Typical Stone Research Articles

Adjudication of Self-reported Symptomatic Stone Recurrence in the Prevention of Urinary Stones With Hydration Trial

ObjectiveTo assess accuracy of self-reported stone events in a large clinical trial by adjudication against the weight of documentation for spontaneous stone passage or surgical intervention. MethodsParticipants in the Prevention of Urinary Stones with Hydration (PUSH) trial were randomized to a multi-component behavioral intervention or control arm to increase and maintain high fluid intake. The primary endpoint was urinary stone events including symptomatic stone passage or procedural intervention. An independent adjudication committee blinded to randomization assignments reviewed all events. Confirmed clinical stone events required typical stone symptoms and documentation of stone passage (e.g., via photograph, clinical record) and/or surgical intervention. Events with typical symptoms and self-described stone passage but without objective documentation of passage were also considered as meeting the primary endpoint and classified separately as patient-reported passage. Non-events did not meet either criteria. ResultsAt time of this blinded analysis, a total of 1658 participants were randomized and had a median follow-up of 19 months. Self-reported stone events (n=217) were adjudicated by the committee as either confirmed clinical events (134; 61.8%), patient-reported passage (71; 32.7%), or non-events (12; 5.5%). Confirmed clinical events consisted of stone passage in 66/134 and procedural interventions in 68/134 (53 for symptoms and 15 without symptoms). ConclusionsRigorous adjudication revealed that self-reported stone events in the PUSH trial overwhelmingly represented clinically documented passage, surgical intervention, and patient-reported passage outside healthcare settings, with only 5.5% failing to satisfy adjudication criteria. Similar adjudication and classification processes warrant consideration for implementation in future stone trials. Clinical Trials RegistrationNCT03244189

Safety of single-use flexible ureteroscopy for dusting of upper urinary tract calculi in children

BackgroundFlexible ureteroscopy offers numerous advantages, such as increased reach, superior stone-free rate, reduced risk of bleeding, minimal surgical trauma, and faster recovery time. There are few studies discussing the effectiveness of single-use flexible ureteroscopy in children, and none so far have addressed its safety. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a single-use flexible ureteroscope for treating upper urinary tract stones in children.MethodsThis study included children with single upper urinary tract stones measuring less than 2 cm who underwent single-use flexible ureteroscopy between October 2020 and January 2023. We assessed the following patient characteristics: age, gender, stone type, size, position, pre and postoperative stent placements, use of a ureteral access sheath, stone-free rate, operation duration, and the rate of complications. A patient was considered stone-free if there were no residual stone particles larger than 3 mm after surgery.ResultsFlexible ureteroscopy and holmium laser lithotripsy were undertaken for 44 participants, with an average age of 8.5 years (range: 2–16 years). The typical stone size was 14 mm (range: 6–20 mm). The average operation time was 74 min (range 35–110 min). Ureteral access sheaths were used in 81.8% (36 out of 44) of procedures. After a single FURS session, 86.36% (38 out of 44) of patients achieved stone-free status. Postoperative JJ stent application was noted in 86.4% (38 out of 44) of patients. Complications were categorized using the Calvien system, revealing that 25% (11 out of 44) of patients experienced mild hematuria, colic, and low-grade fever (Calvien I). No severe side effects like mucosal avulsion or ureteral perforation were reported.ConclusionIn the short-term, single-use flexible ureteroscopy is a safe and effective method for managing single renal and proximal ureteric stones, measuring 2 cm or less, in children.

Dynamic response of common stone masonry buildings under uncertain material properties

The major causes of the failure of the structure are either improper design or improper construction. Therefore, accurate analysis for the design of the structure is of utmost importance. However, it is extremely difficult and impractical to determine all the engineering properties of the building structure and all of its components’ analysis of each building. It is customary to adopt typical values of material properties for the analysis of such structures, usually required for seismic vulnerability analysis. However, there is a high variation in material characteristics, especially of stone masonry that can have a significant effect on the analysis. Typical stone masonry was investigated at the site and then analyzed using finite element model (FEM). Parametric analysis was conducted for a range of young’s modulus of elasticity values of a masonry wall. The dynamic characteristics of the building were determined from the modal analysis. Seismic loading was done using dynamic methods and its effect was determined as design stresses and building deformations for the comparison. The results indicated that various building responses have a different relationship with the elasticity parameter of the wall, indicating that a very good engineering judgment is required in the analysis of stone masonry buildings that do not have standard material properties.

The Bear Trap

<h3>Abstract</h3> A dry-stone structure known as the Bear Trap—“Bjørnefælden” in Danish and “Putdlagssuaq” (The Great Trap) in the local Greenlandic Kalaallisut—is a unique and enigmatic feature on the Arctic landscape of the Nuussuaq Peninsula in northwestern Greenland. Despite its suggestive name, the intended function of the Bear Trap has been the subject of scholarly debate since 1740. Here we present new findings on the Bear Trap, update the archaeological context of the site and its surroundings, and present the first three-dimensional (3D) digital reconstruction of the site and its surroundings. Investigations of the Bear Trap and its surroundings during the summer of 2019 revealed previously undocumented graves in the vicinity. Based on the newly discovered graves and quantitative data extracted from the 3D models, we concur with previous scholarly speculations (e.g., Rosenkrantz 1967) that the Bear Trap was possibly used as a grave or possible cenotaph rather than as a <i>skemma</i>, the typical stone storage structure of the Greenland Norse. In addition, we demonstrate the use of 3D modeling to digitally preserve cultural heritage in the rapidly changing Arctic and permit remote, quantitative analysis of archaeological sites.

Analyzing the Effectiveness of Laser and Pneumatic Lithotripsy in the Treatment of Ureteral Stones Smaller than 1.05 Centimetres in Diameter a Multi-Center Study

Objective: aims to compare the success rates of laser lithotripsy with pneumatic lithotripsy for removing ureteric stones less than 1.5 cm at a tertiary care hospital. Method: This Multi-Center study was conducted in the urology department of Lady Reading Hospital in Peshawar total of 265 patients (125 in the PL group and 140 in the LL category) with ureteral stones were treated with ureteroscopic lithotripsy. The study's authors aimed to compare factors such as rates of stone-free patients, operation length, patient recovery time, length of hospital stay, stone migration, and complication rates. Results: Age distribution, gender distribution, typical stone size, stone point, and level of complexity were all comparable between the two groups. The LL group stood out from the rest regarding stone repositioning, SFR, and MHS. Conclusion: The [PL and LL] methods worked well and were safe for ureteral stones. However, the [LL] group may have had a greater SFR. Keywords: comparing, pneumatic lithotripsy, ureteral stones

Le Paléolithique supérieur dans l’île d’Hokkaïdo

Since the discovery of the first Paleolithic site in Hokkaido, we consider that the time in the half more than centuries already passed, and float today. However, our research is still a way. By today, we have not discovered the trace about a Pithecantropines (Homo erectus) and a Paleanthropic man (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) at all in this region. We know that a Neanthropic man (Homo sapiens sapiens) dominated all the continents except Antarctica in the final time of the Pleistocene era. And they passed along the dried shoal which appeared to the north in the same time from the Asian Continent to the Island of Hokkaido, and reached it to this place. The first attainment time is an age which exceeds 20,000-years before a little from the present. We are not checking a fact which exceeds it you to be much. However, the habitants of these beginnings left the trace of the activity of them in large numbers, so that he was wonderful to inside of this island. The studies-of-prehistory research in Hokkaido has little proof of the natural science field concerned on age determination or chronology. This has serious restriction. However, the tephra-chronology of volcanic ashes has played the big role uniquely. The eruption of the Eniwa volcano of the Hokkaido central part is especially a very important index. This volcano blows off ash fall (En-a) in large quantities, and covered all large ranges. This deposited volcanic-ashes layer plays a big role to discernment of an old industry and a recent industry on the cultural chronology. The obsidian from this island and nearby hard shale was used for many industries of this Upper Paleolithic cultures as main materials. Although obsidians in the island where the different four outcrops are known well. This rock was mined in large quantities, and was carried in various places. As well as many examples in the world, we divided this rock, and the human beings of the prehistoric age were demanded for it, and it was often utilized. In it, especially the outcrop of Shirataki was located in the northern part of Hokkaido, and was very important. Large quantities of obsidian from Shirataki outcrop is discovered in a large number of Paleolithic sites within a segment 700km in diameter at least. It covered the territory in Hokkaido and circulated further also except this island. This fact circulated as important trade materials on stone-tool fabrication among the human-beings groups from whom this island's every place differed. In this time, human beings’ activity in Hokkaido is a clear proof, which was not isolated at all. As for the studies of the prehistorians of Hokkaido distinguish, the exception put the technical process of eight different microblade productions. The technical process of some of them was limited only to the specific narrow area. Or it is proved that other technical processes are widely connected with the human-beings group of the Asian Continent on the contrary. At present, our research grasps the whole second-half Paleolithic culture, and has not yet established the year system edited by locally complete. The oldest industry of this area composed the typical stone tool of second-half Paleolithic culture from the beginning, and was accompanied by the manufacturing technique of a braid and microblade. The feature is the example in which the ruins of Kashiwadai-I were most excellent. These ruins correspond at time older than deposition of the Eniwa volcano tephra. It is located at the chill time in the second half of a Würm glacial period. The second continuing step is an industry of succession newer than this volcano tephra. It is raised as an example with Ôsatsu-16 typical ruins etc. The third phase is an industry of the end term of second-half Paleolithic culture. It is simultaneously located in the dawn of Jōmon culture. The feature of this cultural aspect is a transitional cultural stage which earthenware appears and is called what is called “Sub-Neolithic-Culture”. We can check having passed expansively, while the aspect of this last continues within a short period of time relatively.

Mechanical characterization of “Scaglia Rossa” stone masonry through experimental and numerical analyses

This paper outlines the complete characterization of masonry walls composed of “Scaglia Rossa”, a typical stone of the Apennine area between the Umbria and Marche Regions in Central Italy. The study focuses the assessment of the mechanical behavior by means of an experimental campaign carried out in the laboratory of the Polytechnic University of Marche, where the samples of “Scaglia Rossa” masonry, obtained from the controlled demolition of three school buildings, were reconstructed with the same techniques of the 1950s-‘60s, and then tested in order to identify both the constituent materials, stone and mortar, and the composite masonry.The experimental tests were prior to a numerical analysis implemented by the adoption of a nonlinear model capturing the cracking behavior. The main mechanical parameters were then calibrated by means of an optimization algorithm of Levenberg-Marquardt, considering a continuous approach with both (i) macro- and (ii) micro-modelling techniques and obtaining resistance parameters not deriving directly from the experimental tests. The comparison between the results obtained from the Levenberg - Marquardt algorithm by changing the parameters of the damage model based on data given by the experimental campaign allowed to confirm the validity of the approach used.

First record of the stone crayfish in the Romanian lowlands

The stone crayfish is a native European freshwater species with significant population declines caused by anthropogenic pressure onto its habitats, climate change and spreading of non-indigenous invasive crayfish and their pathogens (e.g., Aphanomyces astaci). We present the first record of an Austropotamobius torrentium population in a small stream from the southern lowlands of Romania, in an area without limestone or karst, known as a typical stone crayfish habitat in this country. No additional populations were found in the neighbouring streams. The mtDNA analysis based on sequencing a short fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene revealed that specimens from this newly discovered population belongs to the most widespread phylogroup of A. torrentium (CSE) and share the same haplotype as the specimens found in Croatia. Unfortunately, this crayfish population has disappeared most likely because of the crayfish plague since pathogen A. astaci was isolated from moribund crayfish. Our study highlights the vulnerability of isolated relic populations in the face of outside stressors.

Radiation Protection Legislation and Sustainable Development of a Rural Green Tuff Village of Ischia Island

Radiological risk affects the quality of the environment in buildings since population and workers can be potentially exposed to high levels of radiation. Radon gas emanating from both subsoil and building materials represents the most important source of radiation exposure for people. This study investigates the sustainability concept of a small rural village of Ischia Island, named Ciglio, in relation to radiation protection legislation concerning the radiological risk for workers. Radon activity concentration was measured in typical green-tuff dwellings and in water samples collected from a local waterfall E-Perm devices. Moreover, for green tuff as building material, the radon emanation coefficient was calculated by gamma spectroscopy. The results highlight the importance of performing environmental radon monitoring and investigating the radon content of building materials, especially in geographical areas characterized by traditional use of typical stones for constructions. In conclusion, the sustainable development of rural buildings is possible if the radiological risk for inhabitants and workers is assessed in line with the national radiation protection legislation.

Analysis of performance factors in 240 consecutive cases of robot-assisted flexible ureteroscopic stone treatment.

Flexible ureteroscopy is the keystone of modern kidney stone treatment. Although a simple surgical technique achieves good clinical results and a low complication rate, there are high demands on the surgeon's dexterity and ergonomic restrictions. Robotic-assisted flexible ureteroscopy (rfURS) could overcome these limitations. After 4years of use of rfURS at a tertiary stone center, performance factors were analyzed to define the role of rfURS in kidney stone management. A rfURS system was installed in August 2014 at the SLK Kliniken (Heilbronn, Germany). Treatment data of N = 240 consecutive patients undergoing rfURS were prospectively collected and analyzed. The patient cohort represents typical stone formers. N = 240 renal units containing 443 stones with an average stone load of 1798mm3 were treated. Surgical parameters as well as the peri- and postoperative complications were recorded, analyzed and compared to the current data in the literature. OR time 91min, stone treatment time 55min, stone treatment efficacy 33mm3/min; perioperative complications 5.4%; robot times: preparation 5min, docking 5min, console time to stone contact 6min, console time 75min; postoperative complications 6.7%; postoperative length of stay 1.5days; stone-free rate (residuals < 2mm) 90% and re-treatment rate 8.75%. This consecutive series represents real-life data about the utilization of rfURS. The detailed analysis of performance factors revealed the successful utilization of the first generation of robotic systems in endourologic stone surgery, and indicates that the robot performs comparably to conventional flexible URS. Optimal ergonomics maintain the surgeon's endurance in long-lasting surgeries.

Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Typical Stone Masonry Building

Masonry, the most commonly used building typology is the building of structures from individual units, which are often laid in and bound together by mortar. Masonry structures are the most vulnerable with external forces. Nepal is disaster prone zone and get frequently attack by various hazard such as earthquake, wind storms, flash-floods, fire, landslides, heavy rain fall, lightening and many more. So, in order to maintain resistive structures, seismic vulnerability of structure should be examined. Nepal Population and housing Census 2011, total 3350143 (2,397,441 –Mud bonded bricks/stone and 952,702- Cement Bonded bricks/ stone) houses out of 5423297 (61.77%) are found to be have masonry foundations. So, to link the context of Resistance structures in Nepal’s context first of all, the predominating stone masonry spread widely over Nepal must be checked for their seismic vulnerability. So, a typical residential stone masonry building is taken for this study. Seismic Vulnerability of the Building is examined in accordance with guidance provided by Government of Nepal- Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, 2011 in their guideline which describe the procedure for qualitative and quantitative assessment of structural earthquake vulnerability of public and private buildings in Nepal. Furthermore, Building is modelled and analyzed by using ETABS software. The outcome obtained from ETABS software are used to find the condition of building and to propose method for its strengthening.

Seismic risk reduction in northern Pakistan

This paper presents studies aimed at reducing seismic risk in northern Pakistan. The unreinforced masonry buildings, in parts of Gilgit-Baltistan and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa provinces, are classified as non-engineered structures. The presence of a large proportion of these buildings is a challenge from an earthquake safety perspective. A scaled model of a typical two-storey stone masonry building was dynamically tested using a shaking table. The observed behaviour of the model indicated that the damage concentrated in the in-plane walls of the first storey of the model. The seismic response of the second storey was different and it did not suffer any noticeable damage. On the basis of the observed behaviour, four damage states were identified for the model corresponding to different earthquake intensities.

The effects of heavy-duty machinery on the formation of pseudo-knapping debitage in Stone Age cultural landscapes

Abstract

The character of Goadong Mural Tomb in Goryeong and Daegaya ruling class

고령 고아동벽화고분은 대가야 최고수장층의 묘역인 지산동고분군과 인접하여 위치하는 횡혈식석실이다. 고아동벽화고분에 대해 그 동안 많은 연구가 진행되었으나 연화문 벽화 분석이 대부분을 차지하였다. 이에 석실 구조에 대한 고고학적 분석을 근거로 한 계보와 편년, 피장자의 출신과 성격에 관한 자세한 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 그리고 고아동벽화고분의 출현 배경에 대가야 수장층이 어떠한 목적으로 개입하였는지, 또한 그 관계에 관한 접근도 필요하다 생각하여 본 연구를 계획하게 되었다. 고아동벽화고분의 석실 구조는 공주와 부여지역에서 확인되는 터널형 횡혈식석실과 유사하다. 그 출현시점은 530년대 이후의 6세기 중엽으로 설정하였고, 축조 공인은 백제인이 중심이 되었을 것으로 추정하였다. 피장자 문제는 고아동벽화고분의 입지, 인접한 지산동고분군의 성격, 당시 역사적 배경과 관련지어 논하였다. 이에 고아동벽화고분의 피장자는 친백제계 대가야 고위층 또는 고령지역에 파견된 백제 관료의 두 가지 가능성으로 압축하였다. 고아동벽화고분의 출현 배경에는 대가야 지배층의 정치적 목적이 강하게 반영되었을 것으로 보았다. 그리고 백제 선진 문물을 적극적으로 수용하는 것이 유물에 그치지 않고 묘제에도 반영되었을 가능성을 제시하면서 고아동벽화고분을 그 사례로 평가하였다. 아울러 이와 유사한 구조의 석실이 고령양식 토기 일색 분포권과 유사함을 지적하면서 그 의미와 가능성에 대 해 살펴보았다. 대가야는 당시 백제를 포함한 주변국의 흐름과 같이 횡혈식석실을 수용하였고, 이것을 통해 정치적 성장을 도모하였을 것으로 추정되나 역시 대가야 멸망에 가까운 시대적 상황에 의해 더 이상의 발전은 없었던 것으로 판단하였다.Goadong Mural Tomb in Goryeong is a stone chamber tomb with a tunnel entrance adjacent to Jisandong Tumuli, the tombs of the highest level of the ruling class in Daegaya. Many studies have been conducted on Goadong Mural Tomb, but they concentrated too much on Yeonhwamun mural analysis that not enough research has been done in detail about the characteristics and genealogy of the stone chamber tomb, and the origin and personality of the buried. There is also a need to approach the purpose of intervention by the Daegaya ruling class or the relationship with the background for the emergence of Goadong Mural Tomb, and this study was conducted accordingly. The structure of Goadong Mural Tomb is similar to the tunnel-type stone chamber found in Gongju and Buyeo. It was assumed to have emerged in the mid-6th century, and probably built by Baekje people. The buried was discussed in relation to the location of Goadong Mural Tomb, the character of Jisandong Tumuli next to it, and the historical background at the time. One thing clear is that the buried of Goadong Mural Tomb is not from the highest ruling class around Jisandong Tumuli. It was assumed that there might have been political purposes of the ruling class of Daegaya in the background of Goadong Mural Tomb. There was also a possibility that this aspect might have appeared in the burial system, based on Daegaya’s unique Goryeong-style earthenware and gold earrings. In the end, while Daegaya made efforts to build a typical stone chamber tomb following the trend of neighboring countries including Baekje, no more progress was made due to the circumstances at the time when Daegaya was on the verge of ruin.

The Principle Used in the Construction of Typical Stone Pagodas During the 8th Century Silla Period

The Principle Used in the Construction of Typical Stone Pagodas During the 8th Century Silla Period

Metal-touching tools from ancient graves: The case of a Roman period royal burial

As is the case in countless prehistoric and early medieval burials in Europe and the Near East, the richly furnished burial of Germanic rulers from the second century AD, uncovered near the Roman army camp at Mušov (Czech Republic), also contained typical stone artefacts. Following the results of a chemical microanalysis of traces of precious and other non-ferrous metals on their surface, the authors discuss the original function of the artefacts. The observed streaks bring forward the issue of ancient metallurgy (an alloy of arsenic and silver), speisses (nickel), and document the testing of minerals (cinnabar). As this royal burial contained also representative forging tongs, it provides an occasion to illustrate the weakness of the still-popular social, or even “professional”, interpretation of burials based on the tools they are furnished with, which reflects the dependence of today's archaeology on ideas from the first half of the nineteenth century, when the discipline was being established.

계층적 분석기법(AHP)에 의한 제주 돌문화경관자원의 중요도에 관한 연구 - 한·중 비교를 중심으로 -

본 연구는 제주 문화경관 관리방안의 일종으로 돌문화경관자원의 우선순위를 도출하여 그 중요도를 평가하는 것이 목적이다. 제주의 대표적 돌문화경관에 대해 한 중 전문가를 대상으로 각 자원의 중요 우선순위를 평가하였으며, 분석방법으로 AHP 기법을 사용하였다. 평가기준에 대한 중요도 분석결과, 한 중 전문가 모두 탁월한 보편적 가치(ⅲ_문화적 전통이나 문명의 독보적 또는 적어도 특출한 증거)를 가장 중요하다고 평가하였다. 그리고 각 평가 기준에 대한 자원의 중요도 및 전체에 대한 종합 중요도에서는 양국 전문가 모두 밭담을 가장 중요한 경관 자원이라고 평가하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 향토자원의 중요도에 관한 비교 및 보전 관리 입장에서의 자원에 대한 우선순위를 도출함으로써 제주경관 관리 측면에서의 정량적인 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 보며, 제주 돌문화경관자원의 보전 및 문화유산관리 측면에서 기초적 도움이 될 것으로 본다. 하지만 한중 비교연구로서 세계적 보편적 가치를 일반화하기에는 한계가 있다고 보며, 이는 본 연구의 한계점으로 사료된다. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the importance of the stone cultural landscape resources is a kind of management of Jeju cultural landscape. For typical stone cultural landscape of Jeju, to target South Korea and China experts, to evaluate the importance of each resource. Using the AHP technique in the method of analysis. As a result of the importance analysis of evaluation criteria, Korean and Chinese experts evaluated the Outstanding Universal Value(ⅲ_To bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared) as the most important. and Experts from both countries evaluated the field walls as the most important landscape resource in importance of resources about each evaluation criteria and overall importance. The results of this study, it will be able to provide quantitative information in terms of landscape management of Jeju by deriving the priority of the resources from the standpoint of comparison and conservation management on the importance of local resources, which is the basis useful from the point of view of conservation and cultural heritage management about stone cultural landscape resources in Jeju. However, as South Korea and China in the comparative study, to generalize the global universal value it is seen that there is a limit, seems to limit point of this study.

Seismic assessment and improvement of unreinforced stone masonry buildings

Following the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes considerable effort was applied to the task of developing industry guidance for the seismic assessment, repair and strengthening of unreinforced masonry buildings. The recently updated “Section 10” of NZSEE 2006 is one of the primary outputs from these efforts, in which a minor amount of information is introduced regarding vintage stone unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings. Further information is presented herein to extend the resources readily available to New Zealand practitioners regarding load-bearing stone URM buildings via a literature review of the traditional European approach to this topic and its applicability to the New Zealand stone URM building stock.&#x0D; An informative background to typical stone URM construction is presented, including population, geometric, structural and material characteristics. The European seismic vulnerability assessment procedure is then reported, explaining each step in sequence of assessment by means of preliminary inspection (photographic, geometric, structural and crack pattern surveys) and investigation techniques, concluding with details of seismic improvement interventions. The challenge in selecting the appropriate intervention for each existing URM structure is associated with reconciling the differences between heritage conservation and engineering perspectives to reinstating the original structural strength. Traditional and modern techniques are discussed herein with the goal of preserving heritage values and ensuring occupant safety. A collection of Annexes are provided that summarise the presented information in terms of on-site testing, failure mechanisms and seismic improvement.

Analysis of the Behavior of Foundations of Historical Buildings

The article is devoted to the analysis of the behaviour of the foundations of historic buildings. Some basic aspects of foundation engineering are discussed, with an emphasis placed on its development, applied techniques, and materials. Several different approaches and methods for the analysis of foundations of historical buildings are presented. A particular analysis has been focused on an example of a typical stone foundation from the sixteenth century. First, the calculations have been performed using the finite element method, then the bearing capacity and the settlement analysis has been determined according to EC-7. Next, the bearing capacity has been evaluated using simplified analysis. A settlement of the foundation has been also estimated using Kerisel's proposal. The information should allow for a better understanding of the behaviour of foundations discussed in this research, and especially of methods of their analysis. A comparison analysis has been performed and possible directions for further research in this field have been indicated.

Talk from the Perspective of Petrology Carving Stone

This article selects the typical carving stone as the research object. We make an discuss about the factors affecting the effect of seal cutting art of using saber from the perspective of petrology through the conditions of seal cutting stone material, color, hardness, transparency and so on. Making an analyze about the adaptability to seal cutting stone and the stone material impact bit broken seal treatment , in order to select material of seal cutting lovers with reference.