Typological Patterns Research Articles

TURAGUL KUNANBAYEV’S STRATEGY OF LITERARY TRANSLATION

One of the figures of Alash, recognized not only as a poet, but also as an outstanding translator, is Turagul Abayevich. The article delves into the multifaceted creative legacy of Turagul Kunanbayev, with a special emphasis on his endeavors in literary translation. Kunanbayev, a prominent figure in Alash-Orda, is examined in terms of his stance within literary translation and the stylistic nuances he employed. The analysis primarily revolves around translation transformations, using specific works such as “The Story of Keesh” by Jack London, “Chelkash” by Maxim Gorky, and pieces by Alexander Neverov like “Marya the Bolshevik” and “I Want to Live”. The approach considers the time period and contemporary demands placed on translation. Various aspects of the translator’s craft— psychological, literary, linguistic, and societal—are taken into consideration. It is argued that Kunanbayev’s translations were in line with the requirements of their era. Through methods of comparison and contrast, typological patterns are identified, shedding light on the translator’s epistemological and cognitive approaches. Furthermore, Kunanbayev’s translations are scrutinized through the lens of national interests, revealing his distinctive artistic identity. The comparative analysis concludes that literary translations during the early twentieth century predominantly favored a free approach, as opposed to strict literal translation methods.

All about ablaut: a typology of ablaut reduplicative structures

Abstract In this typological study, we identify 31 languages that have reduplication with a changed vowel, as in English tick-tock, referred to as ablaut reduplication. Cross-linguistically, this type of reduplication typically manifests as total reduplication with a changed vowel whose quality may or may not be fixed, and when it is not fixed the vowel differs maximally from the corresponding vowel in the base. The order of the copy relative to the base can be fixed or variable, and when it is variable the order enforces a language-specific vowel contour across the two components, such as a low vowel in the first constituent and a high vowel in the second, regardless of which constituent is the base. Furthermore, all cases of ablaut have strikingly similar semantics (playfulness, onomatopoeia, movement, etc.). We review previous treatments of the topic and outline the necessary components of a unified analysis that accommodates the typological patterns.

RACIAL AND NATIVITY DIFFERENCES IN ADVERSITY PROFILES AMONG MIDDLE-AGED AND OLDER ADULTS

Abstract Cumulative adversity theory explains how distribution of resources and stress accumulate over time, resulting in divergent later life outcomes. Focusing on the nexus of race and nativity, this study examined profiles of adversity (i.e., the overall typological patterns of adversity) and their mental health implications in four groups of middle-aged and older adults: native-born whites, native-born ethnic minorities, foreign-born whites, and foreign-born ethnic minorities. Data were from the 2018 psychosocial assessment of the HRS (N = 5,534). Latent class analysis (LCA) with multigroup analyses were employed to identify typological patterns of ten adversity indicators and to compare the latent structures and class prevalence across the race/nativity groups. Regressions were used to examine the associations between adversity profiles and three outcomes: depression, pessimism, and life satisfaction. adversity profiles emerged: low adversity (60.05%), low human capital (15.69%), socially marginalized (13.67%), and neighborhood adversity (10.59%). These adversity profiles were structurally the same for the four race/nativity groups, but the class prevalence varied across the groups. Overall, having low adversity profile was associated with the best mental health outcomes. However, the mental health implications of each adversity profile varied by outcomes and by race and/or nativity. Findings highlight the importance of examining heterogeneity in adversity and its mental health implications among disadvantaged populations and the need of developing tailored programs to address unique needs of different minority populations.

Prelapsarian Christological Mediation and the Typology of Adam and Eve in Jerome Zanchi’s De Operibus Dei

Abstract This article examines the typological patterns that distinguish Jerome Zanchi’s exposition of human creation in his De Operibus Dei intra spatium sex dierum creatis (1591). It argues that Zanchi’s distinctive application of the principle that Christ is the “scope” and “substance” of scripture to the exegesis of the relevant texts in Genesis 1–2 is tied to a conviction that Christ’s mediatorial headship over the church embraces a continuity of operations between the prelapsarian and postlapsarian states. Because of this he believes that the prelapsarian type, or figurative sign, can participate in the antitype, or the spiritual reality the type signifies, without eliding the critical distinction between them, as illustrated in his articulation of the “image of God.”

Importance of Self-built Temporary Spaces, Between Traditional and Transitory Architecture: The Saharawi Wilayat in the Algerian Desert

In an increasingly complex world of climate-related crises, migrations, and forced displacements, the study of spontaneous and temporary self-built settlements in harsh habitats may be of value to the architectural debate. The analysis of the Saharawi camps in the Algerian desert presented here identifies recurrent typological patterns in both domestic and common spaces. The aim of this paper is to analyze these settlements as a structural form of habitation, framing them within the discourse of traditional architecture, while recognizing aspects of ephemerality and emergency provision. The method used was a spatial classification of housing units and settlements in order to identify recurring typological patterns. Our results demonstrate the presence of such patterns and show that, even in precarious and developing situations, principles of traditional architecture apply. By encouraging these practices, we may improve the living conditions of those inhabiting temporary contexts, while also favoring practices that are more sustainable for the environment.

Взаимосвязь показателей «предстартового» состояния спортсмена с физиологической реакцией на стандартизированную нагрузку

Intense physical work is characterized by activity of physiological mechanisms as interrelated components joint for physical exertion. Definition of a set of individual and typological patterns of the physiological mechanisms’ activity answers the questions related to improvement of the athlete’s potential realization efficiency, definition of the limiting components and body’s reserve capacity, training load management. The study was aimed to assess the relationship between the responses of physiological mechanisms associated with standardized physical exertion and the pre-start state parameters. The athlete was through the step incremental test with the treadmill involving recording of the gas exchange parameters and heart rate to study physiological patterns. The physiological response parameters were calculated relative to the key phases of the exercise test: pre-start state, aerobic and anaerobic thresholds, peak exertion, fast and slow recovery phases. The mathematical model “Horseshoe of Rest” characterizing the athlete’s pre-start state before performing the test was constructed using the T-SNE dimensionality reduction algorithms. The model enables estimation of the release of non-metabolic СО2 throughout the testing period (MIC — 0.29) and the exertion period (MIC — 0.35).

Экологическая оценка варьирования состава травянистого покрова по контрастным элементам мезорельефа Лесной Опытной Дачи РГАУ-МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева

The present paper analyzes the results of a comparative ecological study of regional typological patterns of spatial variability of the herbaceous cover composition in the conditions of a gently sloping mesorelief at the Forest Experimental Station of the Russian Timiryazev State Agricultural University – the background object of environmental monitoring for the northern part of the Moscow metropolis. Standardized descriptions of the composition and biodiversity assessments of the vegetation cover are presented on five representative sites of the orographic transect, cutting in the direction from northeast to southwest the gently sloping moraine hill dominating in the mesorelief and its opposite slopes of the northeastern and southwestern exposures, including their foots – with a total height difference not more than 15 meters. The greatest variety of herbaceous species from the 20 families represented in the studied plots was found at the foot of slopes with more stable humidification conditions, and its minimum level was at the summit of a moraine hill with pronounced summer desiccation of the topsoil of the zonal sod Podzoluvisols characteristic for the Forest Experimental Station. Other important ecological factors of herbaceous biodiversity are the exposure and shape of the slope, which affect both the temperature regime and the seasonal dynamics of the topsoil moisture – under conditions of relatively insignificant variation in the tree canopy density and pronounced recreational load on the ground vegetation and topsoil. Humus-podzolic soils dominating on the bottom of the slope of the north-eastern exposure with a steadily increased moisture level are characterized by reduced resistance to recreational load, which leads to the maximum severity of the pathway network and relatively reduced biodiversity indices. The analysis of the patterns of spatial variation in the composition of the herbaceous cover allowed one to identify the problematic environmental situations and factors of reducing its biodiversity, that has to be taken into account when further planning the regulation of recreational load at the Forest Experimental Station and similar areas of the forest infrastructure of the northern part of Moscow, as well as when assessing the projected anthropogenic impact in the conditions of the Moscow megalopolis and comparable urban ecosystems of the southern taiga and mixed-forest subzones at the European territory of Russia. Keywords: BIODIVERSITY, URBAN FOREST PARKS, FOREST ECOSYSTEMS, MOSCOW, IMPACT ASSESSMENT, RECREATIONAL LOAD, HERBACEOUS COVER, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, URBAN ECOSYSTEMS

Analyzing jogging activity patterns and adaptation to public health regulation

Outdoor running is one of the most popular physical activities, with numerous health benefits and minimal cost. Despite such importance, limited scientific understanding of collective behavioral patterns of running activity constraints more evidence-based spatial planning and urban design for promoting an active lifestyle. This study investigates the underlying spatial, temporal, and typological patterns of running activities within a university campus by analyzing a large number of running trajectory data ( n = 11088) at high spatial-temporal resolution. Based on classification and pattern identification, the results reveal three major running activity types on streets, tracks, and mixed spatial conditions. This study further investigates data during a specific period when the campus experienced public space regulation as a part of the COVID-19 prevention protocol. Results reveal the disruption, change, and recovery of running activity, revealing local behavioral adaptation and resilience towards spatial intervention. Overall, our findings resonate with classic urban design theory and existing literature, and the proposed analytical workflow can further support more evidence-based and data-informed planning decisions and design actions for promoting physical activity and active living.

URBAN LEFT-OVER SPACE: CHARACTERISTIC IDENTIFICATION OF THE IN-BETWEEN SPACES IN RIVERSIDE SETTLEMENT (CASE STUDY: MARTAPURA RIVERSIDE SETTLEMENT AT SASIRANGAN VILLAGE)

The identity of "Thousand Rivers' City" makes the river have the meaning of identity and life orientation. River-oriented life inflicted an adaptive behavior called budaya sungai. However, the globalization process has caused a shift from river-oriented to land-oriented and creates heterogeneity in riverside settlements. Creating variations of typology such as atas sungai, bantaran sungai, and tepian sungai. The emergence of these typologies indirectly creates urban leftover space as a transition called the in-between space. This research aims to identify the characteristic of the in-between spaces in riverside settlements so that the space does not become negative and can be utilized to meet the living needs of people who live in riverside settlements. The research used explanatory sequential design methods, based on the quantitative phase, a figure-ground analysis identified curvilinear as the typological patterns and homogenous as textural patterns of the riverside settlement. The map shows a high-density level of solids with no central open system void. Based on the qualitative phase, all in-between spaces have linear patterns and are mostly made of wood materials. 76.47% of enclosures are open but in contrast to land use which is mostly private. 2 out of 17 in-between spaces could not be characterized.

Investigating the ‘what’, ‘where’ and ‘why’ of global phonological typology

AbstractWhat? Where? and Why? are the principal questions to ask in relation to linguistic typological patterns, in phonology as elsewhere. However, assembling sufficient and reliable information on a large diverse sample of languages presents challenges. Some of these issues are discussed in this paper, based on the practices seen in various database projects, including WALS and LAPSyD and in the wider literature. The challenge of recognizing areal convergence can be aided by simple mapping techniques. The most scientifically challenging issue is explaining ‘why’ as this requires considering multiple physiological, psychological, social, and other effects. Recent efforts to correlate phonological features with climatic and environmental factors offer a further potentially interesting way forward.

Clear speech and phonological typology: A case study of Tashlhiyt Berber

Clear speech is a type of listener-oriented, intelligibility-enhancing mode of speaking. It has been shown to enhance the perceptibility of many different types of phonological contrasts, cross-linguistically. An open question is whether all phonological contrasts are enhanced to an equivalent extent in clear speech. In the current study, we ask whether rarer phonological patterns receive less of a clear speech intelligibility boost, relative to more common phoneme contrasts. Tashlhiyt Berber is an Afroasiatic language spoken in Morocco. Tashlhiyt has been well studied for having typologically uncommon phonotactic properties. This study examines the effect of clear speech on the discrimination of rarer lexical contrasts in Tashlhiyt Berber. We predict that the more typologically uncommon contrasts (e.g., word pairs containing complex and geminate initial onsets) will have a smaller increase in perceptibility from casual to clear speech than more common contrasts (e.g., singleton contrasts). Furthermore, native and naive listeners’ (here, American English speakers) discrimination of these contrasts across speech styles is also compared. Cross-language perception of clear speech provides a window to understanding the phonetic bases for cross-linguistic typological patterns.

L2 English learners’ verb lexicalization of motion events

AbstractThis study examines the effects of L2 proficiency and manner salience on English learners’ verb lexicalization of spontaneous motion events. Three proficiency groups of L1 Korean learners of L2 English were asked to describe spontaneous motion situations, and their use of verbs was compared to that of native English speakers. Results indicate that L2 learners’ verb lexicalization was heavily influenced by the typological patterns of their native language, but the development of target-like lexicalization patterns occurred even though it plateaued at a certain acquisitional phase. Moreover, it was found that the degree of adopting target-like lexicalization patterns varied by manner-of-motion types (i.e., high-salience manner such asswimversus low-salience manner such aswalk) in all three learner groups, implying that the inherent salience of manner has an impact on L2 lexicalization of spontaneous motion.

Cross-referencing of non-subject arguments in Pama-Nyungan languages

ABSTRACT About one third of the Pama-Nyungan languages of Australia employ pronominal cross-referencing, yet systematic typological patterns of non-subject argument registration remain unexamined. We analyze this variation from two perspectives by surveying 22 Pama-Nyungan languages. Firstly, we survey which kinds of case-marked arguments can be cross-referenced by these pronominal systems. From this perspective, we find that a number of nominal expressions marked with so-called ‘local’ cases (e.g. locative, allative, ablative, etc.) can be cross-referenced when instantiating certain argument relations. Secondly, we find striking cross-linguistic predictability in how such relations, which we descriptively group as ‘locational’, are morphologically integrated into the pronominal paradigms. We show that the variation can be captured by two major parameters: firstly, whether locational cross-referencing utilizes the same form as another non-subject series, or whether locational cross-referencing is serviced by a unique series formally built off another non-subject series. In this latter case there is further variation as to which other non-subject series provides the base for the dedicated locational series. These parameters result in six surface pattern types, and we show that each of the patterns is instantiated in languages of the survey.

Introduction

Introduction

Echo Answers in Chinese

Abstract This paper studies echo answers to yes-no questions in Chinese with respect to their distributions, derivations, and typological patterns. We reconsider Simpson’s (2015) verb-raising analyses of verb echo answers (VEAs), finding that his analysis is inspiring in describing the significant properties of VEAs but that he has not discussed issues pertinent to the role of le in VEAs, adverbial echo answers, and multiple verb echo answers. This paper proposes that the derivation of short echo answers in Chinese is two-fold: the verb echo answer involves V-to-v movement, pro-drop, and VP-deletion; and the adverbial short answer involves focus movement and TP deletion. The aspectual markers, the post-verbal le1 denoting perfective and the sentence-final le2 encoding a change of state in Chinese, play a crucial role in determining the grammaticality of certain verb-echo answers via aspectual anchoring. This analysis avoids analytical problems posed by V-to-C (domain) (Holmberg 2016; Simpson 2015, etc.). Evidence from information focus and negative scope reversal supports this two-track analysis of echo answers in Chinese. Finally, we conclude that typologically, Chinese, a language using verb-echo answers, is close to Vietnamese and Finnish in allowing adverbial short answers and akin to Thai and Finnish in allowing multiple verb echo answers.

Spatiotemporal narrative structure of the lingering garden based on traditional Chinese conception of time and space

Classical Chinese gardens have a distinct layout structure. By studying the traditional Chinese conception of space–time and its characteristics, this article explores the spatiotemporal narrative structure and typological patterns of the Lingering Garden, which is highly representative of Souzhou gardens in China. While existing literature addresses the sagittal and cyclical concepts of space–time, this paper advances a separate and interactive view of space–time using Yin-Yang transformation logic. Field research revealed that three space–time natures emerge as three spatiotemporal narratives in the Lingering Garden (sagittal, cyclical, and separate-and-interactive) with different characteristics. These modes intertwine in different ways in the garden’s five areas to form the Lingering Garden’s holistic spatiotemporal narrative structure, which nurtures dynamic experiences and infinite imagination. This result helps us better understand other Chinese gardens and supplements the theory of gardening art; however, more case studies should be done to determine its generalisability.

Glocalizations of digital nomads

The preferences and semiotic roots of digital nomads are considered, and the current state of globalization processes is characterized. Glocalization is viewed as a new paradigm of architecture that increases the dynamics of mobility and universality in the typological patterns of architecture of urban (global) environment. Objects of digital nomads like “third places”, “virtual fires”, WI-FI in infrastructure as elements of eco-digital cities will need tools similar to the controlled chaos.

Urban landscape structure anatomy: Structure patterns and typology identification in the space-time of Setif City, Algeria

The definition of urban form and its elements raises a wide debate in urban morphology. This study presents a proposal to understand the structuring of the urban landscape of Setif City over 170 years (1848-2018) by abstracting its main elements into permanent structure (PSUL). It corresponds to the street network, more static to the change of the town plan, and flexible structure (FSUL), more resilient to change and explains the superimpositions of morphological components (plot, building, and land use). This work aims to identify typological patterns of structures suggested in space-time through the inspection of the growth of the street network and the filling of morphological layers framed by the concept of urbanity. The methodology is based on syntactic (diachronic) morphogenetic analysis, with statistical analyses as unsupervised classification. Results indicate that PSUL presents an accumulation of microincrements produced with a similar degree of coherence in different urban fabrics, which explain the local patterns of street network structuring. The typology of FSUL patterns indicates an unbalanced growth by the arrangement between morphological elements, resulting in a variation in the degree of urbanity.

ДИНАМИКА БИОПОТЕНЦИАЛОВ ГОЛОВНОГО МОЗГА У ДОБРОВОЛЬЦЕВ ПРИ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИИ ПЕРЕГРУЗОК НА ЦЕНТРИФУГЕ КОРОТКОГО РАДИУСА В НАПРАВЛЕНИИ «ГОЛОВА –ТАЗ» (+GZ)

A series of +Gz runs on a short-arm human centrifuge (SAHC) was performed in support of the proposal to design a centrifuge as a source of gravity aboard piloted exploration vehicles. Nine male volunteers participated in a 3-stage experiment with exposure to 2.1 g, 2.41 g and 2.92 g. The runs were accompanied by electroencephalography monitoring (EEG). Classic visual EEG analysis revealed characteristic and individual changes in the brain bioelectrical activity. Spectral analysis provided information about relative powers (RP) of the EEG bands: delta-2 (2–4 Hz), tetha (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–13 Hz) and beta-1 (13–24 Hz) in 19 leads total. The body of RP changes made it possible to trace dynamics of the brain functional response to different g-loads. The greatest tetha RP decay (up to 15.5 %) with the simultaneous beta RP rise up to 8.4 % at 2.92 g pointed to activation of the cortex of cerebral hemispheres due to attenuation of the inhibitory effect of the nonspecific brain system. The neurophysiological individual typological patterns and absence of alpha RP changes implied a reasonably good CNS adaptation to all SAHC g-loads.

Ancient Artistic Motifs on Italian Memorials from the Unity to the Aftermath of World War I

In the decades subsequent to the unification of the Kingdom of Italy, achieved in 1861 with the proclamation of Vittorio Emanuele II as the king of the new State, the Italian peninsula became covered with many commemorative monuments. These were devoted, first of all, to honour the men who played a leading role in the heroic deeds of the Risorgimento but also to remember the places where the major historical events occurred. Afterwards as well, the Italian State went on erecting memorials, in order to celebrate other facts and casualties, as it happened on the occasion of the unsuccessful colonial attempts in the African land and then, above all, after the World War I. Many of these commemorative monuments, in the choice of the subjects each time represented and of the figurative motifs adorning them, show some inspiration from the artistic repertory of the classical antiquity, and especially from the Roman world. Single typological patterns and iconographies, properly refashioned, could well fit these new celebratory contexts too and strengthen their meaning. In that, the Italian artists involved in the monuments continued a tradition dating back, in the artistic practice of the western world, to the Renaissance period at least. But, unlike many other well known aspects of the classical heritage persistence in the modern art, the analysis of forms and models derived from the antiquity and inserted in the memorials is still lacking today all the critical attention it surely deserves. The article examines a sufficient set of examples and shows up the ways and purposes by which the ancient motifs were reproposed in the modern memorials. The monuments were selected not only among those still visible in the Italian cities, including minor towns, but also among those set in the actual sites where the events happened. Apart from the specific local contexts, the revival of ancient artistic motifs always performed well the task it was destined to and contributed to diffuse the ethics the Italian State wanted to convey.