Typographical Errors Research Articles

"Orthographic forms affect speech perception in a second language: Consonant and vowel length in L2 English": Correction to Bassetti et al. (2021).

Reports an error in "Orthographic forms affect speech perception in a second language: Consonant and vowel length in L2 English" by Bene Bassetti, Jackie Masterson, Tania Cerni and Paolo Mairano (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2021[Dec], Vol 47[12], 1583-1603). In the article, there are several editorial production errors. Jackie Masterson's ORCID iD (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2869-6612) was missing, and the awardees for Grant RPG 2013 180 were listed incorrectly. This grant was awarded to Bene Bassetti and Jackie Masterson. In the sixth paragraph of The Present Study section, the parenthetical text in the fifth sentence was corrected to read "(for example, the ie in pie has seven readings, Carney, 1994)." Other small typographical errors were fixed, several references were correctly reordered, and one supplemental materials file was removed. The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2022-13139-001.) ItalianL1 speakers of EnglishL2 produce the same English sound as longer if spelled with two than with one letter, following Italian grapheme-phoneme conversion rules. Do Italian listeners perceive short and long sounds in English homophonic word pairs that are spelled with a single letter or a digraph (finish-Finnish; morning-mourning)? In Experiment 1, 50 ItalianL1-EnglishL2 bilinguals and 50 English controls performed a Consonant Perception task and a Vowel Perception Task. They heard English homophonic word pairs containing a target sound spelled with one or two letters and indicated whether the two words contained the same sounds or not. For half of the listeners a picture was used to activate target words (Auditory-Visual Input group). Bilinguals in this group perceived different sounds in homophonic pairs. Experiment 2 tested whether naturalistic exposure reduces orthographic effects on speech perception by comparing learners, sequential bilinguals, and English controls (all n = 30) with Auditory-Visual Input. Orthographic form (spelling) affected consonant perception in both of the second language listener groups. Learners were less affected than bilinguals. Analyses indicated that this was because of the learners' high proficiency. It appears that ItalianL1 speakers of EnglishL2 make a long-short contrast for consonants-unattested in English-and illusorily perceive it in spoken English homophonous words. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Improving SpellChecking: an effective Ad-Hoc probabilistic lexical measure for general typos

<p>Since the era of learning to write by human beings, mistakes made in typing words have occupied a privileged place in linguistic studies, integrating new disciplines into school curricula such as spelling and dictation. According to exhaustive studies that we have done in the field of spellchecking errors made in typing Arabic texts, very few research works that deal with typographical errors specifically caused by the insertion or missing of the blank-space in words. On the other hand, spelling correction software remains ineffective for handling this type of errors. Failure to process errors due to the insertion/missing of blankspace between and in words leads and brings us back to situations of ambiguity and incomprehension of the meaning of the typed text. To remedy this limitation of correction, we propose in this article an ad-hoc probabilistic method which is based jointly on two approaches. The first approach treats the errors due to deletion or missing of blank-space between or inside words, while the second puts emphasis in correcting space insertion errors in a word of course in addition to other kinds of elementary editing errors (addition, deletion, permutation of characters). Our new approach combines edit distance with n-gram language models to correct the errors already mentioned. Our new approach gave an accuracy rate that reaches 98,14% for missing blank-space errors (noted MBSE) and 89,5% for insertion blank-dpace errors (noted IBSE), which gives an average correction rate of around 95,26%. These results are very encouraging and show the interest and the importance of our approach.</p>

Review: Four Central Asian Shrines: A Socio-political History of Architecture

Review: <i>Four Central Asian Shrines: A Socio-political History of Architecture</i>

Vida y muerte de San Cristóbal

Vida y muerte de San Cristóbal

Philosophy Examined: Metaphilosophy in Pragmatic Perspective by Nicholas Rescher

Reviewed by: Philosophy Examined: Metaphilosophy in Pragmatic Perspective by Nicholas Rescher Daniel Pierson RESCHER, Nicholas. Philosophy Examined: Metaphilosophy in Pragmatic Perspective. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2021. xii + 216 pp. Cloth, $100.99 Nicholas Rescher's Philosophy Examined: Metaphilosophy in Pragmatic Perspective is a refreshing book. Rescher brings his decades of experience in the field to bear on the topic of metaphilosophy, which he describes as "the study of the nature and methodology of the discipline." The book provides an opportunity to reflect on basic philosophical commitments that might otherwise be sedimented over in the highly specialized environment of academic philosophy. His careful formulations along the way are both instructive and delightful; the reader finds himself in the presence of an original and systematic thinker. At the same time, the book is sometimes needlessly repetitious. It is episodic in the sense that no internal references are made to earlier parts of the book, even when the same topics arise or the same examples are used. At several points, paragraphs from earlier in the book are repeated verbatim in later chapters. (In addition, it should be noted that the present state of the text is marred by a distracting number of typographical errors: over 200 or so, in its 210 pages!) The book is divided into fourteen chapters of uneven length: Four are brief (4–8 pages), five are mid-length (11–14 pages), and five are relatively long (16+ pages). Whereas the shorter and mid-length chapters are somewhat matter-of-factly stated, along the lines of a textbook, the long chapters are more involved scholarly contributions, which have been published—sometimes in a less revised version—in other places. Chapter 1 is a brief chapter in which philosophy is distinguished from science. Whereas the latter deals with "the real world," the former profitably makes use of speculative thought maneuvers, such as "what-if" scenarios, paradox, and thought experiments. As Rescher states very nicely, the contemplation of what is not can lead us to understand and appreciate "the offerings and arrangements of the real." In a mid-length chapter 2, Rescher points to the inherent tension that he sees in philosophical claims, such that they aim for a likelihood of correctness that can be purchased only by sacrificing informativeness; that is, they demand "conjoint precision and generality." In the face of the "problems of getting it right" discussed in chapter 2, a brief chapter 3 advocates for a "rational contextualism" founded on [End Page 825] separate "zones of acceptability." Rescher proposes this as the best way of dealing with the "information glut" caused by the pragmatic shift from absolute truth as the standard of acceptability to the less rigid "warranted assertability." A mid-length chapter 4 notes that philosophy aims at the best available answer to its questions, not "the best possible answer (in some rarified sense of the term)." Ultimately, it is the task of philosophy to "impart systemic order into the manifold of relevant data." But the relevant data of the discipline comes from diverse sources (such as common sense, science, tradition, and so forth) that serve up mutually inconsistent statements, all of which have plausibility. Given the inherent inconsistencies of the data set, Rescher defends the coherentist approach as the most "natural" for the field. After chapter 4 begins a sequence of four long chapters. Chapter 5 is an insightful discussion of the role that aporias and strategic distinctions can play in the task of philosophy. In chapter 6, Rescher defends his philosophy against two sets of critics: those who claim that his metaphilosophical coherentism is ultimately a "crypto-relativism" and others who take it to be more consistent with an "evidentialist absolutism." In chapter 7, Rescher suggests that recasting the philosophical enterprise as a "quest for plausibility" rather than for truth would help to overcome a major obstacle to systematization, namely, treating philosophical claims as rival truth claims. Chapter 8 examines the nature, function, and ultimate justification for first principles. Rescher concludes that any given first principles are defeasible since they are ultimately justified pragmatically. A brief chapter 9 is an exhortation for intellectual modesty concerning our philosophical views, given certain cognitive limitations that we must acknowledge. A...

Los cautivos de Argel

Los cautivos de Argel

The Use of N-Gram Language Model in Predicting Nepali Words

This paper aims to study the problems of automated generation and understanding of natural human languages. The word prediction and word completion from a tab-complete in typing is particularly useful to minimized keystrokes for the users with specific necessaries, and to reduce mistakes, and typographic errors. The word prediction techniques are well-established methods that are frequently used as communication aids for people with disabilities to accelerate the writing, to reduce the effort needed to type and to suggest the correct words. It is something that is skillful at doing prediction according to the previous context. Projection can either be established on word figures or verbal rules. The N-gram model is about predicting nth word from N-1 words. It assigns the probabilities to sentences and sequences of words of all possible combination of n words. To meet the objective, this research uses statistics amount of Nepali language of diverse word kinds to expect right word with as much precision as possible. Under the statistical method, this research will deal with the N-gram method to predict the next word for the Nepali language using Viterbi as decoding algorithm.

Spelling Errors in Brief Computer-Mediated Texts Implicitly Lead to Linearly Additive Penalties in Trustworthiness.

BackgroundSpelling errors in documents lead to reduced trustworthiness, but the mechanism for weighing the psychological assessment (i.e., integrative versus dichotomous) has not been elucidated. We instructed participants to rate content of texts, revealing that their implicit trustworthiness judgments show marginal differences specifically caused by spelling errors.MethodsAn online experiment with 100 English-speaking participants were asked to rate 27 short text excerpts (∼100 words) about multiple sclerosis in the format of unmoderated health forum posts. In a counterbalanced design, some excerpts had no typographic errors, some had two errors, and some had five errors. Each participant rated nine paragraphs with a counterbalanced mixture of zero, two or five errors. A linear mixed effects model (LME) was assessed with error number as a fixed effect and participants as a random effect.ResultsUsing an unnumbered scale with anchors of “completely untrustworthy” (left) and “completely trustworthy” (right) recorded as 0 to 100, two spelling errors resulted in a penalty to trustworthiness of 5.91 ± 1.70 (robust standard error) compared to the reference excerpts with zero errors, while the penalty for five errors was 13.5 ± 2.47; all three conditions were significantly different from each other (P < 0.001).ConclusionParticipants who rated information about multiple sclerosis in a context mimicking an online health forum implicitly assigned typographic errors nearly linearly additive trustworthiness penalties. This contravenes any dichotomous heuristic or local ceiling effect on trustworthiness penalties for these numbers of typographic errors. It supports an integrative model for psychological judgments of trustworthiness.

Spell Checker for the Indonesian Language: Extensive Review

Abstract— Typographical errors are common in written languages, including Indonesian. It will, however, lead to a misunderstanding of the meaning of the words. Nevertheless, an Indonesian spell checker is still uncommon. Furthermore, no extensive literature review of spell checkers for the Indonesian language has been conducted. This study aimed to present extensive literature on spelling correction in the Indonesian language. The methods used were discovering any literature related to the study topic for the period 2017-2022, applying some keywords, and enforcing inclusion and exclusion criteria. According to the findings of this study, in the previous five years, research on spell checkers has increased, and many researchers from various provinces in Indonesia have used different methods or algorithms to evaluate word errors. Keywords— Indonesian language, Methods, spell checker, extensive literature review, typographical error

From the Editor's Desk

From the Editor's Desk Edward Ousselin, Editor in Chief I am pleased to announce that the AATF has officially designated Carine Bourget (University of Arizona) as the next Editor in Chief of the French Review. Her term will begin on July 1, with Vol. 96. Until then, since the editorial activities related to each issue of our journal begin at least nine months before publication, there is a transitional period, during which we work together. Congratulations and welcome, Carine. As for me, after five years as Review Editor and twelve years as Editor in Chief, it is time to say goodbye. The French Review has long been an important part of my professional life, ever since I started submitting articles and reviews when I was working on my dissertation. It should be noted that this journal (along with the AATF) will celebrate its centennial in 2027. A long list of distinguished colleagues have served in various editorial capacities since the French Review was first published (among them was my predecessor and mentor, Chris Pinet, bien trop tôt disparu). It has been an honor to be a part of this journal's editorial team. There are many people to whom I would like to give thanks. First, those with whom I have worked the most closely on a regular basis. Michèle Bissière, Nathalie Degroult, and Michel Gueldry have each served as Managing Editor. I am deeply grateful for their dedication and professionalism. More than once, each of them, to my relief and embarrassment, has caught mistakes that I had allowed to slip by. The same can be said for our Typesetter, Ronnie Moore <http://www.westypebookdesigns.com>, who consistently produces excellent work, often on tight schedules. Like Michèle, Nathalie, and Michel, Ronnie has been extraordinarily calm and patient when I let a typographical error go by or when I was unduly worried about meeting a deadline. I will miss working with each of you. The Review Editors (who edit and put together the reviews that we publish in our six rubrics) and Assistant Editors (who evaluate and rank the submitted articles) are too numerous to name here. It is their work that allows our journal to function. My heartfelt thanks to all those who have served in one of those capacities over the years. It has been a privilege to work with you. Many thanks also to Jayne Abrate, AATF Executive Director, who supported and facilitated new French Review initiatives, such the Book Series or the Dossiers pédagogiques. [End Page 13] Kudos as well to our former Advertising Manager, Ann Sunderland, who until 2021 helped grease the financial wheels of our journal. In the March issue (Vol. 95.3), I offered a few parting thoughts about the day-to-day work at the French Review. I also included an addendum at the end of the "Articles" section of that issue, in the hope that it will be helpful to colleagues (particularly those at the beginning stages of their career) who plan to submit an article to our journal. In this issue, I would like to reiterate what I said about the need for universities and colleges to do more to recognize and support—instead of discouraging—their faculty members who are interested in joining the editorial team of a scholarly journal. Over the years, I have found that many colleagues were reluctant to serve in an editorial capacity at the French Review because the time involved is generally not taken into account in terms of tenure and promotion. It is counterproductive for universities and colleges to insist that faculty members produce a steady stream of published articles while doing little or nothing to support those who serve at the journals in which articles are published. In other news, after nearly two years of declining submissions, this past academic year has seen a slight increase in the number of articles that are submitted to our journal, especially since early December (as usual, the final numbers will be provided in the October issue). Of course, it remains to be seen if that trend will last. The decline in submissions was probably one of the consequences of the...

Narrative Retellings: Stylistic Approaches

Narrative Retellings: Stylistic Approaches

Letter from the Editor

Letter from the Editor

Voice Coding using ML

Abstract: In this digital era there are various digitization is happening like the AI is deploying so fast, various automations are happening and taking place of human and reducing the efforts of human. And all this things are happening because of programmers/developers they are doing a very hard work for the development of technology. As effect of this this work many developers/programmers are facing various physical / mental disorders like stress, carpel tunnel syndrome and more problems. So we are developing a system which will reduce their injuries or problems like this by creating solution i.e. they have to just speak they want code the system will take it and create proper code. In today’s world, many artificial intelligence applications developed using programming languages like Python, R and so on. Each language comes with its own programming structure and syntactical forms. Programmers are broadly classified into three categories namely, novice users, knowledge intermittent and expert one. For novice users, it is always a challenge to write a code without typographic errors though users know theoretical knowledge of Programming language, its structure and syntax as well as logic of program. Therefore, this paper explores use of voice recognition technique in the field of programming, specifically for writing program with Python programming language. In experimental analysis, it found helpful for new Python programmers and provide new learning curve for programmers wherein beginner can experience hassle free program writing. This paper adds new way of creating interest in beginners for judging their coding paradigm understanding and explore one of the area for user experience field for better programming Integrated Development Environment Development (IDE). Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Learning, User Experience, Voice Recognition. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Learning, User Experience, Voice Recognition and Speech Recognition.

Erratum: ππ→πγ* amplitude and the resonant ρ→πγ* transition from lattice QCD [Phys. Rev. D 93 , 114508 (2016)

Since the publication of our paper [Phys. Rev. D 93, 114508 (2016)], we have found a series of typographical mistakes in the equations shown. In particular, expressions written for the Lellouch-L\"uscher factor and the transition amplitudes were those relevant for a basis of definite $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ isospin, while the numerical results presented were those for a basis of definite pion charge states. In this erratum, we explain and correct the typographical errors, which do not alter the numerical results presented.

Reviews via Mobile: The Role of Mobile Cues and Typographical Errors in Online Review Adoption.

Online consumer reviews are increasingly being written on and posted from mobile devices such that some platforms have started to indicate when this is the case with cues such as “via mobile” (i.e., mobile cue). Reviews from mobile devices differ from those from non-mobile devices; for example, reviews from mobile devices are more likely to include typographical errors. For this study, a web-based experiment was conducted to investigate viewers’ evaluation and adoption of online reviews in regard to a mobile cue and typographical errors. The results indicate an interaction effect between the presence of a mobile cue and typographical errors. When a review did not include typographical errors, the presence of a mobile cue negatively affected the evaluation and adoption of information (i.e., the viewer’s attitude toward the reviewed restaurant). However, the effects of a mobile cue were not significant for a review with typographical errors. Further, the results suggest that the viewer’s perception of the review writing effort and the review’s information usefulness are sequential mediators explaining the information adoption mechanism. The findings provide interesting insights into consumers’ perceptions of online reviews in the current media landscape in which the large-scale adoption of mobile devices is a well-recognized phenomenon.

Corrigendum to “Implementation of modified Buongiorno’s model for the investigation of chemically reacting [formula omitted] ternary nanofluid jet flow in the presence of bio-active mixers [Chemical Physics Letters, 786, 2022, 139194

A few typographical errors have been identified in our paper titled “Implementation of modified Buongiorno’s model for the investigation of chemically reacting rGO-Fe3O4-TiO2-H2O ternary nanofluid jet flow in the presence of bio-active mixers”. This corrigendum addresses those errors however, these errors have no impact on the obtained results.

Achieving a PhD degree: What examiner reports tell us about the doctoral examination process

Achieving a PhD degree is viewed by academic institutions as a major landmark of success and achievement. It gives recognition to researchers and provides entry into academia. Considering its significance, a PhD degree is not awarded lightly and doctoral candidates undergo a rigorous examination process that involves the evaluation of a written thesis and the viva voce defence of this thesis. This study seeks to gain a better understanding of the way in which examiners go about assessing doctoral work with the aim of providing more transparent and clear guidelines for examiners. Data for the study included 50 written examiner reports for twelve doctoral candidates who submitted their thesis to the Faculty of Arts at the University of Malta, for the years 2017-2018. The findings suggest that examiners in their reports include summative comments about the quality of the work. They are impressed by work that makes a contribution to knowledge, is critical and analytical and is not marred by typographical or grammatical errors. At the same time, examiners provide extensive feedback to help students improve their work. This suggests a shift in the doctoral examination process from the traditional role of summative gate-keeping to a more formative learning experience.

An Assessment of Spelling and Typographical Errors in WebOPAC of Academic Libraries

WebOPAC serves as a discovery tool to let users discover and ascertain the availability of an item in the stacks of a library. To make searching more efficient and effective there is a need to eliminate the typographical errors which may be present in library catalogue. Typographical errors in the bibliographic data are of high concern as it affects the discoverability of items. Similarly, the identification of erroneous records is a challenge in large bibliographic databases. The present work attempts to assess the typographical errors in the WebOPAC of Sayajirao Gaekwad Library of Banaras Hindu University using Terry Ballard’s typographical error terms list. Simple random sampling is used to select a hundred terms from each section of Ballard’s list. The WebOPAC was searched to find matched erroneous records. The findings of the study showed that out of 500 queried erroneous terms, 131 terms retrieved 889 records averaging an overall rate of 6.78 erroneous records per error. Moreover, a part-of-speech wise analysis showed that most errors in the bibliographic records were found to be in the case of nouns and proper nouns, while the least records were retrieved for technical terms. The study has implications for libraries wishing to improve the quality of the bibliographic data in the records of their WebOPACs.

Women’s Criminality in Europe, 1600–1914 edited by Manon van der Heijden, Marion Pluskota, and Sanne Muurling

This collection addresses women’s criminality from the perspectives of history and historical criminology, recognizing that gendered expectations have long affected the prosecution, understanding, and study of crime and criminals. The authors are confident that contextualisation is “the key to understanding female crime, its representation and its variation in time and space,” and that historians of crime must therefore pay more attention to socioeconomic factors, such as social mobility, employment, and migration patterns, than has generally been the case (4). To do so effectively requires first that female criminals be identified. Hence, the research concentrates on the lower courts, where women appeared in much larger numbers than in the superior courts. The additional records on which the authors rely give the volume a mainly urban focus, but comparisons to the male experience make the findings particularly insightful and persuasive.The chapters are organized around three main themes—violence and women, prosecution and punishment, and representations of crime. But the geographical and chronological coverage is not quite as the book’s title suggests. Three largely historiographical essays (Chapters 1, 2, and 9) cover most, or all, of the period from 1600 to 1900. The remaining eight chapters, all based on extensive archival research, tend to focus on the later nineteenth century, particularly in England (Chapters 4, 6, 7, and 10) but also in Australia (without explanation for its inclusion in a book about criminality in Europe) and the Netherlands.Only two chapters adopt an early modern perspective, both offering fascinating appraisals of male and female defendants. Sara Beam’s examination of the prosecution of adultery in Geneva shows that although gender was relevant, social status and the authorities’ concern with rooting out sin were also crucial factors. Muurling provides a carefully evidenced explanation for how and why people used the accessible Tribunale del Torrone as a strategic means of conflict resolution in Bologna.Three of the chapters set out to find the vanishing females posited by Feeley and Little in 1991.1 Van der Heijden concludes that better living standards and welfare provision had a greater impact on female crime rates than did confinement to the domestic sphere. Jo Turner uses her study of female-perpetrated assault in Stafford to suggest that when council housing was built in 1901, it reduced shared living space and thus neighborhood conflicts. Lucy Williams and Barry Godfrey utilize population data to identify prisons, asylums, and workhouses as “locations and methods through which deviant women could be dealt with throughout the life cycle” (133).The two thought-provoking chapters about release from prison that discuss recidivism in detail reveal that the experiences of women and men were significantly different. Helen Johnston and David Cox find that re-offending was higher among female ex-prisoners because re-integration into financially productive society was more difficult for them. Alana Piper et al. use a large data set of individuals returned to prison in Queensland to reach a similar conclusion: Women were more likely to be chronic recidivists because of the wide range of socioeconomic disadvantages that they faced, whereas men had a greater variety of pathways into and out of offending.Two of the three chapters about “representations” focus on newspapers. Daniel Grey’s examination of reports about child sexual assault exposes attitudes toward the gender, class, age, and sexuality of both victims and perpetrators. Clare Wilkinson quantifies accounts of domestic violence in Dutch newspapers to explain why they functioned mainly as human-interest stories rather than as subjects of debate. Sarah Auspert et al. explore a variety of European discourses about female juvenile delinquency that show institutionalization to have been the most common “solution” for criminal and problem girls since the eighteenth century.The book contains an unfortunately sizable number of minor typographical and grammatical errors, but the use of footnotes and a collective bibliography of nearly thirty pages make the volume a useful addition to the relevant literature. Scholars of women and crime, imprisonment and reoffending, newspaper reporting, and the multiple factors that influenced these matters will find much of interest and value.

Correcting Diacritics and Typos with a ByT5 Transformer Model

Due to the fast pace of life and online communications and the prevalence of English and the QWERTY keyboard, people tend to forgo using diacritics, make typographical errors (typos) when typing in other languages. Restoring diacritics and correcting spelling is important for proper language use and the disambiguation of texts for both humans and downstream algorithms. However, both of these problems are typically addressed separately: the state-of-the-art diacritics restoration methods do not tolerate other typos, but classical spellcheckers also cannot deal adequately with all the diacritics missing.In this work, we tackle both problems at once by employing the newly-developed universal ByT5 byte-level seq2seq transformer model that requires no language-specific model structures. For a comparison, we perform diacritics restoration on benchmark datasets of 12 languages, with the addition of Lithuanian. The experimental investigation proves that our approach is able to achieve results (&gt;98%) comparable to the previous state-of-the-art, despite being trained less and on fewer data. Our approach is also able to restore diacritics in words not seen during training with &gt;76% accuracy. Our simultaneous diacritics restoration and typos correction approach reaches &gt;94% alpha-word accuracy on the 13 languages. It has no direct competitors and strongly outperforms classical spell-checking or dictionary-based approaches. We also demonstrate all the accuracies to further improve with more training. Taken together, this shows the great real-world application potential of our suggested methods to more data, languages, and error classes.