Typological Criteria Research Articles

Opportunities to improve the typology and regional development of rural settlements in Bulgaria

Within the European space, there is more and more talk about the differences between the center and the periphery, regional development at different speeds, depressed states of the settlements and other problems with a focus on the condition and functioning of the settlements. Our focus is on rural areas and their particularities of settlement and functioning of the settlements in them. In this direction. We set ourselves the goal of deriving the regularities caused by the historically developed network that rural settlements form in the EU and to propose an up-to-date methodology for the typology of villages. This is possible only by systematizing the facts and establishing the main types of approaches and criteria for typology.

The interlocutors� intentions and reactions within the dialogue: implication and verbalization

Relevance. The responsive sentences of heuristic type make the communication easier for the its participants, but in real life the other types of answers, which are containing new lexical units, are more sufficient, more pragmatically oriented and more important for the process of the communicative interaction.Purpose. The article deals with a wide range of reply variants within the question�answer system.Methodology. The study focuses on the interrelation of the intention revealing a communicative task in the different types of sentences with the reaction expressed in the responsive sentence.Results. Analyzing both structure and semantics of the heuristic responsive sentences and their connections with the utterances of interlocutors� intents in the scope of the English prose fiction, the authors give a meta-description of these answer-forms that correlates their structural, lexical, semantic and functional features defined in the multilingual dimension and realized as the typology criteria with their peculiarities manifesting the systematic characteristics of the English language.Conclusions. The investigation reveals that in most cases the syntactic construction formed to react verbally to the interrogative sentence as well as to the declarative and imperative ones is not limited only to the response �Yes/No�, but extends to a number of words or even phrases uttering the answer.

Non-subject oriented existential, possessive and dative-experiencer constructions in Modern Hebrew – a cross-linguistic typological approach

Abstract This paper sheds light on the alignment of Existential, Possessive and Dative-Experiencer constructions prevalent in Modern Hebrew that involve ambiguity of syntactic relations. Data-driven and employing a strictly typological approach, the study argues that the constructions in question are fundamentally related, and that they do not conform to the typological criteria of ‘subject-oriented’ languages, like most Indo-European languages. It is suggested that an inner relationship holds between the constructions in question. As a non-subject oriented language that does not require entities of referential prominence to be encoded as subjects or topics, Hebrew tends to configure non-volitional events as happening, or coming from outside – existing with reference to the entity experiencing them or who is involved in them as Benefactive or Possessor.

Suicidal Ideation and Death by Suicide as a Result of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spanish-Speaking Countries: Systematic Review.

Suicidal behaviors and constructs are putting at risk the accomplishment of Objective 3 of Agenda 2030 for sustainable development in Spanish-speaking countries. The current study's principal objective is to explain the presence of suicidal ideation and deaths by suicide as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spanish-speaking countries based on a review of the scientific literature. The PRISMA model was used as the main method while considering the criteria of periodicity, language, typology, and country in order to choose the 28 articles that were analyzed from the following three databases: SCOPUS, Web of Science, and ProQuest Coronavirus Research Database. Suicidal ideation and death by suicide exhibited a growth trend during the COVID-19 pandemic, including post-pandemic, especially in kids, adolescents, and young women of university age belonging to lower socioeconomic strata and presenting risk factors like living in rural areas, poor mental health, unemployment, and family death due to COVID-19.

Nikolaevo-Otradnoye II—A New Early and Middle Paleolithic Site in the Northeastern Azov Region

We describe materials from a new Paleolithic site, discovered in 2020 on the right bank of Mius estuary, near its confl uence with the Taganrog Bay of the Sea of Azov, in the southern outskirts of the village of Nikolaevo-Otradnoye, which is in the Neklinovksky District of the Rostov Region. The clearing of a 10-meter-high river-bluff revealed a complex stratigraphy of subaqueous and subaerial Late and Middle Pleistocene rocks. Horizons with lithics and faunal remains were identifi ed. Cultural remains found in the coastal exposure and in the stratigraphic section belong to the Early and Middle Paleolithic. The early stage in the peopling of the Northeastern Azov and the Lower Don regions is documented by Early Paleolithic artifacts found in the subaqueous deposits of layers 5 and 6 (MIS 9–11, ~420– 270 ka BP). Heavil y waterworn patinated lithics include a core-shaped artifact, variou s types of side-scrapers, a scaled piece, fl akes, and chips. This complex is an informative addition to known complexes from the region, including contemporaneous ones. The most interesting is the Middle Paleolithic industry of layer 4 under the Kamenka (?) soil— layer 3, MIS 7. The toolkit consists of a diagonal side-scraper and a chip found in the section, as well as radial and Levallois cores, various side-scrapers, a par tly bifacial tool, spalls , and chips found in the denudation. Technological and typological criteria (primarily the Levallois technology) and the tentative date of non-waterworn patinated lithics make it possible to attribute them to the Early Middle Paleolithic of the southern Russian Plain. It is concluded that cultural remains of the Early Middle Paleolithic, dating to ~243–191 ka BP, have been found in the region for the fi rst time, fi lling the gap in the local Early Middle Paleolithic sequence. In adjacent regions, similar industries have been known since the late 1900s.

Modern criteria of typology of legal systems

This article deals with two modern typology criteria of legal systems, which have been widely recognized in the Western academic literature – the criterion of style and the criterion of law as a means of social organization. The Zweigert-Kötz taxonomy came to serve as the basis for the empirical literature that sought to establish the economic consequences of legal institutions. And the taxonomy proposed by Ugo Mattei tries to be impartial, without prejudicing states that have a different understanding of law, different from the Western tradition. The authors finally highlight the type of civil law, the type of common law, the type of religious law and the type of philosophically inspired law.

Criminological typology of radical criminals among sentenced to imprisonment

The article is devoted to the study of radical criminals among those sentenced to imprisonment. The purpose of the article is to provide a criminological typological characteristic of criminal radicals among those sentenced to imprisonment. The following tasks have been solved to achieve this goal: 1) to define the typological criteria for the division of criminal radicals among those sentenced to imprisonment; 2) to identify the relevant criminological types according to the criteria; 3) to identify and describe the signs of criminological types of criminal radicals among those sentenced to imprisonment.
 It has been proposed that 7 typological personal criteria should be used in scientific use and practical criminal prevention activities: by nature, by the direction of criminal and radical actions, by the contextual element of personal radicalisation, by the source of radical attitude, by the peculiarities of the radical’s predicate state, by the existential content of criminal and radical behaviour, and by the dominant social and role feature. According to them, 22 criminological types (including subtypes) of criminal radicals among convicts were identified. The author describes the key criminologically significant features of each type. The integrated typological characteristics of radical criminals among convicts give grounds to note that most of them can be correlated with an initiative, aggressive, rational-conformist, collectivist radical of an inclusive type.
 Both the initial diagnostic work of the relevant units and officials of the quarantine, diagnostic and distribution sectors of correctional colonies, as well as the further work of social and psychological work inspectors, should be aimed at identifying and recording these features. It has been argued that this information should also be taken into account when organising and carrying out operational work among prisoners in order to block the development of motivations for radical actions in a timely manner and to stop the tendencies of radicalisation among prisoners.
 It has been noted that the proposed typology of criminal radicals in penitentiary institutions is not closed, exhaustive, and can be supplemented with other criteria and types depending on the researcher's target setting and a specific applied request in the field of prevention of criminal radical manifestations in penitentiary institutions.

Art and creative spaces in the context of architectural and art education

The main subject of the article is the definition and typology of creative spaces. The goal is a search for an architectural solution for creative space in the university environment. Tasks: compilation of the terminological base of the study; typologization of public and educational creative spaces; formation of the creative cluster concept of the intercollegiate campus in Khabarovsk. The relevance of the topic is due to the growing demand for new university spaces, including those implemented within the framework of the federal program for the creation of world-class campuses, taking into account new forms and methods of organizing educational processes. Qualitative content analysis was used as a method in this article. In general, the methods of photofixation, sociological survey, modeling were used in the study. At the beginning of the article, the terminological base of the study is established, based on the difference in the etymology and semantics of the term "creativity". The first meaning of the term refers to the initiative of generating unusual ideas and social format. The second meaning refers to the process of producing new items, cultural phenomena and individual format. The analysis of the research of public creative spaces allows us to identify the main criteria of typology: according to the initial data, according to the functions, according to the method and purpose of the organization, according to the way the space is organized. The analysis of specialized workshops at universities with creative directions was based on the criteria of the educational process organization. The novelty of the research consists in an attempt to combine narrow-profile educational spaces of architectural and artistic directions with public creative spaces within the framework of the intercollegiate campus in Khabarovsk. The research hypothesis is the art and creative university spaces co-organization contributes to the fulfillment of the university mission 3.0.

A Functional Analysis of Lithics of the Early Iron Age Yankovsky Culture: New Findings

We present the results of a functional analysis of lithics of the Yankovsky culture (800 BC to the turn of the millennium) from two sites–Cherepakha-7 and Solontsovaya-2, excavated over large areas during salvage works in 2015 and 2017, respectively. Such tools are traditionally described as axes, adzes, chisels, knives, spearheads, and projectile points. Certain findings of the functional analysis disagree with this classification. The question arises of the correspondence between formal typological and traceological criteria. For functional analysis, the so-called Keeley method, or High Power Approach, was used, along with the classification of polishing types, elaborated at Tohoku University (Japan). Functions of 28 of the 62 tools selected for high-precision functional analysis were assessed. The existing nomenclature of woodworking tool types is clarified, information on the technique of harvesting herbaceous plants and on leatherworking tools is significantly specified. More details are provided on tools involved in bone carving, as well as those used to open shells of bivalve mollusks. The High Power Approach has enhanced our understanding of the functions of stone tools, which, despite the use of metals, were basic in Yankovsky technologies. Further directions of traceological studies are suggested.

Knowledge Management Maturity Level of Indonesian Government Institutions and State-Owned Enterprises

This qualitative study aims to examine the maturity level of Indonesian government institutions (IGI) and state-owned enterprises (SEO) in knowledge management (KM). KM maturity is measured using three KM components—people, process, and technology—and categorized using four levels—develop, standardize, optimize, and innovate. This research collected and analyzed various forms of qualitative data, such as secondary data, in-depth interviews, and observations. An integrative case study was conducted and resulted in a clear understanding of the implementation, level, and output of KM maturity in IGI and SEOs. Research findings can be broken down into two outputs: (1) The identification of KM implementation in IGI and SEOs, which formed the basis of our KM mapping plot. KM has become a strategy to manifest bureaucratic reform in IGI to become knowledgeable institutions in disruptive settings; (2) A method to propose KM maturity level. Future research could incorporate the efficacy variables of KM implementation and develop KM maturity typology criteria.

Corporate sustainability crisis: Theoretical framework and stakeholder‐oriented typology

AbstractResearch on corporate crises has yielded numerous, partly overlapping crisis concepts from the corporate perspective without adequately addressing the stakeholder perspective and sustainability and corporate social responsibility characteristics. This conceptual paper aims to develop a stakeholder‐oriented typology of corporate sustainability crises. For this purpose, conceptual gaps and requirements are identified, and a theoretical framework is developed from which stakeholder‐related typology criteria are derived. The typology developed differentiates between eight crisis types that are interrelated and can also develop dynamically over time. By including and delimiting various crises concepts within a uniform framework, this paper contributes to the further development of knowledge in this still underdeveloped research field. As a result, insights into the early identification and further development of crises can be gained, which is especially important for crisis managers. In addition, public policymakers and actors of nonstate governance are supported in assessing the prerequisites and potentials of companies and stakeholders as actors of nonstate governance in dealing with various types of corporate sustainability crises, thereby contributing to achieving sustainability goals.

ОСНОВЫ ХРОНОЛОГИИ И ПЕРИОДИЗАЦИИ ИСТОРИИ ЗЕМЕЛЬ ДОНБАССА В СРЕДНИЕ ВЕКА. ЧАСТЬ 1

Historical periodization is a system of categorizing the historical process into epochs and periods that are significant in the development of society. Donbas is a large geographical region in the south of the Dnieper-Don interfluve, consisting of a towering Ridge and surrounding flat areas. The proposed regional (local) periodization is based on research in the field of history and archaeology and is introduced to the scientific world for the first time. On the basis of civilizational, archaeological, historical and geographical criteria of typology (ethno-indicators, migration processes and military invasions, formation and disintegration of steppe polities), the authors came to the conclusion about the geographic and civilizational border character of the region. Since the Migration Period, the essence of the periods was largely determined by the dominant ethnic group or political entity under the rule of the dominant ethnic group. The chronological strata within the proposed periodization correlate with the archaeological findings.

The Gobolitide (Al-Jibal) microregion: geography and settlement network evolution from Nabataean to Byzantine times

A spatio-temporal analysis of the ancient settlement landscape of northeastern Edom (ancient Gobolitide, Islamic al-Jibal) from Nabataean to Byzantine times was performed based on surface survey data, taking into account various geographical factors (main morphological units, floristic regions, annual precipitation) and climatic fluctuations. The article presents preliminary conclusions concerning the distribution of settlements in the microregion, the determining factors behind the evolution of the settlement network and the temporal changes observed. The mapping of sites based on chronological and typological criteria indicated specific settlement clusters in the Edomite highlands and in episodic river valleys (wadis). The pattern is disturbed only by Wadi al-Hasa. Overall, climate change turns out to have the greatest impact on the change in the number of sites over time.

New insights into the Mesolithic use of Melos obsidian in Anatolia: a pXRF analysis from the Bozburun Peninsula (southwest Turkey)

Bozburun Peninsula, at the easternmost intersection of the Aegean and the Mediterranean Seas, yielded evidence from the Middle Palaeolithic to the Neolithic/Chalcolithic periods as a result of recent archaeological surveys. A significant number of the chipped stone artefacts discovered here are of obsidian, a raw material not native to the peninsula and one that ultimately must have been brought in from outside. All of the obsidian artefacts recovered from the Bozburun Peninsula were analysed using a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer to identify their geological provenance. Our results indicate the presence of four distinct obsidian sources in Bozburun: Melos (Cyclades) with its two separate outcrops, Giali A (Dodecanese), and Göllüdağ East (Cappadocia). The variety of sources represented in the peninsula and the long distances involved attest to the prehistoric connectivity in a region well suited to the movement of people and materials between the Aegean archipelago and the Anatolian mainland. Some of the geometric microliths, which were previously assigned to the final part of the Pleistocene and the earlier stages of the Holocene based on typological criteria, were determined to be coming from the island of Melos. If the typological assessment holds, this occurrence in the Bozburun Peninsula may mark the earliest occurrence of Melos obsidian in Anatolia, long before it was widely distributed in the Neolithic period.

Alternative criteria for writing system typology

AbstractIn essence, typologies of writing systems seek to classify the world’s diverse writing systems in principled ways. However, against backdrops of early, misguided assumptions (Gelb 1969 [1952]) and stubborn term confusions, most proposals have focused primarily on the dominant levels of representational mapping (i. e., morphemic, syllabic, or phonemic), despite their shortcomings as idealizations (Joyce 2016, forthcoming; Joyce and Borgwaldt 2011; Meletis 2018). In advocating for exploring a more diverse range of criteria, either as alternatives or complementary factors, this paper outlines a promising framework for organizing typology criteria (Meletis 2018; 2020), which consists of three broad categories; namely, (a)linguistic fit, (b)processing fitand (c)sociocultural fit. Linguistic fit concerns the match between a language and its writing system and, thus, relates closely to the traditional criterion of representational mapping. Processing fit pertains to the physiological and cognitive aspects of a writing system, such as word spacing. Finally, sociocultural fit addresses the communicative and social functions of writing systems, such as implementing orthographic reforms. In singling out a particular parameter from each category, the paper illustrates its potential application as a typology criterion with cross-linguistic observations from the German (GWS) and the Japanese writing systems (JWS).

Implementation of Typology Criteria for Design Knowledge Reflecting Design Diversification

As the design-related knowledge base grows to remain abreast of technological and scientific advancements, ‘Design Knowledge’ has emerged as a new genre of pragmatic design. Criteria need to be determined to establish a typology as a knowledge-based system supporting education, literature, and industrial organizations. To this end, this study establishes criteria for design knowledge typology while considering design diversification by applying existing topological criteria to the classification of books, industries, and academic disciplines along with new views of design theorists. A matrix analysis was conducted to test the applicability of the design knowledge language data by checking them against extracted and defined criteria. We found it impossible to consistently typify contemporary design concepts with single-attribute criteria; the multiple-criteria classification method is much more effective. Further, contemporary design language has evolved from object-based to concept-based terms. Our study lays the groundwork for a useful typology for a design study schema.

Increasing Project Effectiveness by Combining the FMEA Method Results and the Costs of Quality (Based on the Example of an Employee Relationship Management Project)

Abstract Objective: This article presents a project focused on the stabilization of employment in a multi-generational organization in the scope of human resources –specifically, employee relationship management. Methodology: The type of project was evaluated by taking into account different typological criteria. The employee generations were defined by providing time ranges based on dates of birth. All important project stages were presented according to the newest PMI 2017 methodology, with particular attention to the selection of the model of the project team and the division of tasks within the team. The critical path method was used in the description of the course of project activities. Findings: The method of determination of project success factors was specified. Value Added: In accordance with the title of the article, it was, however, shown how one can combine the identification of the level of project risk (using failure mode and effects analysis – FMEA) and the costs of quality to increase the project effectiveness. Recommendations: Projects of this type are important in these organizations where the risk of loyalty is high, which leads to negative economic implications. The advantages from such projects can, however, affect more than the employer.

The Late Neolithic of Trans-Urals: Poludenka issues

The paper examines the Poludenka discourse in the context of historiography and modern research practices. It analyzes changes in attributive characteristics and essential interpretation of Poludenka ceramics (culture, traditions) and the associated empirical and theoretical difficulties. It is noted that the problem of typological criteria is associated with the periodization paradigm the use of three- or two-stage periodization, which includes or excludes a transitional stage in the material culture of the Trans-Urals Neolithic between the early and late stages of development. The issue of the genesis of the Poludenka tradition and foreign cultural influence, as well as its local isolation on the southern periphery of culture, is also considered. It is assumed that the ornamental originality of the Poludenka pottery in the forest-steppe Pre-Tobol Region is associated with the interaction of the Trans-Urals population at the end of the Early Neolithic with the bearers of the Makhanjar tradition; emphasizes the participation of the Koshkino component in the Poludenka tradition creation at the previous stage. As a solution, it is proposed to return to the notion of a transitional stage between the Early and Late Neolithic, probably at the interval that coincides with the period of coexistence of all traditions, using the established term Kozlovo-Poludenka; the author also notes the perspective of material complexes analysis taking into account the geographical factor.

Industrial clusters in the world economy: typological criteria and assessment

Industrial clusters in the world economy: typological criteria and assessment

Ku wstępnej typologii ironicznych wyrazów metajęzykowych (na podstawie języka rosyjskiego i polskiego)

The paper is an attempt to determine the features of an ironical metalinguistic (reflexive) expressions that could be used as a criteria for these expressions typology and to present the draft of such typology. Relevant features of units studied here are provided by results of semantic, pragmatic and discourse analysis of some examples. It is shown that basic criteria include the identity of reflexive comment sender, the relations between communicative agents and the type of contradiction between the metalinguistic expression and the context (generally the utterance commented by an ironist).