object of study. The quantitative approach is confirmatory to prove it under the research objectives. The results of the study are expected to provide an understanding of the range of types of synthesis forms of local and non-local elements; aspects that affect the range of types of synthesis forms; form, form, and type of architectural synthesis; the range type model of the architectural form on Indis architecture building.

Mandarin Word Order: Syntactic Typology

This research is entitled Tataurut Kata Bahasa Mandarin:Tipologi Sintaksis. The theory used to examine the linguistic phenomena of Mandarin in this study includes two theories, namely the word order typology theory by Greenberg and the theory of relational grammar by Comrie. The research data consisted of Mandarin phrases, clauses, and sentences obtained from the Xunbao newspaper and Mandarin books. The research method used is a qualitative. The results of this study are presented using a formal method. Based on the formulation of the problem and research objectives, the results of the study show that the order pattern of Mandarin word order is SPO/SVO. As for changes in word order patterns, they can turn into SOV because O switches position with V after becoming a passive sentence. The word order pattern in imperative sentences is S-P/S-P-O. Under certain conditions, S can be eliminated but does not change the pattern. Declarative sentences have the S-P/S-P-O pattern. S is to the left of P and cannot precede P. If this occurs, then the pattern is unacceptable. Interrogative sentences have a word order pattern S-P or S-V. Chinese interrogative sentence markers can be located in the middle of a sentence and at the end of a sentence. These markers do not affect the basic pattern of word order, that P always precedes S. S is to the left of P or is praverbal. Through a syntactic typology approach, Mandarin is included in the ergative language type. Mandarin language treats S the same as P (patient) but differently from A (agent).

Serial verb constructions in Papuan Malay

Serial verb constructions are grammatical constructions that are still debatable by linguists from different schools of theories because of whether they are considered as simple or complex predicates in terms of their various structures found in world’s languages. Creol languages such as Papuan Malay has serial verb constructions interested for further studies because there are lacks of similar studies done in the language. This research describes serial verb constructions in Papuan Malay. Its focus is to investigate syntactic and semantic structures of serial verb constructions. In the research, the descriptive linguistic method is used and its approach is the typological analysis where it focuses on analyzing particular linguistic features, i.e. serial verb constructions. The elicitation technique is used to collect data and it is also beneficial to supplement the syntagmatic analysis when the data is analysed in linear/horizontal order to easily look for the syntactic structure, argument structure, and argument sharing of serial verb constructions. The results show that serial verb constructions in Papuan Malay has two types, i.e. Dependent and Co-dependent serializations. Both types are categorized based on their argument structure and argument sharing properties, as well as their semantic expressions. Further, they are categorized as serial verb constructions by the definition of sequence of events within a monoclausality as the main feature of serial verb constructions in Papuan Malay. This paper gives a contribution to the theory of syntax and typology about the structural and semantic expressions of the serial verb constructions by reflecting the serial verb constructions in Papuan Malay.Keywords: Papuan Malay, Serial verb constructions, dependent serialization, co-dependent serialization, monoclausality

60韩语政治隐喻的认知类型学解读

Political texts are important discourses for national leaders to express their political opinions and establish a national image, and the transmission of information in political texts requires a variety of linguistic means of expression. The most common rhetorical form of language is a political metaphor. This paper takes the Korean translation of Keywords to Understand China as an example and discusses the translation of political metaphors in combination with the characteristics of political metaphors and related theories of cognitive typology. Through comparative analysis, it can be initially found that (1) Chinese and Korean-related metaphors have both commonality and individuality. In terms of commonality, both Chinese and Korean have common metaphor types such as war and journey, as well as individual metaphor types such as climate and organism. In other words, although people have roughly similar perceptual experiences, which directly generate roughly similar schema structures, due to cognition, language type, sociocultural factors, etc., there are differences in the universality of metaphor mapping, and some metaphors only belong to specific cultures. (2) In the process of translating metaphors, the translators mainly used ‘reserving the equivalent metaphorical images in the language dimension’, ‘presenting the cultural connotation of metaphors in the cultural dimension’, ‘converting the metaphorical images in the source language in the communicative dimension’, etc. different translation strategies. In other words, to better realize the translation of political metaphors with rigor, subjectivity, and standpoint, translators need to adapt to the overall environment of ecological translation, carry out ‘three-dimensional transformations’ in the dimensions of language, culture, and communication, and combine specific Context, and the acceptance of target language readers and other factors, flexible use of translation strategies. This article aims to conduct a preliminary analysis and interpretation of relevant translation strategies based on a preliminary understanding of the similarities and differences between Chinese and Korean political metaphors through the translation of Chinese and Korean political texts and provide some reference for explaining the thinking and behavior patterns of human cognition under different cultural backgrounds.

60韩语政治隐喻的认知类型学解读

Political texts are important discourses for national leaders to express their political opinions and establish a national image, and the transmission of information in political texts requires a variety of linguistic means of expression. The most common rhetorical form of language is a political metaphor. This paper takes the Korean translation of Keywords to Understand China as an example and discusses the translation of political metaphors in combination with the characteristics of political metaphors and related theories of cognitive typology. Through comparative analysis, it can be initially found that (1) Chinese and Korean-related metaphors have both commonality and individuality. In terms of commonality, both Chinese and Korean have common metaphor types such as war and journey, as well as individual metaphor types such as climate and organism. In other words, although people have roughly similar perceptual experiences, which directly generate roughly similar schema structures, due to cognition, language type, sociocultural factors, etc., there are differences in the universality of metaphor mapping, and some metaphors only belong to specific cultures. (2) In the process of translating metaphors, the translators mainly used ‘reserving the equivalent metaphorical images in the language dimension’, ‘presenting the cultural connotation of metaphors in the cultural dimension’, ‘converting the metaphorical images in the source language in the communicative dimension’, etc. different translation strategies. In other words, to better realize the translation of political metaphors with rigor, subjectivity, and standpoint, translators need to adapt to the overall environment of ecological translation, carry out ‘three-dimensional transformations’ in the dimensions of language, culture, and communication, and combine specific Context, and the acceptance of target language readers and other factors, flexible use of translation strategies. This article aims to conduct a preliminary analysis and interpretation of relevant translation strategies based on a preliminary understanding of the similarities and differences between Chinese and Korean political metaphors through the translation of Chinese and Korean political texts and provide some reference for explaining the thinking and behavior patterns of human cognition under different cultural backgrounds.

INTERPRETATION OF IBN QAYYIM AL-JAUZIYYAH ON SHIFA IN THE AT-TAFSIR AL-QAYYIM AND BADAA’IUT TAFSIR: Analysis of Johanna Pink's Typology

This article analyzes the interpretation of Ibn Qayyim Al[1]Jauziyyah with the typology theory of interpretation offered by Johanna Pink, a researcher at Freiburg University's interpretation. One of the terms being discussed here is Shifa. The term shifa is still understood with theological arguments, so it escapes health sciences. Ibn Qayyim understood it as physical and psychological healing. This research is a library research type of qualitative research. The analysis used is Johanna Pink's typology: scholar’s commentaries, institutional commentaries, and popularizing commentaries. The primary source of this research is the book of Tafsir al-Bada'I at-Tafsir Ibn Qayyim and at-Tafsir al-Qayyim and other works by Ibn Qayyim. The secondary sources are books, articles, and magazines that have theme relevance. The results of this study are, first, the verses interpreted by Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyyah about shifa, the majority of which is that the Qur'an is an antidote to various psychological and physical ailments. Second, Tafsir Ibn Qayyim Al-Jauziyyah in the book al-Bada'I at-Tafsir Ibn Qayyim and at-Tafsir al-Qayyim seen from Johanna Pink's typological theory is included in the category of scientific interpretation, even though she did not directly write it down. But absorbed and collected by his student named Muhammad Uwais an-Nadwi. These results reveal the typological model of Ibn Qayyim's interpretation. Here, the researcher recommends researching Ibn Qayyim with hermeneutical analysis to find the background of Ibn Qayyim's interpretation in depth.

Supranational security states for national security problems: governing by rules & capacities in tech-driven security spaces

ABSTRACT Despite inherent political tensions, supranational institutions are increasingly involved in national security. EU institutions not only guide but also mobilize national resources or directly produce collective security. To make sense of those variations, the article conceptualizes ideal types of ‘supranational security states’ and develops a typological theory for understanding the emergence of the studied states. Based on policy documents and secondary sources, the article conducts a case-centric process-tracing analysis of three decades of EU reforms in (1) export control over dual-use technologies, (2) network and information security and (3) border security. Three types of supranational security states emerge, driven by their path-dependency logics and response to crises. Findings suggest a more nuanced understanding of security policy instruments and the dynamics of political authority in shared security spaces, contributing to debates on the positive and regulatory European security state, technology-driven security governance, and the coherence of the EU as a security actor.