Types Of Waste Research Articles

Characteristics and Predictive Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in Typical Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Soil

ABSTRACT Due to the excavation of landfill sites, the safe disposal of high-content humus soil and the control of secondary heavy metal pollution have become urgent issues to be addressed. Exploring the forms of heavy metals in humus soil is crucial for a comprehensive and accurate assessment of the characteristics and toxic effects of heavy metal pollution. The present study analyzed the pollution characteristics and ecological risks of heavy metals in humus soils obtained from three typical municipal solid waste landfills in Zhejiang Province, China. The results indicated elevated concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cr, and Pb in the three landfills, with maximum concentrations reaching 5041, 6093, 2756, and 3576 mg/kg, respectively. The RAC (Risk Assessment Code) Risk Index and Potential Ecological Risk Index methods indicate that Cd in landfills has a high ecological risk and high bioavailability. Five machine learning models of Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Multi-Layer Perception (MLP) were employed to predict the concentrations of heavy metals. The RF model showed the best performance for predicting Cu with an average Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.99, while the MLP model performed the best for predicting the concentration of Hg. This study provides a scientific basis and practical guidance for the effective control and resource utilization of heavy metal pollution in landfill humus soil.

Influence of elevated temperature exposure on the residual compressive strength and radiation shielding efficiency of ordinary concrete incorporating granodiorite and ceramic powders

This research investigates the potential of utilizing types of construction waste as partial cement replacements within concrete formulations. Notably, granodiorite and ceramic powders were introduced at varying substitution ratios. The impact of these waste materials on the compressive strength and radiation shielding effectiveness of traditional concrete was evaluated under both ambient and elevated temperature conditions. Additionally, several microstructural tests like X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were conducted to assess the influence of using the optimal replacement ratios of the investigated waste powders on the studied properties of concrete. Results revealed a substantial improvement in the investigated properties of the concrete. Remarkably, a 7% substitution with waste granodiorite powder (WGDP) yielded the optimal mix for compressive strength, exhibiting increases of 24.7%, 26.1%, 22%, and 28% at room temperature, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C, respectively. Likewise, a 7% replacement with waste ceramic powder (WCP) exhibited quantifiable improvements in compressive strength, with approximately 23.1%, 23.5%, 25.6%, and 32.6% at room temperature, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C, respectively. For microstructure analysis, XRD analysis confirmed enhanced pozzolanic activity with reduced portlandite and increased calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) formation for the optimal WGDP and WCP mixes compared to the control mix. TGA analysis revealed higher CSH decomposition in modified mixes, indicating greater pozzolanic reaction. Furthermore, density and EDX analyses showed denser microstructures in waste powders-incorporated mixes due to finer particle packing and secondary hydration effect. The radiation shielding investigation show that the optimum WCP mix (C7) enhances the attenuation capability of concrete. The optimum WGP mix (GD7) also contributes positively to attenuation, though to a lesser extent than C7. Ordinary concrete (CO) exhibits the lowest LAC, indicating its baseline performance in linear attenuation. Thus, the studied CM-concrete samples provide the best protection against fast neutrons which pave the way for the utilization of industrial waste, especially ceramic and granodiorite waste, in enhancing the properties of concrete towards radiation shielding against gamma rays and neutrons.

An evaluation of the wastes and obstacles within the context of lean management in emergency services

The objective of this study is to evaluate the types of waste within the context of lean management practices in emergency departments and to provide recommendations for addressing the challenges associated with their implementation. The aim is to enhance the effectiveness of performance improvement processes and to improve patient satisfaction. The opinions of 8 experts in the field were collected and analyzed using fuzzy AHP. The analysis revealed that defects (29%) are the most common type of waste in emergency departments, with a significant impact on efficiency and patient safety. This is followed by extra handling (15%) and waiting time (13%). Addressing these issues, along with other types of waste such as wasted talent, movement, transportation, inventory, and overproduction, is critical to improving overall operational performance. The overcoming of integration challenges necessitates the implementation of a multifaceted strategy, which should encompass the commitment of leadership, the engagement of staff, and the establishment of a culture of continuous improvement. The success of lean management is contingent upon several factors, including leadership support, multidisciplinary collaboration, process streamlining, and the ability to navigate resistance to change.

Enhancing waste classification accuracy with Channel and Spatial Attention-Based Multiblock Convolutional Network.

Municipal waste classification is significant for effective recycling and waste management processes that involve the classification of diverse municipal waste materials such as paper, glass, plastic, and organic matter using diverse techniques. Yet, this municipal waste classification process faces several challenges, such as high computational complexity, more time consumption, and high variability in the appearance of waste caused by variations in color, type, and degradation level, which makes an inaccurate waste classification process. To overcome these challenges, this research proposes a novel Channel and Spatial Attention-Based Multiblock Convolutional Network for accurately classifying municipal waste that utilizes a unique attention mechanism for enhancing feature learning and waste classification accuracy. In this research, the data augmentation technique is utilized to improve the size and diversity of the images, which creates a new municipal waste image from the existing image. After the augmentation process, the data preprocessing is performed through normalization, resizing, and dividing the images into smaller patches. In the feature extraction phase, each image patch's detailed representation is created by integrating and extracting the image's relevant features from the embedding space. Finally, the proposed Channel and Spatial Attention-Based Multiblock Convolutional Network predicts the types of municipal waste that are represented in each image patch by classifying the input images into diverse kinds of waste categories. The experimental validation exposed that the proposed Channel and Spatial Attention-Based Multiblock Convolutional Network effectively classifies the municipal waste images and achieves a higher accuracy of 98.73%, lower mean absolute error of 0.048, and lower root mean square error of 0.087 when compared to existing municipal waste classification strategies. These results prove that the proposed Channel and Spatial Attention-Based Multiblock Convolutional Network framework is more accurate, reliable, and well-suited to real-time municipal waste classification.

A REVIEW OF THE QUALITIES AND UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIALS IN WARM MIX ASPHALT CONCRETE

The amount of unwanted waste produced in recent decades has quickly increased due to rapid population growth, technological advancements, and the widespread use of state-of-the-art products and services in the industry. Different researchers have carried out extensive studies on waste materials. Regretfully, most investigations focus only on the performance of HMA concrete that has been modified using one or two types of waste. Therefore, this study investigates an extensive review of the qualities and utilization of four types of wastes, viz., Coal Bottom Ash (CBA), Waste Cooking Oil (WCO), Waste Engine Oil (WEO), and Rice Husk Ash (RHA), as well as assessing their bibliometric analyses. The wastes that were being investigated showed a notable improvement in Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) concrete. The WMA technology has successfully reduced the environmental issues of high production and compaction temperatures. The previous publications on CBA, WCO, WEO, and RHA identified 3,914 published documents between 2009 and 2023. Only 32 of these documents were published by Scopus. The academic disciplines of engineering, materials science, environmental sciences, and others have contributed 37%, 29%, 19%, and 15%, respectively, to Scopus publication. The United Kingdom made a significant contribution of 50% to Scopus publication compared to other countries. Furthermore, the findings also revealed that 89.4% (29 documents) were technical articles and only 10.6% (3 documents) were review articles. Further review of the rheological and microscopic properties of the four wastes is needed.

Research and Conceptual Landscape of Food Waste and Business Models in the Context of the Circular Economy: A Literature Review at the Intersection of SDG 2 – Zero Hunger and SDG 12 – Responsible Consumption And Production

Objective: This study reviews the existing literature on sustainable business models for food waste management within the circular economy context. The findings aim to map the research landscape, highlight significant contributions, and suggest future research directions to inspire further studies in this domain. Theoretical Framework: Business model innovation is crucial for companies to remain competitive and sustainable, with a focus on integrating environmental considerations. The circular economy, emphasizing renewable and closed-loop product life cycles, offers a sustainable alternative to traditional economic models. In this topic, the main concepts and theories that underpin the research are presented. Method: Using bibliometric analysis and mapping, this study examines the intensity, influence, and key topics of research articles, journals, and authors from 2016 to January 2023 via Scopus. Keywords were selected based on prior studies, and a Prisma diagram was adapted. A descriptive approach is used for frequency analysis, while co-occurrence clustering reveals literature evolution, topic interlinkages, and research focus areas to guide future studies. Results and Discussion: This study highlights the critical role of business models in addressing food waste within the circular economy and sustainable production and consumption contexts. By mapping recent literature and research trends from 2016-2023, the study identifies essential concepts such as sustainable and circular business models, circular food systems, and food waste recovery methods, digitalization's role, alongside themes like zero waste, food sustainability, smart cities, urban recycling, and upcycling. Research Implications: To understand the research trends, orientations, concepts, and interrelations between these concepts, this study presented a literature review on food waste and business models for 2016-2023. The paper discusses some essential concepts surpassing all industries and waste types in the sustainability context: circular economy, sustainable business models, and circular business models. The study calls for further research and well-structured roadmaps to enhance the global impact of food waste business models and facilitate a shift toward circular economy frameworks. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by revealing in the integration of food waste management with retail and supply chain dynamics, underscoring the need for collaborative solutions and sustainable packaging innovations. This analysis contribute to reflecting the accumulated knowledge landscape to the research and practice community and elaborating on the research gaps and possible research venues to guide future practices.

Characterization changes and research waste in randomized controlled trials of global gastroesophageal reflux disease and hiatus hernia over the past 20 years.

The results of many large randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have transformed clinical practice in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and esophageal hiatal hernia (HH). However, research waste (i.e., unpublished data, inadequate reporting, or avoidable design limitations) remains a major challenge to evidence-based medicine. To explore the characteristics of GERD and HH RCTs over the past 20years and whether there is research waste, and to explore potential targets for improvement. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted to comprehensively review and evaluate RCTs related to GERD and esophageal HH, registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov database between 2003 and 2023. A sample of eligible RCTs was identified by excluding early-stage trials, pediatric studies, and duplicate studies. Publication status was tracked using PubMed and Scopus databases, reporting adequacy was assessed according to the CONSORT guidelines, and design flaws were checked with the help of Cochrane tools. Shortcomings of RCT studies in different regions and intervention types were identified by quantifying RCT conduct, recruitment, reporting adequacy, risk of bias, and guideline citations. From 2003 to 2023, a total of 182 RCTs were included in the analysis, of which 69.8% (127 trials) were drug-related, and 71.4% of the principal investigators were located in North America and Asia (65 trials [35.7%] in both). Among them, the country with the most RCTs is the United States. RCTs in Asia were under-conducted in "procedure" and "other" types and fewer RCTs were conducted in Europe in "drug" type. RCTs in Oceania and South America were relatively under-conducted in the device and "other." The study revealed that more than 86.7% of RCTs were characterized by at least one type of research waste. Research waste was associated with the size of the RCT, blinded design, and regional healthcare access and quality index. This study describes for the first time the characteristics of RCTs for GERD and esophageal HH over the past 20years and the conduct of various types of RCTs at the continental level. It identifies the burden of research waste and shortcomings in the conduct of RCT programs on each continent, which may provide evidence for the development of rational RCTs and the reduction of waste in the future.

Dynamic Shear Properties of Recycled Combustion Slag, a Sustainable Material, in Road Construction

Solid waste recycling challenges civil and environmental engineers to use waste from different industries to exceed sustainable development while meeting current material costs. Combustion slag (CS) is the material resulting from the combustion of hard coal in pulverized coal boilers. It is removed by gravity from the furnace chamber and transported by hydraulics through the slugger to the sedimentation chambers and from there to the heaps. The waste combustion slag can be used for land leveling, road building, and sports and leisure facilities. This paper presents the geomechanical characterization of the CS from the “Siekierki” CHP Plant, located in Warsaw, Poland. Particular emphasis was placed on the dynamic properties of combustion slag, including shear modulus (G) and damping ratio (D). Correct estimation of these parameters over a wide strain range is essential for laboratory research and modeling. A laboratory test program was defined to obtain the G-modulus, Gmax-modulus, shear modulus degradation curve G(γ)/Gmax, D-ratio, depending on the mean effective stress and relative density, in the strain range of 10−6 up to 10−3. Stiffness of CS was obtained using laboratory investigations typical for natural soils, namely, standard resonant column tests, and bender element tests. From the many different methods for soil damping estimation, two of the most common were selected: logarithmic decay and half-power bandwidth. The dynamic properties and their changes with strain of the Siekierki combustion slag are in line with general trends for granulated natural soils and other recycled materials. The outcomes of the presented research promote the reuse of CS as aggregate in road construction, which contributes to limiting the extraction of natural aggregate, reducing the filling of lands with this type of waste, and ultimately reducing the transport of materials and consequently lowering greenhouse emissions.

Biomass-Derived Nanoporous Carbon Honeycomb Monoliths for Environmental Lipopolysaccharide Adsorption from Aqueous Media

After undergoing biological treatment, wastewater still contains substances with endotoxic activity, such as lipopolysaccharide. However, due to the increasing practice of treating wastewater to make it suitable for drinking (potable reuse), the removal of these endotoxic active materials is crucial. These substances can be harmful to human health, leading to a condition called endotoxaemia. Furthermore, environmental endotoxins pose risks to pharmaceutical manufacturing processes and the quality of the final pharmaceutical products. Ultimately, the most significant concern lies with the patient, as exposure to such substances can have adverse effects on their health and well-being. Activated carbon has a proven efficiency for endotoxin removal; rice husk (RH), as a type of natural lignocellulosic agricultural waste, is a unique carbon precursor material in terms of its availability, large-scale world production (over 140 million tons annually), and is characterized by the presence of nanoscale silica phytoliths, which serve as a template to create additional meso/macropore space within the nanoscale range. High surface area RH/lignin-derived honeycomb monoliths were prepared in this study via extrusion, followed by carbonization and physical and chemical activation to develop additional pore space. The nanoporosity of the carbon honeycomb monoliths was established by means of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption studies, using calculations based on QSDFT equilibrium and BJH models, as well as mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and SEM investigations. An alternative method for the elimination of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—a conventional marker—using filtration in flowing recirculation systems and the adsorbent activity of the monoliths towards LPS was investigated. Since LPS expresses strong toxic effects even at very low concentrations, e.g., below 10 EU/mL, its removal even in minute amounts is essential. It was found that monoliths are able to eliminate biologically relevant LPS levels, e.g., adsorption removal within 5, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of circulation reached the values of 49.8, 74.1, 85.4, 91.3%, and 91.6%, respectively.

Enhancing dark fermentative biohydrogen and VFA production via ozone pre-treatment.

This study investigates the effects of ozone pre-treatment on two types of organic wastes: secondary sludge (SS) and wine vinasse (WV). Ozone pre-treatment of SS, a semi-solid waste, significantly increased the Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and Total Volatile Fatty Acids (TVFAs) through hydrolysis. Conversely, ozone pre-treatment of WV, a liquid organic waste, reduced the availability of soluble biodegradable substrates and decreased the concentration of carboxylic acids with carbon chain length higher than 4. Based on these findings, the impact of ozonation on subsequent dark fermentation Biochemical Hydrogen Potential (BHP) was assessed for SS. The results, modeled for an ozone dose of 0.018 g O3/g TS, indicated a substantial enhancement in bio-hydrogen production by approximately 160% and VFA production by about 350%. In conclusion, ozone pre-treatment shows significant potential to enhance dark fermentation of particulate substrates like secondary sludge, supporting sustainable waste valorization strategies.

Advances on jarosite residue detoxification and reutilization: a review.

Jarosite residues are typical hazardous waste byproducts generated during the iron removal process in hydrometallurgical solutions. The jarosite process is widely used for iron removal in zinc hydrometallurgy; jarosite disposal has become a significant barrier to sustainable development in the industry. During this process, jarosite residues entrain and co-precipitate with heavy metals, which are hazardous but valuable. To better understand jarosite residue pollution control and circular recycling, we reviewed related research conducted over the past two decades, analyzed their characteristics, discussed state-of-the-art technologies for jarosite residue detoxification and reutilization, and proposed feasible suggestions for jarosite circular reutilization. We hope that this review helps solve the problem of jarosite residues and promote the sustainable development of the zinc hydrometallurgical industry.

Community Empowerment in Managing Household Hazardous Waste in Residential Neighbourhoods

This study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques, to evaluate household hazardous waste management practices. Data were collected through surveys, in-depth interviews, and direct observations. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to measure community awareness levels and the effectiveness of waste management infrastructure, while thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data to identify key issues and patterns in community behavior. The findings highlight the effectiveness of community empowerment programs in improving knowledge and practices, with recognition of hazardous waste types increasing to 85%, understanding of associated hazards to 82%, and a reduction in littering behavior from 65% to 20%. These results underscore the importance of multi-stakeholder collaboration, infrastructure enhancement, and the integration of circular economy principles to achieve sustainable waste management. The study provides actionable, data-driven recommendations for reducing health and environmental risks associated with hazardous waste, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and community engagement.

Development of Automatic Waste Classification System using CNN-Based Deep Learning to Support Smart Waste Management

This research develops an automatic waste classification system using deep learning based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to support the implementation of Smart Waste Management (SWM). The main objective of this research is to design and test a CNN model that is able to classify various types of waste, such as plastic, paper, organic, and other non-organic waste, with high accuracy and efficiency. The developed CNN model successfully achieved an accuracy rate of 94.86% on the training dataset. The system performed very well in classifying recyclable waste with a precision of 56.6% and recall of 63.5%, although it still faces challenges in the classification of organic waste with a precision of 45.7% and recall of 38.8%. This research also includes model validation using cross-validation techniques to ensure the generalizability of the model on different datasets. In addition, tests were conducted on external datasets to evaluate the robustness of the model under real-world conditions. Data preprocessing techniques such as image normalisation and data augmentation were used to improve the performance of the model. The results show that a CNN-based automated waste classification system has great potential to be implemented in SWM systems, enabling more efficient and automated waste management. However, there are still some challenges such as high variation in litter images and dataset limitations that need to be addressed for future development of a more robust system

The speciation and thermal transformation characteristics of fluorine and chlorine in industrial wastes

ABSTRACT The study investigated the chlorine and fluorine contents in three types of industrial solid waste: textile, plastic, and paper waste, utilizing various analytical methods. Significant variations in the proportions of organic and inorganic chlorine were observed among the waste types. During heat treatment, the majority of chlorine converts to a volatile state, with fixed chlorine content showing a correlation with organic chlorine. Organic fluorine predominated in all waste types, predominantly transitioning to a volatile state during heat treatment. Notably, textile waste exhibited unique behaviour, potentially converting some organic fluorine into a fixed state due to flame retardant additives. Analysis of flue gas during practical co-incineration of industrial solid waste revealed a substantial increase in chloride concentration, accompanied by the presence of organic chlorides such as chlorobenzene, methane chloride, and ethane chloride. These findings underscore the importance of implementing preventive measures against chlorine and fluorine emissions during industrial waste co-incineration.

Evaluation of Silver Recovery from High-Sulphur Mining Waste Using Thiourea-Oxalate System.

Mine tailings are a byproduct of mineral extraction and often pose an environmental challenge due to the contamination of soil and water bodies with dissolved metals. However, this type of waste offers the opportunity for the recovery of valuable metals such as silver (Ag). In the present investigation, an integral analysis of a sample of tailings was carried out, addressing granulometry, elemental composition, neutralization potential (NP), and acid potential (AP), as well as mineralogy, for the dissolution of silver from this type of waste. For this purpose, thiourea (CH4N2S) was used as a leaching agent due to its low toxicity, and potassium oxalate (K2C2O4) was used as an organic additive to improve the leaching of the silver phases (argentite and polybasite) present in the tailings. The effects of CH4N2S and K2C2O4 concentrations, temperature, and pH on the leaching efficiency of silver (Ag), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and arsenic (As) were systematically studied. The results revealed that the maximum silver dissolution rate reached 90.75% under optimal conditions: 0.2 M L-1 of thiourea and 0.2 M L-1 of potassium oxalate, at 35 °C and a pH of 2.

Analysis of the Effect of Wastewater Quality on the Effectiveness of Eco-Enzyme

Eco-enzyme represents a biological solution derived from the fermentation of organic materials, evaluated for its effectiveness in industrial wastewater treatment. This study examines to investigate the effectiveness of eco-enzymes in improving the quality of industrial wastewater by analyzing their impact on four specific types of liquid waste: landfill leachate, tofu wastewater, batik wastewater, and laundry wastewater. Samples were treated with eco-enzyme at specific concentrations and incubated for 5 days, followed by chemical analysis. Eco-enzyme reduced ammonia levels in landfill leachate by 57% to 8.83 mg/L, though COD and BOD values rose to 18,114.6 mg/L and 46,709 mg/L, respectively, exceeding effluent standards. In tofu wastewater, COD and BOD decreased by 72% and 75% to 4,189.68 mg/L and 2,395.3 mg/L, respectively, but remained above regulatory limits. Batik wastewater showed increases in most parameters, with COD and BOD reaching 6,838.85 mg/L and 3,193.5 mg/L. For laundry wastewater, surfactants decreased by 55% to 12.97 mg/L, but BOD and TSS increased. These findings indicate that while eco-enzyme can reduce specific pollutants like ammonia and surfactants, its application can also elevate COD and BOD levels in some cases. Additional treatment processes, such as aeration or coagulation, are required to achieve effluent standards. Despite its limitations, eco-enzyme holds potential as an environmentally friendly option for industrial wastewater management when integrated with complementary technologies.

Investigation of construction waste material using multi criteria decision making method: a case study in Bhutan

Construction waste encompasses all of the leftover or unwanted materials, substances, and by-products that arise from constructing, renovating, or demolishing buildings, infrastructure, or other construction projects. Currently, there is a lack of systematic data on the most common types of construction waste in Bhutan. This research seeks to fill this critical knowledge gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis to identify the predominant types of construction waste in the Bhutanese and quantify it using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). The images of wastes were collected from multifarious construction site from all the dzongkhags (district). Subsequently, questionnaire was designed and distributed to engineers for pair wise comparison. Using a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, a MCDA technique was calculated to weight the scores for the factors like frequency in occurrence, environmental impacts, and recyclability. This comprehensive analysis resulted in a ranked list of waste according to their total performance scores, with wood identified as the most prevalent type of construction waste in Bhutan.

Glass and ceramic nuclear waste forms: The scientific battle

ABSTRACT The scientific battle between two major classes of materials as to the best option for immobilization and disposal of high-level nuclear wastes (HLW) has endured since the 1970s. Both glass and ceramic materials afford different characteristics and properties that make them specifically suitable for certain types of radioactive wastes; both material types have been previously selected as preferred solutions for different waste treatment programs. During the 1980s, glass predominated following its selection for US defense wastes, and this choice is reflected in the available industrial waste treatment facilities to treat HLW. France, the United Kingdom, and the United States are each pursuing huge industrial programs of HLW treatment that isolate radioactive elements in glass forms for ultimate geologic disposal. However, several existing legacy wastes and emerging wastes from future nuclear technologies and fuel cycles will require innovative waste forms, including ceramics and glass-ceramics. This article tells the story of the history of ceramic and glass-ceramic waste forms for the immobilization of HLW and their latest developments. It also highlights some of the essential contributions of professor Rod Ewing (1946–2024) in the areas of radiation damage, natural analogues, and nuclear waste forms.

The feasibility study of transfer arc plasma pyrolysis system for petrochemical wastes: Hydrogen production from Antar, OTD, and Tar.

One of the best and most advanced methods for disposal of urban, hospital, industrial, and other hazardous waste is to convert waste into combustible gases in reactors based on plasma arc technology. Also used for renewable energy generation, this technology involves thermal treatment without a combustion process; therefore, the waste is completely decomposed into simple molecules in a near vacuum environment almost devoid of Oxygen at elevated temperatures. The present research uses a thermal transferred arc plasma reactor to conduct a feasibility study on the pyrolysis of three types of wastes: Antar, Orthotoluenediamine (OTD), and Tar. To this end, three experiments were conducted, and the effective parameters involved in preparing and producing common gaseous raw materials and products, such as hydrogen, and their production amounts were examined. The outcome demonstrates that there are no remnants of spent catalyst waste following the plasma pyrolysis process, confirming the feasibility of complete conversion. The findings of this study revealed that plasma waste reactors could generate recycled energy in the form of renewable fuel free of toxic gases and vapors released from conventional waste incinerators and create negligible amounts of environmental pollutants.

Production and characterization of plastic bricks produced from PET, PP, and HDPE types of plastic wastes

Production and characterization of plastic bricks produced from PET, PP, and HDPE types of plastic wastes