Typological Methods Research Articles

Tipologiya form nadpisej na drevnih bronzovyh predmetah

This article provides relevant evidence for the dating of bronzes in the Western Zhou Dynasty through typological analysis of the form of inscriptions on ancient bronze objects using the method of archaeological typology.

Actual Tasks of Sociological Diagnostics (on the Example of “Wartime Essays” by K. Manheim)

Introduction. The article analyzes the current possibilities of diagnosing the society of wartime, based on the subject content and methods of sociology, as a non-trivial task for sociologists-teachers of higher education.Methodology and sources. The theoretical sources of the research were the works of classics of sociology (O. Comte, K. Marx, E. Fromm, K. Manheim) and modern Russian sociologists (M.K. Gorshkov, S.A. Kravchenko, J.T. Toschenko, V.Y. Fetisov), who defined the tasks of sociological diagnostics. The "Diagnosis of Our Time" by K. Manheim is analyzed as a historical example of their formulation. The empirical base was made up of official documents of the Russian Federation, the results of VTSIOM surveys, materials of public discussions in the Russian media, expert assessments and examples of analysis of the dynamics of civil society in the conditions of SVO. The methodology of socio-cultural analysis, social constructivism, typological method is used as a specific research strategy that allows to formulate complex value judgments.Results and discussion. Based on the experience of K. Manheim, the article discusses the current possibilities of sociological diagnostics based on the essential characteristics of society. In contrast to technocratic approaches, it is argued that sociological rationalism is not reduced to scientific and experimental. He includes the problems of natural law as his methodological principle in the analysis of social dynamics. On this basis, the tasks of sociological diagnostics are formulated: the study of the assessment process as a factor of social change reproducing the “crisis of assessments”. Its mechanisms are considered, – transfer, transformation, replacement with non–traditional equivalents, creation of new values, and ways of justification, – utilitarian justification, faith in the leader, class, racial and ethnic community. It is shown that a holistic understanding of shifts in the evaluation system is achieved by constructing ideal-typical concepts based on the axiological consciousness of the researcher. A research strategy of sociological diagnostics is outlined: collecting samples, models of self-determination in wartime conditions and their public discourse. The practical application of sociological knowledge is associated with the creation of value-probabilistic scenarios for the development of society as incentives for socio-economic and political transformations. Conclusion. The sociological diagnosis of wartime society requires the construction of conceptual ideas that collect images of the future that meet the priorities of security, personal freedoms and innovation. The idea of a “gathering”, ideally a conciliar democracy, seems very promising.

Folklore in Social Networks (Using the Example of Twitter and Telegram)

Folklore is a very old phenomenon that has undergone great changes over the entire period of its existence. The telecommunications revolution has significantly changed our lives, and folklore has undergone the same changes, which has penetrated into the space of digital communications, social networks. This actualized the study of this topic in modern linguistic science. In accordance with the high relevance of this topic, folklore in social networks such as Twitter and Telegram became the object of the article's research. In the course of the work, general scientific methods of induction, deduction, synthesis, abstraction were used, as well as particular methods of linguistic research – descriptive method, typological method, method of formalization and method of logical comparison. Through the conducted research, it was found out that modern folklore has moved into the field of digital communications, where it has been actively developed, many new forms of folklore and channels for its dissemination have appeared. The results of the work can be used as a theoretical basis containing a systematic range of works on folklore, as well as as a basis for practical application when working in the field of Internet communications, public relations, mass media, journalism. Along with the development of society, language also develops, new forms of expression appear, thanks to the mass media it has become much easier to create and distribute them. Folklore is no exception in this sense – it has become one of the means of communication, expression of emotions to describe the current situation on the Internet, the pandemic is a vivid result of that. It has become the main theme of modern folklore since 2020.

Implementing the nature's contributions framework: A case study based on farm typologies in small-scale agroecosystems from the Mexico highlands

IntroductionIntegrating the heterogeneity of small-scale agriculture with the regulation, material, and non-material contributions is key to complementing the rural-support policy instruments. The objectives of the present study were to analyze the diversity of agricultural types of management in small-scale maize agroecosystems and discuss their implications for nature's contributions in the region of Valles Altos, México.MethodsThe methodology was conducted by constructing an agricultural management typology with multivariate statistical analysis for 112 small plots interviews. The operationalization of regulation, material, and non-material nature's contributions was based on the definition and counting of cultural elements from agronomic management for each class of contribution.ResultsThe results indicate three different types of agricultural management defined mainly by the type of seed, the destination of harvest, and the type of tillage. This management diversity is guided by farmers' motivation to achieve food self-sufficiency or generate income from grain sales. Each management type has a unique provision of regulation, material, and no material contributions defined by the use of the native seed, use of stover, and management diversification.DiscussionThe integration of farm typology methods and nature's contributions framework reveals that it is critical to establish new incentives that include the biological and cultural diversity of agroecosystems and the individual motivations of farmers. This may help conserve the natural and cultural values of agriculture and design appropriate incentives for small-scale agriculture.

Multi-Level Housing Governance in Rural Settlement: Transformation of Two Vernacular Houses in Zhejiang Province of China

Vernacular houses are a dynamic complex that assemble multi-dimension variables of time, space, and people. Two governance systems, which are the officials and the people, control the village on different levels, and the spheres of their influences are distinct during different socio-economy periods. In this paper, a multi-level analytical framework is used to regroup information. Three agents are engaged in modeling the issue that each plays a different role in different levels of construction. This paper takes the two cases, the Old Tang House (OTH) and the Sishuishanzhuang Chen House (SSCH) in the Xiaqiao Village (under bridge village) in Zhejiang Province of China to study the transformation process of housing settlement in three building levels. The methods of morphology and typology are used to illustrate and disintegrate the process of housing transformation. Then, a further reading of space is conducted to explain how the hidden agents influence and control the transformation. As a result, a clear hierarchy of governance approaches is proved that the larger the scale of observed space, the higher the order of governance power. What happens in settlement level are always controlled by formal governance, meanwhile, in architectural level are controlled by more informal agents from individuals.

Советские исследователи о шаманской болезни и «шаманском безумии»

The purpose of this article is to review various opinions of Soviet scientists about mental health of shamans. The task of this paper is to analyse a wide range of Soviet sources on shamanism, identify their attitude to “shamanic madness” and possible reasons for its formation, and compare positions of different authors on the subject. The following methods were used: comparative, causal analysis, historicism, and typological methods. In modern Russia, there is a preconceived opinion about the sharply negative attitude to religion in the Soviet era. In the USSR, there was indeed active antireligious propaganda, but it is an exaggeration to say that it represents the entire complex layer of relations between representatives of different faiths and Soviet institutions. Soviet science was based on the aspiration for objective knowledge of the world. This also applied to the primitive beliefs that existed at that time in the Northern and Eastern regions of the country, in particular shamanism. This article deals with the issue of shamanic initiatory sickness and shamanic activities based on communication with spirits. On this issue, there was a lively debate – whether these diseases are the result of psychological abnormalities or have a different origin. The article provides a wide range of sources about shamanism and the personality of the shaman, from the works of exiled revolutionaries to professional researchers done in the 80s. The main theories about the reasons for the shaman's ritual behaviour are briefly presented. The dependence of scientists' representation of the shamans during the development of Soviet state and science is shown.

LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL PECULIARITIES OF REPRODUCTION OF BUKOVYNA IN TRANSLATIONS BY PETRO RYKHLO

In the context of contemporary globalization, there is a growing interest in studying the cultures of different countries and peoples, and thus in literature that contains a cultural component. This creates the need to translate such texts into other languages. In this case, the translator's task is not only to convey the content, but also to introduce the reader to a particular culture, explain incomprehensible concepts and processes, while not losing the individual style of the text. This task requires the translator to understand the culturally specific elements, strategies and methods of translating these elements that correspond to the purpose and function of the text. This paper examines the literary heritage of the authors of Bukovyna in the first half of the twentieth century, namely Georg Drozdowski's work "Then in Chernivtsi and Around", which is rich in culturally specific elements and interfering phenomena that arose as a result of the long interaction of different ethnic groups in the territory of Bukovyna at that time. This paper analyzes the cultural specificity in Georg Drozdowski's "Then in Chernivtsi and Around", and in the translation of this work by Petro Rykhlo. The study is devoted to the aspect of cultural specificity; for this purpose, intra- and extralinguistic culturally specific elements, as well as interference phenomena in the original and in the translation were analyzed. The work is relevant in the context of the growing interest in culturally specific aspects in translation and linguistic studies of Ukrainian-German language contacts in Bukovyna. The study employs various methods, such as: statistical method, continuous sampling method, comparative and typological methods, descriptive method. The study revealed that the following number of culturally specific units in the original, and thus in the translation, is contained in the percentage ratio: proper names (geographical names – 22.6%, names of people – 19.5%, names of institutions – 4.9%, trademarks – 0.8%), dialect – 12.8%, government – 6.8%, job titles – 5.6%, interferential phenomena – 5.3%, education – 4.9%, literature – 3.8%, colloquialism – 3.4%, food and drink – 3%, entertainment – 2.3%, other – 1.5%, proverbs – 1.1%, currency – 0.8%, sports – 0.8%, phraseology – 0.4%. According to these data, we can say that the largest number of culturally specific elements is in the areas of "geographical names" and "names of people", which are considered to be extralinguistic cultural specificity. Among the intralinguistic culturally specific units, it is also worth highlighting dialectal vocabulary, which is the most numerous among these units and also contains many interfering phenomena; the adaptation of germanisms, polonisms, and yiddishisms into Ukrainian has been traced. From a pragmatic point of view, this study shows that the translator managed to convey not only the content of the text, which contains a large number of culturally specific units and interfering phenomena, but also the style, atmosphere, emotional coloring, and author's intention. This work reflects an important aspect of translation activity related to the preservation of cultural specificity in translations and the study of language contacts in intercultural communication.

LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL PECULIARITIES OF REPRODUCTION OF BUKOVYNA IN TRANSLATIONS BY PETRO RYKHLO

In the context of contemporary globalization, there is a growing interest in studying the cultures of different countries and peoples, and thus in literature that contains a cultural component. This creates the need to translate such texts into other languages. In this case, the translator's task is not only to convey the content, but also to introduce the reader to a particular culture, explain incomprehensible concepts and processes, while not losing the individual style of the text. This task requires the translator to understand the culturally specific elements, strategies and methods of translating these elements that correspond to the purpose and function of the text. This paper examines the literary heritage of the authors of Bukovyna in the first half of the twentieth century, namely Georg Drozdowski's work "Then in Chernivtsi and Around", which is rich in culturally specific elements and interfering phenomena that arose as a result of the long interaction of different ethnic groups in the territory of Bukovyna at that time. This paper analyzes the cultural specificity in Georg Drozdowski's "Then in Chernivtsi and Around", and in the translation of this work by Petro Rykhlo. The study is devoted to the aspect of cultural specificity; for this purpose, intra- and extralinguistic culturally specific elements, as well as interference phenomena in the original and in the translation were analyzed. The work is relevant in the context of the growing interest in culturally specific aspects in translation and linguistic studies of Ukrainian-German language contacts in Bukovyna. The study employs various methods, such as: statistical method, continuous sampling method, comparative and typological methods, descriptive method. The study revealed that the following number of culturally specific units in the original, and thus in the translation, is contained in the percentage ratio: proper names (geographical names – 22.6%, names of people – 19.5%, names of institutions – 4.9%, trademarks – 0.8%), dialect – 12.8%, government – 6.8%, job titles – 5.6%, interferential phenomena – 5.3%, education – 4.9%, literature – 3.8%, colloquialism – 3.4%, food and drink – 3%, entertainment – 2.3%, other – 1.5%, proverbs – 1.1%, currency – 0.8%, sports – 0.8%, phraseology – 0.4%. According to these data, we can say that the largest number of culturally specific elements is in the areas of "geographical names" and "names of people", which are considered to be extralinguistic cultural specificity. Among the intralinguistic culturally specific units, it is also worth highlighting dialectal vocabulary, which is the most numerous among these units and also contains many interfering phenomena; the adaptation of germanisms, polonisms, and yiddishisms into Ukrainian has been traced. From a pragmatic point of view, this study shows that the translator managed to convey not only the content of the text, which contains a large number of culturally specific units and interfering phenomena, but also the style, atmosphere, emotional coloring, and author's intention. This work reflects an important aspect of translation activity related to the preservation of cultural specificity in translations and the study of language contacts in intercultural communication.

Perfect in the Old Uighur Language

The article discusses the semantic nature of the Turkic perfect, its semantic zone limitations and possible grammar tools of expressing Perfect in the Old Uighur language. Goals. The study aims to determine grammar tools of expressing Perfect meanings in the Old Uighur language. Morphological tools that are able to perform the meanings included into the semantic zone of Perfect are being studied. Perfect and description of its semantic zone are connected with the concepts of aspect, actionality and ways of verbal action. In this regard, the issue of the relevance of these terms, in relation to the Old Uighur perfect, is under discussion. The grammar tools expressing Perfect are studied according to the point of view that excludes Aspect as a grammar category in the Turkic languages. Studying aspectual and temporal meanings of Perfect diachronically on the basis of the Od Uighur material may give a hint to understand the Turkic perfect and its expressions in genetically related modern languages. Functional-semantic and typological methods are used to identify and describe morphological tools with a perfect meaning. Scripts of the Old Uighur language, dated back to 10th–11th centuries, are of biographical and religious-philosophical content. Work with scripts, comprehension of existing theoretical approaches to understanding Perfect as an element of aspectual functional-semantic field show that Perfect meanings in the Old Uighur language are expressed by morphological tools that can be correlated with models. The study concludes that means expressing the Perfect meaning in the Old Uighur language are able to mark temporal localization and/or aspect.

Професійна підготовка фахівця соціономічного профілю: іноземна мова для психологів

The article analyzes the content of educational programs in English for psychologists for compliance with the modern realities of the educational process and the demands of postmodern society. The purpose of this study is to analyze the known forms and organizational and methodological conditions of training psychologists in the professional literature, in particular, regarding the training of future psychologists to solve consulting activities. For this, the method of system-structural analysis, descriptive-analytical and typological methods are applied. It is claimed that modern educational programs are more than ever a field of combination, cooperation and contradictions between traditional and modern principles, forms, methods, means of education. Given the processes of European integration in Ukraine, the need for a radical update of educational programs, approaches and methods in the sense of connection with practical activities and everyday life, in accordance with the principles of interactivity, digitalization, continuous learning and self-education, etc. is recognized. In order to form the key competencies of the modern age, traditional forms, means, and methods of training specialists in the socio-economic profile need to be changed. It is about increasing the number of practical classes, strengthening international ties, further active use of multimedia educational materials, case method and means of socio-psychological interactive theater, introduction of new topics on intercultural communication and cognitive biases. Emphasis is placed on the expression of forms of independent work of students and strengthening of international ties. However, the question of finding the optimal balance between traditional (classical) and new approaches in the educational process, in particular in curricula, remains open.

Из истории английской антиутопии конца XX в.: идейно-содержательные доминанты романа Ф.Д. Джеймс «Дитя человеческое»

The paper suggests the analysis of the way dystopian genre invariant was realized in the novel The Children of Men by the English writer P.D. James. Particularly, the author of the article studies the novel’s conceptual and thematic elements regarding dystopian canon. Firstly, the article characterizes literary dystopia. Secondly, it defines the level of novel’s research in Russian and English literary studies. Thirdly, using the methods of genre typology and artistic analysis, the article investigates conceptual and thematic content of the novel, that is defined, according to the canon, by the concept of power, theme of an authoritarian state, problems of freedom restriction, progress of material values and regress of spiritual ones and by the complex of motifs (destruction of the past, standardization, prevention, etc.). The results show that the dystopia The Children of Men was written in the conceptual and substantial aspect within the bounds of the genre tradition. At the same time the motif of family ties’ destruction and decay of family is presented originally: the central image of the child gains sacred meaning. The author intensifies the motifs of prevention and profanation of sacred biblical thematic.

ЗАРУБІЖНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПРОЦЕСУ СОЦІОКУЛЬТУРНОЇ АДАПТАЦІЇ БІЖЕНЦІВ

There are lots refugees in the world today. Therefore, the problems of their adaptation to the host society and culture comes a priority. Available foreign researches on these problems demonstrate a wide range of problems related to the socio-cultural adaptation of refugees. The purpose of the article is to review the work of representatives of the humanitarian sphere regarding the definition of key concepts of adaptation and the selection of modern scientific directions in its study. The research methodology is based on the historical method, the methods of historiographical analysis, synthesis and typology of scientific directions, and comparative analysis. Projects and scientific articles of researchers from the USA, Sweden, Germany, Norway, Belgium, Turkey, Canada, Malaysia, Indonesia and other countries were analyzed. The most important directions of socio-cultural adaptation research in the field of cultural anthropology, psychology, sociology, cultural studies and political science are defined. They all agree that this process is long and difficult, and does not always end positively for refugees. However, modern foreign researches demonstrate such a broad thematic diversity, to take into account the latest political and global social problems, that the definition of socio-cultural adaptation is enriched with new essential features. Classical theoretical works of the XX century regarding the adaptation of a person to the environment are now giving way to thorough researches of the adaptive capabilities of various categories of migrants, in particular refugees, which are based on practical developments, numerous interviews, questionnaires and surveys. European researchers pay considerable attention to the analysis of generations of refugees, while Russian researchers pay attention to individual features of socio-cultural adaptation.

Screen mirror: the fractured Reality of wartime

The presented conceptualization of the discursive field of the screen mirror as a reflection of the Reality of Russia's war against Ukraine fits into the situation of the presence of multiple discourses of this war, where each author builds their own version, articulating it in their reflections. Non-verbal practices are connected to the discourse-analysis of the Russian aggression against Ukraine — images, when the events of the war are framed by the screen through semantic images as a visual series, according to the time of their progress. War as an event in specific circumstances and time is considered through the concept of "split Reality of the screen mirror", transformed into a collage of continuous replacements of "real" reality by constructed Reality. Without claiming the transcendentality of the idea of the screen mirror as containing a semantic boundedness, we try to give epistemic significance to a greater extent not to images, forms of depicting war, but to the idea of the "split Reality of the screen mirror" as a semantic phenomenon. The method of typology introduces a conceptual character — the figure of a media person as someone who has access to screen means of depicting the course of war, who is the culprit of the "split reality of the screen mirror" and fragments this mirror. Borrowed from Žižek's philosophical psychoanalysis, the concept of "real" reality" made it possible to develop the problem of the existence of the truth of the event of war due to "(dis)trust in the image", which, in turn, raises the question — whether the screen image of war is an embodiment of the symbolic order.

«Открывая эпоху»: к 100-летию создания советского еженедельника «Огонек»

Introduction. One of the modern directions of historical science is the study of the transformation of public consciousness in the conditions of a transitional state of society, a reflection of which is the periodical press. The illustrated socio-political and literary and artistic weekly magazine of universal content “Ogonyok”, discussed in the article, on the one hand, can serve as an indicator of public consciousness, and on the other, acts as an instrument of its formation in the conditions of the formation of the official ideology of the Soviet state in the 1920s. A little studied period in the history of the magazine is the 1920s. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct, on the basis of various historical sources, the history of the creation and functioning of the Soviet weekly Ogonyok in the first post-revolutionary decade, to consider its role and place in the system of Soviet periodicals. Materials and methods. The study is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, and comprehensiveness, the consistent application of which made it possible to analyze the history of the emergence and development of the Ogonyok magazine and determine its role in the socio-cultural life of the country. Historical-comparative methods of historical research were used, which made it possible to consider the magazine “Ogonyok” in comparison with other periodicals of the era; historical and genetic, trace changes in the content of the Ogonyok magazine at different stages of its existence. Historical and typological methods aimed at identifying the main genres of the magazine’s publications revealed the features of their evolution and the degree of influence on society as practices of transmitting new values. Sources of personal origin and critical reviews of contemporaries dedicated to the magazine “Ogonyok” are introduced into scientific circulation. Analysis. The article examines the stages of development of the mass Soviet weekly in the first post-revolutionary decade, analyzes its transformation into the largest publishing house of mass periodicals at the turn of the 1920s-1930s. The magazine "Ogonyok", revived during the NEP period, on the initiative of the Soviet journalist M.E. Koltsov combined the features of a daily newspaper and a thick monthly. This determined a special style and methods of work, requiring a change in the forms of presenting materials, genre and thematic diversity. All this was reflected in a carefully thought-out journal strategy, which consisted of searching for forms of presenting material and high demands on the genre characteristics of publications. “Ogonyok” became the first weekly publication on which pages a new genre appeared - photo essay. Visual genres were actively used, namely a photo report, a photogram, a photo note, a photo cover and a photo collage. Using a variety of text and visual genres, Ogonyok conveyed the new values of the Soviet state (patriotism, collectivism, atheism, social optimism, the cult of work, the cult of a healthy body) with the help of which a new model of human relations was formed. An integral feature of the magazine was the constant search for operational forms and methods of organizational and mass work of the editorial team, improvement of the publication distribution system (book supplements, libraries, contractors and distributors, communication with the editorial offices of local newspapers, etc.). Results. The conducted research allowed us to conclude that during the NEP period, the editorial board of the magazine was able, using legal and financial instruments, to carry out organizational changes, which resulted in the formation of the JointStock Publishing Company Ogonyok. The magazine became the basis for a new publishing house, whose differentiated approach was expressed in the production of accessible mass editions for various reader groups. The renaming of the Joint-Stock Publishing Company Ogonyok into Magazine and Newspaper Association in 1931 completed the long-standing process of expanding the publishing activities of Ogonyok, and also met the objectives of creating information and propaganda potential in the country.

Borislava Efimenkova’s Research of Northern Russian Lamentations as the Beginning of the Ethnomusicological Science of the Gnesins’ Institute

The article is devoted to the research work by the famous Russian ethnomusicologist Borislava Borisovna Efimenkova (1933–1996) Severnorusskaya prichet' [Northern Russian Lamentations], which was published in 1980. The book has become a milestone in the scholarly work of the author herself, who has demonstrated herself as a mature and extraordinary researcher of Russian folk music. The fundamental nature of the research, the radical novelty of the methodology and the credibility of the scholarly results have provided this work with a groundbreaking character. It has become a reference study for music scholars, who have pursued structural and typological methods of research for many years, and has maintained this status to the present day. The book includes a compilation of almost 180 examples of vocal lamentations from the Vologda region pertaining to funerals, recruitments and weddings (solo cries of the brides and cries sung by choral ensembles of girls). At the core of the monograph lies a detailed study of this phenomenon. Its goal is to present the local tradition of vocal lamentations as a holistic phenomenon endowed with a systematic organization. The structural-typological method has been chosen as the main research tool; its chief theorist and proponent in Soviet ethnomusicology of the second half of the 20th century was Eugeny Gippius, who had everted an immense influence on the formation of Efimenkova as a musicologist. In Severnorusskaya prichet' [Northern Russian Lamentations] Gippius’s ideas of structural-systematic approach to the study of folk music have found its practical manifestation for the first time. A significant role in the study of the East Vologda region is assigned to the arealogical method. As the result of this, six published geographical maps have provided the first example of geographical mapping of Russian folk vocal lamentations.

THE RICHNESS OF THE LEXICAL FUND OF EUROPEAN LANGUAGES THROUGH THE PRISM OF INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY TERMS

At first glance, the process of studying word elements seems outdated and stale. However, the structuralist approach to language learning helps not only to take a philosophical look at the development of grammar, but also to establish deep connections in the structure of encoded meanings, and contributes to the study of the latest meanings in nominalization trends associated with internationalization and globalization as phenomena of modern life. In a broad sense, it is simply an interesting and fascinating journey into the history of language, as terms with final elements of classical origin are increasingly subject to varying degrees of adaptation in modern European languages. Consideration of the ways and means of penetration of finite term elements into the systems of different languages is an important step in the study of modern languages, the study of etymology, and the study of term elements in new European languages. The paper presents a detailed analysis of dictionary definitions, in the structure of which final term elements are distinguished. It is proved that any research methodology (contextual, comparative, interpretive, distributional, component, associative) has the right to exist. And the emergence of new terms or the adaptation of long-known ones is a challenge to the digitalization processes of today. The material for the study was based on etymological and explanatory dictionaries of Polish, German, French, and Ukrainian. The hypothesis of the study is that terms with finite elements of classical origin have undergone varying degrees of adaptation in modern European languages. They are characterized by a "standard set" of semantic groups of meanings, and the terms go back to the classical languages. The article uses descriptive and comparative and typological methods of research; the dynamics of adaptation of terms and their meanings is analyzed in synchronicity and diachrony. The conclusions illustrate typical metamodels in which information is encoded. The comparative study contains recommendations for the application (the terminology matrix exists and needs to be followed; the latest technologies and related artificial intelligence are polished by the linguistic units that form text passages; elements of terminology are capable of extrapolation).

О демографической ситуации на Тамбовщине в эпоху средневековья

Importance. The main source of information about demographic processes that took place in the Middle Ages on the territory of modern Tambov region and adjacent territories is archaeological research. Almost to the present time, the Upper Don region and the Oka-Don plain remained a white spot on the medieval archaeological map. Only in recent decades has the source base been significantly expanded. Monuments of the first half of the first millennium of the new era belonging to the circle of Early Slavic antiquities were identified; studies of the monuments of the Don Slavs, the Old Russian time, the nomadic circle were carried out. The purpose of the study was to identify the directions of settlement of the Oka-Don plain in the Middle Ages, its dynamics, ethnic composition, contacts of the new population with the autochthonous. Materials and methods. The principle of historicism, the comparative typological method and the principle of objectivity. Both general and special methods of historical cognition were used. The dating of archaeological materials and their belonging to a certain ethnic group was determined by studying ceramics and a few individual finds. Results and Discussion. The territory of modern Tambov region, as part of the Oka-Don plain, has always been attractive due to its natural and climatic features not only for nomadic peoples, but also for settled tribes. Due to various factors, such as the Great Migration of peoples, periodic invasions of nomads, the disintegration of individual archaeological cultures, the demographic situation in the Middle Ages was extremely unstable. Residents of many settlements were forced to change their place of residence, or try to coexist with nomads. Conclusion. Conclusions are drawn about the diversity of ethnic groups in the Tambov region due to the presence of cultural finds, remnants of dwellings, burials in places of existence of various cultures. The novelty of the conducted research lies in the chronological systematization of the stages of life and activity of the peoples who lived in the first millennium on the territory of the modern Tambov region. Their ancestral and cultural ties, lifestyle and territorial movements for various reasons have become objects of study using archaeological methods, which has allowed us to expand our knowledge of the ancient history of the region. Further attention to the famous monuments and the discovery of new ones on the territory of the Oka-Don plain will allow us to study in more detail the demographic situation in the Middle Ages in this territory.

The large companies’ sustainable development effect on the population adaptation to dynamic changes

The article is devoted to the issues of how the large companies’ sustainable development helps the population to adapt to rapid changes. The novelty of the paper’s scientific approach lies in the consideration of sustainable development at the micro level as a mechanism by which the entrepreneurship social institution contributes to the population adaptation towards social and economic dynamic changes. The article proves that the sustainable development concept implementation gives an opportunity to influence positively not only this company employees’ adaptation, but also the entire population of the company location area. The article analyses the annual Sustainable Development or Corporate Social Responsibility reports of ten large Russian companies for 2021 using a typological method of Document Analysis, and identifies measures that contribute to the company employees’ adaptation, as well as the population adaptation to dynamic transformations in the economy. The article also uses the results of the author’s sociological survey conducted in Sverdlovsk region at the end of 2021 about the mechanisms of population adaptation towards dynamic socio-economic changes. The paper proposes, as recommendations, to study purposefully the population needs of assistance in adaptation in order to implement them in sustainable development policies.

The motif of duality in the works by contemporary authors (“The Numb God” by J. Vainonen, “Devastation” by L. Deresh, “Mushrooms of Vienna” by G. Tribuson)

The object of the analysis is several works by modern authors whose characters are in conflict with their own self (“Devastation” by Lyubko Deresh ) or with the world (like the violinist in Goran Tribuson’s story, who feels that he is not really the master of the sounds of music, but rather that music possesses him like a toy), or who feel the impossibility of the completeness of their own existence because they do not know their own roots (like the character of the novel “The Numb God” by Jyrki Vainonen). The considered problem is the peculiarity of the modern interpretation of the possibility of a person’s duality, the reasons for the modern writers’ use of the phenomenon of duality, and the role of the motif in the expression of the author’s concept of man and reality. The purpose of the article is to clarify the basis of the motif of duality in modern works of art, in particular, the connection of this motif with certain groups of myths or mythopoetic representations; as well as its conditions either by the state of the character, who experiences the doubling of his own “I”, or by events that cause the character to be assimilated to someone else. The main research method in the article is a typological one. The author compares the works from the point of view of the state in which the characters find themselves, standing before the border between existence and non-existence. In addition to the typological method, the mythopoetic method is also used — each of the works reveals the purpose of including the mystical in its poetic structure. In the novel by Deresh, the character finds himself in the Zone, which he imagines to be alive, as something that controls his destiny. In Vainonen’s novel, the character discovers that his father is the god of jackdaws. In Tribuson’s story, the character in a cab without a coach enters the forest, the space of death, where the seasons change in a matter of minutes, and where guides to the underworld await him. The results of the research prove that each of the presented works are united by the plot motif of self-identification of the characters. Self-identification is understood as the process of discovering one’s uniqueness and at the same time similarity with others, one’s relations with the environment, and the nature of the orientation of one’s own self, that is, self-appointment. The purpose of the process of self-identification is always the harmonization of relations both with one’s own self and with the environment. Duality accompanies the process of self-identification because it gives a person the opportunity to look at himself from the outside. This concerns, first of all, the character by Deresh. That is, the roots of the motif of duality lie in the idea of the soul as the second “I” of a person. Duality in Tribuson’s story is connected with the same ideas. But here the double is something “foreign” to the character. The roots of the motif of duality in Vainonen’s novel are totemic mythopoetic ideas, when all those who belong to the same genus are identical, they are doubles. Therefore, the character and his father are doubles. Despite the different roots of the motif of duality, in all works it is the result of the character’s effort to overcome the state of being on the verge of non-existence, to find meaning in his life.

Ecological education in Literature lessons at university

Literature as an academic subject is characterized by rather wide possibilities of forming the right attitude to ecological issues. The purpose of the paper is to examine the ways of developing ecological culture in Literature lessons at university in the framework of online course “Ecological issues in Russian Literature”. The following tasks are set: to select the authors who actively develop environmental issues in their works, to introduce terminological vocabulary, to expand the range of ideas and create interdisciplinary research projects aimed at improving the environmental situation on the planet. The methodology of the study was based on a set of methods such as a research method, the comparative typological method, and the heuristic method. The course presents the nature in the following forms for the students to understand: a revengeful God (I. Bunin), a human-being himself (V. Astafyev’s, V. Rasputin), spiritual values (A. Solzhenitsyn), mythological creature (Ch. Aitmatov), the wildlife (V. Soloukhin, Y. Yevtushenko), freedom (Y. Yevtushenko). The description of real natural catastrophes presented by the authors (V. Rasputin, V. Astafyev, Ch. Aitmatov) plants the idea in the students’ minds that it is not allowed to destruct of nature for the sake of rapid scientific and technological progress.