Typological Research Research Articles

COVID 19 conspiracy theories in Canada: Evidence, verification, and implications for decision making

Aim/purpose – The COVID-19 pandemic generated a new communication universe with numerous actors, including conspiracy theory (CT) promoters who spread skepti- cism about the authenticity of the pandemic and the necessity of health emergency regu- lations. This study explores the dissemination of COVID-19 conspiracy theories in Canada to create a model for verifying conspiracy theories, especially in the context of decision making. Design/methodology/approach – The study was transdisciplinary and it was composed of an empirical and a conceptual part. The first part used analysis of websites and social media, observation with participation for data collection, and standard content analysis for data analysis. The conceptual part used a philosophical inquiry and a framework on heuristics in decision making. Findings – The empirical part of the study established three types of conspiracy theory promoters and labeled these as Conspiracy Theory Mill, Busy Gunman, and Hyper Re- lay. The conceptual part of the study created a model for CT verification. The study extends conceptualizing of conspiracy theories by characterizing them as narratives based on arbitrary ontological assumptions, epistemic naïveté and flaws, and contorted and biased logic. These narratives represent a form of folkish storytelling and entertain- ment, which become dangerous in the state of a public health emergency. Research implications/limitations – The study has implications for research on con- spiracy theories and for the theory of decision making. The study’s insight into the Canadian conspiracy theory landscape is limited by the types of social contexts studied. The model for verifying a conspiracy theory, which the study developed, is still incipient in character and needs further validation. The model can be used in decision-making theory. Originality/value/contribution – The study confirms the literature on conspiracy theo- ries originating in the areas of psychology and cultural studies. Beyond just exhibiting characteristics reported in the literature, the discovered three types of conspiracy theory promoters may advance the corresponding typology research. The model for verifying a conspiracy theory may contribute to research on the nature of conspiratorial content as well as to decision-making theory. Practically, the three promoter types and the verifica- tion model can be used as part of a blueprint for identifying and controlling conspiracy theories. Decision-makers at large may benefit, including those in health institutions, government, business as well as lay people. Keywords: COVID-19, conspiracy theory, Canada, decision making. JEL Classification: D7, D8, I1.

Efeitos da pandemia do Coronavírus (COVID-19) no setor turístico da região nordeste do Brasil

The aim of this study is to discuss the effects of the coronavirus pandemic (Covid -19) on the tourism sector in the Northeast of Brazil. It was collated from reliable national/international news reports and data taken from the online portals of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, the Ministry of Tourism and the Ministry of Health, the World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization, together with references to the impact of the pandemic on the tourism economy, both from a quantitative and qualitative perspective. The research typology is descriptive and exploratory, endorsed by the information gathered and the use of specialized literature supporting the theoretical discussion and analysis of results. Among the main effects of the pandemic in the tourism sector, the study highlights: cancellation of major events; the shutdown and/ or closing of hotels, high number of layoffs in the region’s tourism sector, among others. It also shows some actions, measures and policies to readjust the activities in an attempt to contain the economic crisis within the tourism sector.

ЛЕКСЕМЫ iç, içeri, diş, dişari В СОВРЕМЕННОМ ТУРЕЦКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

This article deals with the semantics of the Turkish lexemes: iç and içeri, related to the internal part, internal space, or the contents of an object; dış and dışarı, correlated with the external part, the surface of the object, and with everything that surrounds it from the outside. Their morphological, syntactic, and compatibility features were considered. The relevance of the research carried out using the corpus method stems from the fact that lexical semantics (in the broad sense of the term) is one of the priority areas of modern linguistics because it studies the conditions for the correct construction of statements that are not determined by grammatical and syntactic norms. The analysis yielded the following results: the four lexemes under study are typically used with possessive suffixes when they perform the nominal function; the presence of ancient indicators of directionality in içeri and dışarı underlies their predominant use in the adverbial function; the very high frequency and wide lexical compatibility of the lexemes iç and içeri arise from the key role played in the linguistic consciousness of Turkish speakers by the idea of the internal space/filling of objects as a special entity that determines the state and possibilities of using the object. For the space external to the reference point, on the contrary, it is not a description of its state that is important, but a more accurate indication of the position of objects, which is associated with the possibility of reaching them and is enabled by the presence of a clearly structured system of tokens with spatial meaning. This is expressed in the lower frequency of the lexemes dış and dışarı and the formation of the meaning ‘outside’ in the possessive-marked postposition function. The conclusions obtained are of both practical importance for teaching the language and can be efficiently used as a promising material for typological lexico-semantic research, especially in what concerns the directions of development of the vocabulary of the Turkic languages.

ЗАВДАННЯ СУЧАСНОЇ ЛІНГВІСТИЧНОЇ ТИПОЛОГІЇ ТА КОНТРАСТИВНОЇ ЛІНГВІСТИКИ (на прикладі зіставлення іспанської та української мов)

When comparing the native language and a foreign language, several methods of comparison are used, which differ significantly from each other. Therefore, the disciplines that deal with the comparison of two or more languages are multilingual, they are based on cross-linguistic comparison. Comparative-historical, areal, and typological research aims to build appropriate classifications of languages, they are aimed at finding similar features in the compared languages that connect them and form the basis for genetic correspondences, which is explained by primary linguistic affinity. Contrastive linguistics is mainly interested in what distinguishes the languages being compared, and what may be a factor causing cross-linguistic interference. Comparative typology and congruent linguistics, not being interested in the genetic origin of languages, their diachronic development, have their specific goals, purpose, research material and limits of application. If comparative typology pays attention primarily to similar features between two languages, then contrastive linguistics focuses on identifying differences in order to prevent mistakes when learning foreign languages.

Causative semantics in English and Karakalpak

The article is considered to represent typological research on causative category in English and Karakalpak languages. Essential point of the article deals with causative semantics of both languages and done comparative analysis using the examples that were taken from literary text. It is stated that causality is an event that takes place in interpersonal relationships, in the process of communication, and it is coded using transitive verbs and is expressed in the expression of the influence of one person on another. Moreover, causative expression is distinguished by the fact that each language has its own means of expression, syntactic structures, lexical and grammatical forms.

Activities of the Department of social hygiene and organization of healthcare of the Central Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians in training and improving management personnel in health care in the 30–80th of the XX century

Introduction. The training of management personnel is a priority task of the state policy in health care since the effectiveness and efficiency of the health care system depends on the level of competence of these specialists, both at the level of a particular territory entire state as a whole. In improving the potential of the leading personnel in the industry, the activities of Department of social hygiene and organization of healthcare of the Central Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians were of particular importance. Having this information will help understand the origins of the development of the foundations of the training health management personnel system. The purpose of the study is to identify the main features of the activity and the contribution of the Department of social hygiene and organization of healthcare of the Central Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians in the 30-80th of the XX century in the formation and development of the system of training health management personnel. Material and methods.Based on the scientific principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity, content analysis, comparative-historical, problem-chronological, typological research methods were used, which made it possible to establish cause-and-effect relationships connecting the identified individual historical events and facts. Results.The diligent work of the department contributed to the development of the basic principles and mechanisms for raising the level of professional qualifications of management personnel aimed at optimizing the activities of health authorities and institutions, improving health protection and improving the quality of medical care for the population, increasing the personal responsibility of medical workers for work results, the ability to work with personnel in conditions. Conclusion. The obtained results of the study, based on the context of the historical reconstruction of activities, indicate the significant contribution of the department to the creation of the fundamental foundations and a robust base for the training of health management personnel. The variety of completed forms and terms of training contributed to the prompt and flexible solution of problems related to territorial characteristics, conditions of professional activity, training needs, the formation of a school of advanced experience in training leading personnel in the industry.

The Reflection of Dostoevsky’s Underground Man in Faulkner’s Sartoris

This article is devoted to the comparative typological research related to the ‘Underground Man’, as featured in the works of F. Dostoevsky and W. Faulkner. Based on the study of the phenomenon of moral alienation – the “underground” embodied in the character of the storyteller in Dostoevsky’s novella, Notes from Underground – we identify its reflection in Faulkner’s novel, Sartoris. The relevance of this study is due to the importance of the “underground”, which has not lost its significance in either Russia or the West. The character of the Underground Man, admittedly archetypal, has become part of the vocabulary of modern culture, and the novella Notes from Underground is rightly called the prologue to twentieth-century literature. The novelty of the present study is that, despite the existence of a number of works focused on the study of the “underground” in the literary world of Dostoevsky, and the wide scope for a comparative analysis of the works of Dostoevsky and Faulkner, the problem of the “underground” has not previously been considered from this perspective. This study draws on a number of methodologies alongside the comparative typological, including the doctrine of archetypes originated in late antique philosophy, the theory of archetypes first developed by C. G. Jung, and the archetypal approach found in literary criticism. As the results of the study show, in the archetypal character of the Underground Man, the model of “underground” consciousness is clearly expressed (Man-god consciousness, one’s own inconsistencies with the ideal, cruel self-punishment and aesthetization of it, estrangement, and spiritual decay) and may be defined – in a broad sense – at the stage of the formation of an “underground” worldview; and in a narrower sense – when complete moral alienation results in a state of “underground”. Idealization of the past, depicted in Sartoris (the “heroism” of young Bayard, the symbolic “deafness” of old Bayard, the “serenity” of Narcissa, the infantilism and desire to hide from life in a house surrounded by cedars demonstrated by her brother Horace), is functionally similar to the feeling of “sublime and beautiful” by the Underground Man of Dostoevsky and reflects the Man-god consciousness leading the characters of the novel to moral estrangement (“underground” in the broad sense). In the character of young Bayard, the “underground” matrix is fully realized, which allows us to define him as the actual Underground Man (“underground” in the narrow sense).

Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Cyber Terrorism dalam Perspektif Kepastian Hukum

One example of the Cyber ​​terrorism case committed by Bahrumsyah and M. Bahrun Naim, who is known to have transferred funds to make car bombs to ISIS support groups in Solo. So based on the crimes committed by Bahrun in getting money from the ISIS group in Syria, while the money sent to his network in Indonesia was carded. The main problem of this research is law enforcement in the prevention of cyber terrorism according to Indonesian positive law, and the legal provisions for tackling cyber terrorism from the perspective of legal certainty. This research is included in the normative juridical research typology with secondary data types, so as to produce research in the form of prescriptive analytical through literature studies. The results of this study reveal that there is no law enforcement in the prevention of cyber terrorism. Theoretically, the perpetrators of cyber terrorism cannot be held accountable because criminal liability takes into account the elements against the law in the formulation of offenses and is related to the principle of legality and elements of guilt. The lack of certainty in tackling cyber terrorism is due to the higher frequency of technology use with a developing system, with the existing convergance of media. It is hoped that it can provide legal certainty that comprehensively regulates the movement and use as well as irregularities in cyber crime that uses computers as the main tool and benefits of the developing technological media

Lifestyle diseases: Health in the contemporary city

The article presents an overview of studies of the factors that affect health in the contemporary city. The increase in the urban population makes it necessary to analyze factors (environmental, social, etc.) and features of the urban structure in terms of their impact on the quality and standards of living. However, assessments of the city in the study of healthy lifestyle are contradictory. On the one hand, researchers emphasize the availability of medical care, effective fight against infectious diseases, and numerous attempts to transform the visual urban space. On the other hand, researchers stress the spatial inequality of the urban structure (for example, in access to health care), the spread of noncommunicable and lifestyle diseases in cities, the destruction of social ties and the problem of loneliness. Therefore, it is necessary to systematize the current research, identify the main risks of urban lifestyle, and discuss the role of social sciences in such interdisciplinary studies. The proposed typology of health research in the contemporary city is based on Yu.P. Lisitsyns ratio of factors that determine the level of health. Although many studies claim an integrated approach, the analysis showed that most of them present one of three approaches: the study of sanitary-hygienic features of the urban space (or its medical aspects); the study of ecology and architecture of the urban space; the study of social-psychological features of the urban lifestyle. The systematization of the main risks of the urban lifestyle allowed the author to identify the priority areas of its study. Thus, based on the features of the covid-19 pandemic in cities, the author argues that there is a need for more active participation of sociologists in the discussion of both infectious and non-communicable diseases, which should focus on social factors of their spread, course, prevention and control.

Główne nurty w badaniach nad filmem i religią

The article is a meta-study and provides an original typology of research on film and religion, based on Polish and English academic sources. The author proposes to divide this field of research into four main domains, which he names successively: substantial-theological, anthropological-mythological, socio-cultural and post-secular. The following descriptive criteria were used to introduce this division: the relationship between religion and culture adopted (usually implicitly) in a given direction of research, the concept of both human and religion emerging from them, and the established subject and scope of research, as well as the basic set of tools used within them. The proposed systematic is intended to help capture the significant differences between the main types of research on film and religion, both in terms of research assumptions, methods of analysis, and set goals.

Ceramics of Halychyna in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Scientific and professional schools. Technologies. Personalities.

An analysis of numerous artefacts of the first third of the 20th century suggests that the production of many varieties of art-and-industrial ceramics developed in Halychyna, in particular architectural ceramic plastics, a variety of functional ceramics, decorative tiles, ceramic tiles, facing tiles, etc. The artistic features of Halychyna art ceramics, the richness of methods for decorating and shaping it, stylistic features, as well as numerous art societies, scientific and professional associations, groups, plants and factories specializing in the production of ceramics reflect the general development of this industry in the first half of the century and represent the prerequisites the emergence of the school of professional ceramics in Halychyna at the beginning of the 20th century. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the formation and development of scientific and professional schools of art-and-industrial ceramics of Halychyna in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The research methodology was chosen, in accordance with the specific factual material, the goals and objectives set in the work, developed on the basis of a systematic approach and the principle of historicism, using the method of complex art analysis, synthesizing the research capabilities of comparative historical, functional, typological research methods. The principle of consistency assumed the consideration of certain issues, in accordance with the sequence of processes that took place in such a popular variety of professional decorative applied art as art ceramics. Due to this approach, the authors tried to focus on a detailed elucidation of the ways of building professional creativity in an inextricable relationship, taking into account the characteristics of a certain material, the needs of appropriate material support, and the establishment of technological processes. Furthermore, such a presentation of the paper material has provided a clearer indication of the possibilities and prospects for the development of the artistic ceramics art. In the process of work, the authors were aware that all the problems related to the art of the first half of the 20th century, including the development in the production of art ceramics in Halychyna, are only at a certain stage of thorough study. That is why this work is one of the stages on this path. In this regard, this study was interpreted by the authors not as one that should finally exhaust the chosen topic, but on the contrary – the work should create an opportunity for further more detailed study of individual phenomena, the work of artists, or the analysis of groups of specific pieces of art.

Object and handling handshapes in 11 sign languages: towards a typology of the iconic use of the hands

Abstract This article looks at cross-linguistic variation in lexical iconicity, addressing the question of to what extent and how this variation is patterned. More than in spoken languages, iconicity is highly frequent in the lexicons of sign languages. It is also highly complex, in that often multiple motivated components jointly shape an iconic lexeme. Recent typological research on spoken languages finds tentative iconic patterning in a large number of basic lexical items, underlining once again the significance of iconicity for human language. The uncontested and widespread use of iconicity found in the lexicons of sign languages enables us to take typological research into lexical iconicity to the next level. Indeed, previous studies have shown cross-linguistic variation in: a) the use of embodying and handling handshapes in sign languages (mostly of European origin) and b) the frequency of space-based size depiction in African and European sign languages. The two types of variation may be interrelated, as handling handshapes may use space-based size depiction. In this study, we first replicate earlier studies on the distribution of embodying and handling handshapes, this time in a data set consisting of a relatively large set of sign languages (n = 11), most of which are used in Africa. The results confirm significant variation across these sign languages. These findings are then compared to the use of space-based size depiction, revealing that these patterns independently from the distribution of embodying/handling handshapes. We argue that the results call for expanding typological studies on representational strategies in iconic signs beyond the now relatively well studied instrument/manipulation alternation. Fine-grained analyses on a multitude of iconic features in signs are likely to reveal cross-linguistic variation in iconic tendencies in SL lexicons.

Typological research for post-war school buildings in Milan. Arrigo Arrighetti pioneer of modernity

L’individuazione di una serie di schizzi di studio legati alle possibilità immaginate per nuove tipologie di edifici scolastici, è diventato il pretesto per ripercorrere l’indagine condotta da Arrighetti sul tema della scuola intesa come piccola comunità nell’ambito del suo lavoro presso l’ufficio tecnico del Comune di Milano, nel secondo dopoguerra. La relazione tra significato e significante ovvero tra la conoscenza approfondita del tema e la sua interpretazione nel progetto di architettura diventa motore della ricerca e matrice di questo ragionamento che si verifica attraverso una serie di progetti che di grado in grado declinano il tema aggiungendone complessità, fino a giungere all’idea di scuola come parte integrante e attiva in una più grande comunità.

The Methodological Consistency of Master’s of Education Dissertations at Eduardo Mondlane University (2013 - 2018)

This study examined the methodological consistency of Master of Educationdissertations defended at Eduardo Mondlane University (EMU) from 2013 to2018 using the typology of educational research proposed by Postlethwaite(2005), Norman et al. (2002), and Creswell (2012). The qualitative, comparativestudy employed a grounded theory design. Data were gathered from apurposive sample of 33 dissertations, available on the university’s OpenInstitutional Repository. Coding and anonymous analysis were performedof the dissertations’ title, research methodology, and findings. The findingsreveal that a large number of these dissertations are not methodologicallyconsistent and thus do not lay the foundation for further research and otherinterventions for school improvement. They thus point to the need to
 improve the quality of supervision and research in postgraduate studies in
 Education at EMU.Key words: EMU, Master’s dissertations, educational research, methodologicalconsistency, supervision

The functionality of class-numerical indicators in suffixes of adjectives of the Dargin languages

This article examines the class-numerical indicators functioning in the suffixes of adjectives of the Dargin languages that belong to the Nakh-Daghestanian language family. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that these languages have rich morphological system; however, many grammatical categories are yet to be studied. The goal of this work is to determine the etymology of suffix indicator -ch-b (-v,- p), which forms the adjectives and contains an Aslaut changing class indicator. For achieving the set goal, the article employs comparative-historical analysis and descriptive method; for collecting verbal material of various idioms – the methods of field linguistics. The novelty consists in the fact that this attributivizer is analyzed from the comparative-historical perspective in the Dargin studies for the first time. It is established that the morpheme under review is formed from the short form of the adverb of place chedi (ch-) “upwards”. In  the Dargin languages, it functions in form of the essive comprised by affixing class indicators to the lative form. With evolution of the language, this morpheme has been grammaticalized. The acquired results can be applied in preparing comparative-historical grammar of the Dargin languages, teaching the course of the Dargin literary language, as well as in typological research.

Der Partitiv im Taimyr Dolganischen

Although recent cross-linguistic and typological research on partitive cases (Luraghi & Huumo eds. 2014) has started to expand its perspective beyond Europe, partitive and partitive-like cases in the indigenous languages of Central and Eastern Siberia have been largely overlooked. This study discusses the partitive case in Taimyr Dolgan, an indigenous Turkic language of Northern Siberia from a functional-typological, areal and historical perspective, synthesizing existing descriptions (Ubrjatova 1985, Artem'ev 1999) with the author’s field materials and a convenience sample consisting of 48000 words of written Dolgan. Due to the fact that Finnic languages dominate cross-linguistic research on partitive cases, this study concludes with a short comparative analysis of Dolgan — Finnish similarities and dissimilarities.

Capital structure, stock exchanges in Chile: 2007 to 2016

PurposeThe article consists of analyzing the behavior of the determinants of the capital structure of Chilean companies between 2007 and 2016. The objective of this study was achieved through a typology of research based on bibliographic, documentary, exploratory and explanatory, considering annual financial reports from Economática in the chosen period.Design/methodology/approachAs this is a research study with a quantitative approach, the statistical tools used were descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation, variance inflation factor (VIF) and panel regression.FindingsThe results show that Chilean companies (240) have higher and costly long-term debt. These companies have high averages in current liquidity, return to shareholders, growth in sales and assets and market-to-book (MTB). Long-term debt was highlighted with an explanatory power of 85%. Current liquidity was highlighted as being significant in most of the indebtedness proposed in the survey, failing to register brands like this in expensive short-term and long-term indebtedness. It is noticed that flip flops companies are more prone to the pecking order theory (POT). The gap occupied by this study is linked to research involving South American countries, especially the Chilean market, and the determinants of the capital structure.Originality/valueAs future research, it is suggested to include other types of variables related to indebtedness and the same action for its determinants, in addition to the speed technique of adjusting corporate debts.

Ripensare la ricerca italiana in linguistica educativa: a modest proposal

This is not a research essay, it is a survey of the characteristics of present-day research essays in Italian educational linguistics. Many weak points are pointed out, most of which concern ‘borders’, such as the fuzzy epistemological borders between educational linguistics and other scientific areas; the frequent overlapping of different research typologies, which require different methodologies and have different rhetorical structures; confusion as far as implied readers are concerned. The consequence is that sometimes edulinguistic research allows amateurish trips outside educational linguistics, and allows for non educational linguists to take amateurish trips (and sometimes jobs) in the field of educational linguistics. A tentative list of parameters that can be used by referees, editors and evaluators is provided, in order to define the quality of studies before they are accepted in journals and conferences.

An Experimental Study of Tone and Tone Sandhi in Baoding Dialect

This paper analyzes the tone and tone sandhi of Baoding dialect by means of experimental phonetics. So far, only Li Zihe has conducted typological research on the tone sandhi of Baoding dialect in 2008. By using statistical methods, his paper summarizes the common characteristics of tone types and tone sandhi in northern dialects, and then investigates the two-character tone sandhi in Baoding dialect from the perspective of typology. This paper uses Praat to analyze the tone and tone sandhi of Baoding dialect and tries to give an objective description. In this paper, we obtain the data from the pronunciation of the native speakers of Baoding dialect. The data were collected from the native speakers of Baoding dialect by recording their pronunciation of the citation syllables and disyllabic sequence. The collected data were given a careful and detailed acoustic analysis by Praat. This study is the first attempt to analyze the tone and tone sandhi in Baoding dialect using the Praat. Comparing the present study with the previous study of Mandarin in terms of citation tones, it is found that T2 (43) is different in both pitch values and tonal shape; T1 and T4 are different in pitch values but not tonal shapes; T3 is the same in both pitch values and tonal shape. In terms of tone sandhi, the third tone T3 changed significantly in disyllabic sequence.

Challenging the meaning of the past from below: A typology for comparative research on memory activists

Memory activists have recently received more scholarly and public attention, but the concept lacks conceptual clarity. In this article, we articulate an analytical framework for studying memory activists, proposing a relatively narrow definition: “Memory activists” strategically commemorate the past to challenge (or protect) dominant views on the past and the institutions that represent them. Their goal is mnemonic change or to resist change. We locate scholarship on memory activists at the intersection of memory studies and social movement studies. We introduce a typology for comparative analysis of memory activism according to activist roles, temporality, and modes of interaction with other actors in memory politics, and illustrate this with a diverse set of empirical examples. We contend that the analytical utility of the concept of the “memory activist” is premised on its value-neutrality, and in particular, its application to both pro and anti-democratic cases of activism.