Typographical Errors Research Articles

Corrigendum to: “Recent Patents of Micro-arc Oxidation Technology”

A typographical error appeared in terms of repetition of sentences in the manuscript titled “Recent Patents of Micro-arc Oxidation Technology”, 2024; 18(6): e300423216386 [1]. <p> Original: Liu et al. [90] provided a method for micro-arc oxidation of electrolytes and reducing the brittleness of microporous ceramic film. By adding chitin nanowhiskers and Nacetylated chitosan into the electrolyte, the toughness of the ceramic film is improved, and bending brittleness and fragmentation are prevented. <p> Li et al. [91] provided an electrolyte for micro arc oxidation self-lubricating composite ceramic coating. The friction and wear properties of the composite ceramic coating were improved by adding nano additives and micro MoS2 powder into the conventional electrolyte. <p> Liu et al. [90] provided a method for micro-arc oxidation of electrolytes and reducing the brittleness of microporous ceramic film. By adding chitin nanowhiskers and Nacetylated chitosan into the electrolyte, the toughness of the ceramic film is improved, and bending brittleness and fragmentation are prevented. <p> Li et al. [91] provided an electrolyte for micro arc oxidation self-lubricating composite ceramic coating. The friction and wear properties of the composite ceramic coating were improved by adding nano additives and micro MoS2 powder into the conventional electrolyte. <p> Corrected: Liu et al. [90] provided a method for micro-arc oxidation of electrolytes and reducing the brittleness of microporous ceramic film. By adding chitin nanowhiskers and Nacetylated chitosan into the electrolyte, the toughness of the ceramic film is improved, and bending brittleness and fragmentation are prevented. <p> Li et al. [91] provided an electrolyte for micro arc oxidation self-lubricating composite ceramic coating. The friction and wear properties of the composite ceramic coating were improved by adding nano additives and micro MoS2 powder into the conventional electrolyte. <p> The original article can be found online at https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/131347

Evaluating FAIR Principles Compliance in the Capes Open Data Portal

The article examines the Open Government Data (OGD) movement, emphasizing applying the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles to government data, using Brazil's Capes open data portal as a case study. The study underscores the significance of Open Government Data (OGD) in promoting transparency and democratizing access to information within the public sector. It addresses issues such as typographical errors, the absence of standardization, duplicated data, and emphasizes the necessity for a process model that integrates quality control mechanisms The paper also explores the economic and political potential of OGD, analyzing the challenge of managing open government data with high quality and interoperability. The study's results on the Capes portal show mixed compliance with the FAIR principles, with recommendations for future improvements.

Implementation of Raita Algorithm in Manado-Indonesia Translation Application with Text Suggestion Using Levenshtein Distance Algorithm

Abstract. Manado City is one of the multidimensional and multicultural cities, possessing assets that are considered highly potential for development into tourism and development attractions. The current tourism assets being developed by the Manado City government are cultural tourism, as they hold a charm and allure for tourists. Hence, a communication tool in the form of a translation application is necessary for facilitating communication between visiting tourists and the native community of North Sulawesi, even for newcomers who intend to reside in North Sulawesi, given that the Manado language serves as the primary communication tool within the community. This research employs a combination of the Raita algorithm and the Levenshtein distance algorithm in its creation process, along with the confusion matrix method to calculate the accuracy of translation results using the Levenshtein distance algorithm with a text suggestion feature. The research begins by collecting a dataset consisting of Manado language vocabulary and their translations in Indonesia language, sourced from literature studies and original respondents from North Sulawesi, which have been validated by a validator to prevent translation data errors. The subsequent stage involves preprocessing the dataset, converting the entire content of the dataset to lowercase using the case folding process, and removing spaces at the start and end of texts using the trim function. Next, both algorithms are implemented, with the Raita algorithm serving for translation and the Levenshtein distance algorithm providing text suggestions for typing errors during the translation process. The accuracy results derived from the confusion matrix calculations during the translation process of 100 vocabulary words, accounting for typing errors, indicate that the Levenshtein distance algorithm is capable of effectively translating vocabulary accurately and correctly, even in the presence of typing errors, resulting in a high accuracy rate of 94,17%. Purpose: To determine the implementation of the Levenshtein distance and Raita algorithms in the process of using the Manado-Indonesian translation application, as well as the resulting accuracy level. Methods/Study design/approach: In this study, a combination of the Raita and Levenshtein distance algorithms is utilized in the translation application system, along with the confusion matrix method to calculate accuracy. Result/Findings: The accuracy achieved in the translation process using text suggestions from the Levenshtein distance algorithm is 94.17%. Novelty/Originality/Value: This research demonstrates that the combination of the Raita and Levenshtein distance algorithms yields optimal results in the vocabulary translation process and provides accurate outcomes from the use of effective text suggestions. This is attributed to the fact that nearly all the data used was successfully translated by the system, even in the presence of typographical errors.

Building a Natural Language Interface for FHIR Clinical Terminology Server.

While Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) clinical terminology server enables quick and easy search and retrieval of coded medical data, it still has some drawbacks. When searching, any typographical errors, variations in word forms, or deviations in word sequence might lead to incorrect search outcomes. For retrieval, queries to the server must strictly follow the FHIR application programming interface format, which requires users to know the syntax and remember the attribute codes they wish to retrieve. To improve its functionalities, a natural language interface was built, that harnesses the capabilities of two preeminent large language models, along with other cutting-edge technologies such as speech-to-text conversion, vector semantic searching, and conversational artificial intelligence. Preliminary evaluation shows promising results in building a natural language interface for the FHIR clinical terminology system.

Correction of collection number errors in the protologues of twenty-three names of Chinese vascular plants

Examination and collation of Chinese type specimens from the University Herbarium, University of California, the Harvard University Herbaria and the William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of New York Botanical Garden led to the discovery of errors in the designation of type specimens in the protologues of several names. Following Article 9.2 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code, 2018), typographical errors in the citation of collection numbers in the protologues of 23 Chinese vascular plants were corrected.

Energy-flow-reversing dynamics in vortex beams: OAM-independent propagation and enhanced resilience: erratum

An erratum is given to correct three typographical errors in Optica 11, 531 (2024).OPTIC82334-253610.1364/OPTICA.517474 The corrections do not impact the results and conclusions of the original paper.

What is the unknown “star” or “∼star” recorded in Korean historical books?

AbstractThis study discusses historical records of Korea that mention “stars” possibly related to astronomical transient events. We selected 19 such records and scrutinized them by cross‐checking with records of other countries to identify those events. Ten events were identified as comets based on their described motions and tails. We further confirmed this by comparing them with records from other countries. Five events were classified as meteors based on descriptions of their movements, sizes, and shapes. We speculate that two recordings about “big stars” (大星) are typographical errors for “Mars” (火星), as the descriptions of these big stars seem to be consistent with the properties of the latter. This leaves two unidentified events, and we search lists of astronomical transients for their counterparts. Our work emphasizes the uncertainties and challenges caused by the limited information in the historical records while exploring the usefulness of historical records to enhance the understanding of astrophysical transient events.

A Technological Framework to Support Asthma Patient Adherence Using Pictograms

Background: Low comprehension and adherence to medical treatment among the elderly directly and negatively affect their health. Many elderly patients forget medical instructions immediately after their appointments, misunderstand them, or fail to recall them altogether. Some identified causes include the short time slots allocated for appointments in the public health system in Chile, the complex terminology used by healthcare professionals, and the stress experienced by patients during appointments. One approach to improving patients’ adherence to medical treatment is to combine written and oral instructions with graphical elements such as pictograms. However, several challenges arise due to the ambiguity of natural language and the need for pictograms to accurately represent various medication combinations, doses, and frequencies. Objective: This study introduces SIMAP (System for Integrating Medical Instructions with Pictograms), a technological framework aimed at enhancing adherence among asthma patients through the delivery of pictograms via a computational system. SIMAP utilizes a collaborative and user-centered methodology, involving health professionals and patients in the construction and validation of its components. Methods: The technological framework presented in this study is composed of three parts. The first two are medical indications and pictograms related to the treatment of the disease. Both components were developed through a comprehensive and iterative methodology that incorporates both qualitative and quantitative approaches. This methodology includes the utilization of focus groups, interviews, paper and online surveys, as well as expert validation, ensuring a robust and thorough development. The core of SIMAP is the technological component that leveraged artificial intelligence methods for natural language processing to analyze, tokenize, and associate words and their context to a set of one or more pictograms, addressing issues such as the ambiguity in the text, the cultural factor that involves many ways of expressing the same indication, and typographical errors in the indications. Results: Firstly, we successfully validated 18 clinical indications along with their respective pictograms. Some of the pictograms were redesigned based on the validation results. However, in the final validation, the comprehension percentages of the pictograms exceeded 70%. Furthermore, we developed a software called SIMAP, which translates medical indications into previously validated pictograms. Our proposed software, SIMAP, achieves a correct mapping rate of 96.69%. Conclusions: SIMAP demonstrates great potential as a technological component for supplementing medical instructions with pictograms when tested in a laboratory setting. The use of artificial intelligence for natural language processing can successfully map medical instructions, both structured and unstructured, into pictograms. This integration of textual instructions and pictograms holds promise for enhancing the comprehension and adherence of elderly patients to their medical indications, thereby improving their long-term health.

MARVEL analysis of high-resolution rovibrational spectra of 16O12C18O.

Empirical rovibrational energy levels are presented for the third most abundant, asymmetric carbon dioxide isotopologue, 16O12C18O, based on a compiled dataset of experimental rovibrational transitions collected from the literature. The 52 literature sources utilized provide 19,438 measured lines with unique assignments in the wavenumber range of 2-12,676 cm-1. The MARVEL (Measured Active Rotational-Vibrational Energy Levels) protocol, which is built upon the theory of spectroscopic networks, validates the great majority of these transitions and outputs 8786 empirical rovibrational energy levels with an uncertainty estimation based on the experimental uncertainties of the transitions. Issues found in the literature data, such as misassignment of quantum numbers, typographical errors, and misidentifications, are fixed before including them in the final MARVEL dataset and analysis. Comparison of the empirical energy-level data of this study with those in the line lists CDSD-2019 and Ames-2021 shows good overall agreement, significantly better for CDSD-2019; some issues raised by these comparisons are discussed.

Testing the consistency of performance scores reported for binary classification problems

Binary classification is a fundamental task in machine learning, with applications across various scientific domains. Whether conducting fundamental research or refining practical applications, scientists typically assess and rank classification techniques based on performance metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. However, reported performance scores may not always provide a reliable basis for research ranking. The unreliability can be attributed to undisclosed or unconventional practices related to cross-validation, typographical errors, and other factors.In a given experimental setup with a specific number of positive and negative test items, performance scores can only assume specific, interrelated values. Based on this observation, in this paper, we introduce numerical techniques to assess the consistency of reported performance scores with the assumed experimental setup. Importantly, the proposed approaches do not rely on statistical inference. Instead, they use numerical methods (interval computing and integer linear programming) to identify inconsistencies with certainty.Through three applications in different fields of medicine, we demonstrate how the proposed tests can detect inconsistencies, thereby safeguarding the integrity of research fields. The power analyses of the tests in these applications show at least 71% of power when the performance scores are reported to four decimal places. In the investigated areas, the tests have so far identified inconsistencies in more than 100 scientific papers. To benefit the scientific community, we have made the consistency tests available in the open-source Python package mlscorecheck.

On Editor’s Instructions to Manuscript Reviewers

Three to four decades ago an editor’s instructions to manuscript reviewers requested that reviewers focus on evaluating the quality and significance of the author’s research. Recent instructions now include things a reviewer should not do, such as not concerning oneself with manuscript formatting, not correcting typographical errors, and not correcting grammar. If sloppy formatting, typographical errors, and poor grammar detract from the quality and significance of the author’s research, the reviewer must comment on these attributes, particularly when these things detract from evaluating the quality and significance of the research described.

An analysis of Google Translate and DeepL translation of source text typographical errors in the economic and legal fields

Training neural machine translation systems with noisy data has been shown to improve robustness (Heigold et al., 2018). The objective of the present study is to test Google Translate and DeepL performance in the detection and correction of typographical errors, by introducing 1,820 source text typos found in a previous work on specialised Spanish-English dictionaries (Rodríguez-Rubio & Fernández-Quesada, 2020a, 2020b; Rodríguez-Rubio Mediavilla, 2021). Typos were introduced in isolation and also in co-text. Results showed that Google Translate clearly outperformed DeepL. Moreover, the repetition of the source typo was found to be the most frequent phenomenon in the machine translation output of both systems. By shedding light on the capacity of systems to deal with source text typographical errors, our study aims to provide a starting point for their refinement.

Transcending Language Barriers: Can ChatGPT Be the Key to Enhancing Multilingual Accessibility in Health Care?

ObjectiveTo explore the capabilities of Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) for the purpose of simplifying and translating radiology reports into Spanish, Hindi, and Russian languages, with comparisons to its performance in simplifying to the English language. MethodsFifty deidentified abdomen-pelvis CT reports were fed to ChatGPT (4.0), instructing it to simplify and translate the report. The processed reports were rated on factual correctness (category 1), potential harmful errors (category 2), completeness (category 3), and explanation of medical terms (category 4). The translated versions were also rated on the quality of translation (category 5). The scores in each category were compared between the translated versions and each translated version was compared with the English version in the first four categories. The original reports and the simplified English reports were rated on the Flesch Reading Ease Score and the Flesch Kincaid Grade Level. ResultsThe Spanish translation outperformed the Hindi and Russian version significantly in categories 1 and 3 (P < .05). All translated versions performed significantly worse compared with the English version in category 4 (P < .001). Notably, the Hindi translated version performed significantly worse in all four categories (P < .05). The Russian translated version was also significantly worse in category 3 (P < .05). In the first three categories, the Spanish translation, and in the first two categories, the Russian translation demonstrated no statistically significant difference from the English version. No statistically significant difference was observed in the Flesch Reading Ease Score and Flesch Kincaid Grade Level of the simplified English reports. Typographical errors in the original reports negatively affected the translation. ConclusionChatGPT demonstrates potential ability in translating reports and communicating pertinent clinical information with limited errors. More training and tailoring are required for languages that are not as commonly used in medical literature. Large language models can be used for translating and simplifying radiology reports, potentially improving access to health care and helping reduce health care costs.

Corrigendum to: Mechanism of HSP90 Inhibitor in the Treatment of DSS-induced Colitis in Mice by Inhibiting MAPK Pathway and Synergistic Effect of Compound Sophorae Decoction.

A typographical error appeared in the title of the article "Mechanism of HSP90 Inhibitor in the Treatment of DSS-induced Colitis in Mice by Inhibiting MAPK Pathway and Synergistic Effect of Compound Sophora Decoction", published in Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2022; 28(42): 3456-3468 [1]. Details of the error and a correction are provided below. Original: Mechanism of HSP90 Inhibitor in the Treatment of DSS-induced Colitis in Mice by Inhibiting MAPK Pathway and Synergistic Effect of Compound Sophora Decoction Corrected: Mechanism of HSP90 Inhibitor in the Treatment of DSS-induced Colitis in Mice by Inhibiting MAPK Pathway and Synergistic Effect of Compound Sophorae Decoction We regret the error and apologize to readers. The original article can be found online at: https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/127740.

Demonstration of high-power photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers with 1-kHz-class intrinsic linewidths: erratum

An erratum is given to correct two typographical errors in Optica 11, 333 (2024)OPTIC82334-253610.1364/OPTICA.505406. The corrections do not impact the results and conclusions of the original paper.

Corrigendum: N-unsubstituted Imidazoles: Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Evaluation.

A typographical error appeared in author's affiliation in the article titled "N-unsubstituted Imidazoles: Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Evaluation", published in Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2023; 29(23): 1875-1881 [1]. Details of the error and a correction are provided below. Original: Author Affiliation: 1Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Islamic Azad Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran. Corrected: Author Affiliation: 1Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. We regret the error and apologize to readers. The original article can be found online at: https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/133413.

Corrigendum to: Significance of entropy generation and the Coriolis force on the three-dimensional non-Darcy flow of ethylene-glycol conveying carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs)

Abstract This corrigendum addresses some typographical mistakes and errors in published article “Significance of entropy generation and the Coriolis force on the three-dimensional non-Darcy flow of ethylene-glycol conveying carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs)”. Corrections about some typographical errors and plots of g η $g\left(\eta \right)$ satisfying ambient condition in study (I. Ullah, T. Hayat, A. Aziz, and A. Alsaedi, “Significance of entropy generation and the coriolis force on the three-dimensional non-Darcy flow of ethylene-glycol conveying carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs),” J. Non-Equilibrium Thermodyn., vol. 47, pp. 61–75, 2022) are presented here.

Ara--CANINE: Character-Based Pre-Trained Language Model for Arabic Language Understanding

Recent advancements in the field of natural language processing have markedly enhanced the capability of machines to comprehend human language. However, as language models progress, they require continuous architectural enhancements and different approaches to text processing. One significant challenge stems from the rich diversity of languages, each characterized by its distinctive grammar resulting in a decreased accuracy of language models for specific languages, especially for low-resource languages. This limitation is exacerbated by the reliance of existing NLP models on rigid tokenization methods, rendering them susceptible to issues with previously unseen or infrequent words. Additionally, models based on word and subword tokenization are vulnerable to minor typographical errors, whether they occur naturally or result from adversarial misspellings. To address these challenges, this paper presents the utilization of a recently proposed free-tokenization method, such as Cannine, to enhance the comprehension of natural language. Specifically, we employ this method to develop an Arabic-free tokenization language model. In this research, we will precisely evaluate our model’s performance across a range of eight tasks using Arabic Language Understanding Evaluation (ALUE) benchmark. Furthermore, we will conduct a comparative analysis, pitting our free-tokenization model against existing Arabic language models that rely on sub-word tokenization. By making our pre-training and fine-tuning models accessible to the Arabic NLP community, we aim to facilitate the replication of our experiments and contribute to the advancement of Arabic language processing capabilities. To further support reproducibility and open-source collaboration, the complete source code and model checkpoints will be made publicly available on our Huggingface1 . In conclusion, the results of our study will demonstrate that the free-tokenization approach exhibits comparable performance to established Arabic language models that utilize sub-word tokenization techniques. Notably, in certain tasks, our model surpasses the performance of some of these existing models. This evidence underscores the efficacy of free-tokenization in processing the Arabic language, particularly in specific linguistic contexts.

Corrigendum to: Investigation of the Apoptosis Inducing and β-catenin Silencing by Tetradentate Schiff Base Zinc(II) Complex on the T-47D Breast Cancer Cells.

A typographical error appeared in the author affiliation titled "Investigation of the Apoptosis Inducing and β-catenin Silencing by Tetradentate Schiff Base Zinc(II) Complex on the T-47D Breast Cancer Cells", published in Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 2023, 23(15) [1]. Details of the error and a correction are provided here. Original: Author Affiliation: 2Department of Breast Medicine, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Liaoning Provincial Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110042, China Corrected: Author Affiliation: 2Department of Breast Medicine, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China We regret the error and apologize to readers. The original article can be found online at https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/131718.

Duplicate Records in WorldCat for 20th-Century American, British, and Canadian Books: A Comparison of Duplication Rates and Causes

The bibliographic record duplication rates in WorldCat for 20th-century books cataloged in English and published in New York, London, and Montreal were estimated by sampling records created by Concordia University. Duplicate sets were identified according to OCLC WorldCat record merging guidelines. New York and London records had similar duplication rates, higher than those for Montreal. Changing descriptive cataloging standards, brief cataloging, and both typographical and MARC coding errors caused failures in duplicate record detection. Records for editions, reproductions, fine arts titles, and conference publications were particularly problematic. The earlier cataloging standards were reviewed to uncover how differences have caused duplicates.