Types Of Social Behavior Research Articles

Erdőművelés aljnövényzetre gyakorolt hatásainak vizsgálata zselici bükkösben

The studied beech forest is situated in south-west Hungary. This paper describe the surveyed forest stand and try to introducing the influence of applied forest management method. The analysis use phytosociological characters, flora elements, life forms and social behaviour types of plant spe-cies. The composition of herb layer was changed in the steps of regeneration cutting.

Mice Exposed to Diagnostic Ultrasound In Utero Are Less Social and More Active in Social Situations Relative to Controls

Clinical use of diagnostic ultrasound imaging during pregnancy has a long history of safety and diagnostic utility, as supported by numerous human case reports and epidemiological studies. However, there exist in vivo studies linking large but clinically relevant doses of ultrasound applied to mouse fetuses in utero to altered learning, memory, and neuroanatomy of those mice. Also, there exists a well-documented significant increase in the likelihood of non-right-handedness in boys exposed to diagnostic ultrasound in utero, potentially relevant given the increased prevalence of autism in males, and reports of excess non-right-handedness in this population. Motivated by these observations, we applied 30 minutes of diagnostic ultrasound to pregnant mice at embryonic day 14.5 and assayed the social behavior of their male pups 3 weeks after their birth. The ultrasound-exposed pups were significantly (P < 0.01) less interested in social interaction than sham-exposed pups in a three-chamber sociability test. In addition, they demonstrated significantly (P < 0.05) more activity relative to the sham-exposed pups, but only in the presence of an unfamiliar mouse. These results suggest that fetal exposure to diagnostic ultrasound applied in utero can alter typical social behaviors in young mice that may be relevant for autism. There exist meaningful differences between the exposure of diagnostic ultrasound to mice versus humans that require further exploration before this work can usefully inform clinical practice. Future work should address these differences as well as clarify the extent, mechanisms, and functional effects of diagnostic ultrasound's interaction with the developing brain.

New thousand-seed weight records of the Pannonian flora and their application in analysing social behaviour types

In the present paper we report original thousand-seed weight data for the flora of the Pannonian Basin. Our goal was to demonstrate the usefulness of seed weight databases by analysing seed weight data in relation to social behaviour types and life forms. We specifically asked the following questions: (i) how the seed weights are related to social behaviour type categories; (ii) how the life form of the species influences seed weight differences between respective social behaviour types? Own weight measurements are provided for 1,405 taxa; and for 187 taxa we published seed weight data for the first time: these were mostly endemics, orchids and/or species with Pontic, Caspian or continental distribution. Several taxonomic or functional groups are underrepresented in our database, like aquatic plants, rare arable weeds and sub-Mediterranean species. Problematic taxa, some difficult-to-harvest species or species with low seed production and cultivated adventives are also underrepresented. We found that the plant strategies expressed by social behaviour types were significantly different in terms of seed weights. The lowest seed weight scores were found for natural pioneers, whereas the highest ones were found for adventives and introduced cultivated plants. Short-lived herbaceous species had significantly higher seed weight scores than herbaceous perennials. No significant differences were found between specialists and generalists within the stress tolerant group. We found that short-lived graminoids possess heavier seeds than perennial graminoids, perennial and annual forbs. Naturalness scores were negatively correlated with seed weights. Our findings showed that seed collections and databases are not only for storing plant material and seed weight data, but can be effectively used for understanding ecological trends and testing plant trait-based hypotheses. Even the identified gaps underline the necessity of further seed collection and measurements.

Youth in the City: Behavior in the Extreme Case

Youth in the city causes one of the social problems connected with cultural, social and psychological environment of megalopolis. Students as social marginal group are the symbiosis of different types of culture, different types of social behavior. An empirical study is performed to reveal an attitude of students towards the behavior in the extreme case. The method of research is the panel survey of 613 students of Perm State Technical University (PNRPU) in 1996 and 1242 in 2010. This research is enabled to reveal: 1) character of fear as a parameter of students’ social feeling; 2) reasons of sense of exposure and fear; 3) factors influencing the appearance of sense of exposure; 4) extreme case as a social phenomenon in the city atmosphere; 5) students’ relation to the personal safety.

Drosophila social clustering is disrupted by anesthetics and in narrow abdomen ion channel mutants

Members of many species tend to congregate, a behavioral strategy known as local enhancement. Selective advantages of local enhancement range from efficient use of resources to defense from predators. While previous studies have examined many types of social behavior in fruit flies, few have specifically investigated local enhancement. Resource-independent local enhancement (RILE) has recently been described in the fruit fly using a measure called social space index (SSI), although the neural mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we analyze RILE of Drosophila under conditions that allow us to elucidate its neural mechanisms. We have investigated the effects of general volatile anesthetics, compounds that compromise higher order functioning of the type typically required for responding to social cues. We exposed Canton-S flies to non-immobilizing concentrations of halothane and found that flies had a significantly decreased SSI compared with flies tested in air. Narrow abdomen (na) mutants, which display altered responses to anesthetics in numerous behavioral assays, also have a significantly reduced SSI, an effect that was fully reversed by restoring expression of na by driving a UAS-NA rescue construct with NA-GAL4. We found that na expression in cholinergic neurons fully rescued the behavioral defect, whereas expression of na in glutamatergic neurons did so only partially. Our results also suggest a role for na expression in the mushroom bodies (MBs), as suppressing na expression in the MBs of NA-GAL4 rescue flies diminishes SSI. Our data indicate that RILE, a simple behavioral strategy, requires complex neural processing.

Patient and impatient punishers of free-riders

Costly punishment of cheaters who contribute little or nothing to a cooperating group has been extensively studied, as an effective means to enforce cooperation. The prevailing view is that individuals use punishment to retaliate against transgressions of moral standards such as fairness or equity. However, there is much debate regarding the psychological underpinnings of costly punishment. Some authors suggest that costly punishment must be a product of humans' capacity for reasoning, self-control and long-term planning, whereas others argue that it is the result of an impulsive, present-oriented emotional drive. Here, we explore the inter-temporal preferences of punishers in a multilateral cooperation game and show that both interpretations might be right, as we can identify two different types of punishment: punishment of free-riders by cooperators, which is predicted by patience (future orientation); and free-riders' punishment of other free-riders, which is predicted by impatience (present orientation). Therefore, the picture is more complex as punishment by free-riders probably comes not from a reaction against a moral transgression, but instead from a competitive, spiteful drive. Thus, punishment grounded on morals may be related to lasting or delayed psychological incentives, whereas punishment triggered by competitive desires may be linked to short-run aspirations. These results indicate that the individual's time horizon is relevant for the type of social behaviour she opts for. Integrating such differences in inter-temporal preferences and the social behaviour of agents might help to achieve a better understanding of how human cooperation and punishment behaviour has evolved.

Structural changes of a pannonian grassland plant community in relation to the decrease of water availability

Climate change and other local factors in Central Hungary resulted in a severe water table drawdown during the last few decades. Several studies with different methodical approaches have already been conducted in the region to examine the reaction of the vegetation to the new conditions. In this paper we report the results of a unique, long-term vegetation study of a permanent site, which was also suffering from the loss of its original water supply. The site consisted of a drier section with sandy steppe communities and a wetter one located in an interdune depression. By using diversity measures, relative ecological indicators, flora element classifications, Raunkiaer’s life-form categories and Borhidi’s social behaviour types we could show that both sections were influenced by the water table drawdown, though most shifts were more prominent in the wet section. According to the results the vegetation of the wet section was in a drying phase, it was getting more thermophilous and its continental character was getting stronger. We found that the vegetation of both sections had undergone a transitional degradation before the study was started and during the study it was in a regeneration phase towards a new natural state. This fortunate process proves that these communities have a potential to adapt to drier conditions, but beside the decrease of the overall habitat diversity we could also detect an obvious negative trend in the productivity, which we consider a severe general trend for the entire region.

Of mice and monkeys: using non-human primate models to bridge mouse- and human-based investigations of autism spectrum disorders

The autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) arise from a diverse array of genetic and environmental origins that disrupt the typical developmental trajectory of neural connectivity and synaptogenesis. ASDs are marked by dysfunctional social behavior and cognition, among other deficits. Greater understanding of the biological substrates of typical social behavior in animal models will further our understanding of the etiology of ASDs. Despite the precision and tractability of molecular genetics models of ASDs in rodents, these organisms lack the complexity of human social behavior, thus limiting their impact on understanding ASDs to basic mechanisms. Non-human primates (NHPs) provide an attractive, complementary model for ASDs, due in part to the complexity and dynamics of social structures, reliance on vision for social signaling, and deep homology in brain circuitry mediating social behavior and reward. This knowledge is based on a rich literature, compiled over 50 years of observing primate behavior in the wild, which, in the case of rhesus macaques, is complemented by a large body of research characterizing neuronal activity during cognitive behavior. Several recent developments in this field are directly relevant to ASDs, including how the brain represents the perceptual features of social stimuli, how social information influences attention processes in the brain, and how the value of social interaction is computed. Because the symptoms of ASDs may represent extreme manifestations of traits that vary in intensity within the general population, we will additionally discuss ways in which nonhuman primates also show variation in social behavior and reward sensitivity. In cases where variation in species-typical behavior is analogous to similar variations in human behavior, we believe that study of the neural circuitry underlying this variation will provide important insights into the systems-level mechanisms contributing to ASD pathology.

Inhaled oxytocin amplifies both vicarious reinforcement and self reinforcement in rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta )

People attend not only to their own experiences, but also to the experiences of those around them. Such social awareness profoundly influences human behavior by enabling observational learning, as well as by motivating cooperation, charity, empathy, and spite. Oxytocin (OT), a neurosecretory hormone synthesized by hypothalamic neurons in the mammalian brain, can enhance affiliation or boost exclusion in different species in distinct contexts, belying any simple mechanistic neural model. Here we show that inhaled OT penetrates the CNS and subsequently enhances the sensitivity of rhesus macaques to rewards occurring to others as well as themselves. Roughly 2 h after inhaling OT, monkeys increased the frequency of prosocial choices associated with reward to another monkey when the alternative was to reward no one. OT also increased attention to the recipient monkey as well as the time it took to render such a decision. In contrast, within the first 2 h following inhalation, OT increased selfish choices associated with delivery of reward to self over a reward to the other monkey, without affecting attention or decision latency. Despite the differences in species typical social behavior, exogenous, inhaled OT causally promotes social donation behavior in rhesus monkeys, as it does in more egalitarian and monogamous ones, like prairie voles and humans, when there is no perceived cost to self. These findings potentially implicate shared neural mechanisms.

Quantifying mouse social behavior

Event Abstract Back to Event Quantifying mouse social behavior S. E. Roian Egnor1*, Shay Ohayon2, Pietro Perona2 and Adam Taylor1 1 Howard Hughes Medical Institute - Janelia Farm Research Campus, United States 2 Caltech, United States Humans are social creatures, and deficits that impair social interaction can be much more disruptive to individual, family and society, than similarly severe sensory or motor deficits. This makes research into social deficits particularly urgent, but this urgency is hampered by the increased difficulty of modeling complex human social interactions with mouse behavior. Characterizing a social deficit requires first that you have a good idea of what a socially normal mouse looks like. This is partially complicated by the fact that one of the reasons that the mouse is so globally successful is that it is extremely plastic in the types of social behavior it can display. Mice can be successful at very low and very high population densities, deploying the same genetics to handle almost no social interactions or continual social interactions. Social relationships in mice develop over the course of many days, but standard tests of social competence are often brief, involving observation of two mice introduced into a cage for a short period. In addition, standard mouse husbandry allows only a fraction of the full mouse repertoire to be observed in the lab and the social and sexual isolation common in mouse husbandry practice can introduce repetitive/anxiety-related behaviors that may obscure natural behavior. To describe normal mouse social behavior in a quantitative way we have developed a video--based method to track the position and identity of group-housed male and female mice in a 60 cm x 60 cm enclosure over multiple days. Mice are bleach marked to allow unambiguous identification. Four ultrasonic microphones record vocalizations continuously during social interactions. Keywords: Mouse, tracking, trajectory, vocalization Conference: Tenth International Congress of Neuroethology, College Park. Maryland USA, United States, 5 Aug - 10 Aug, 2012. Presentation Type: Invited Symposium (only for people who have been invited to a particular symposium) Topic: Social Behavior Citation: Egnor S, Ohayon S, Perona P and Taylor A (2012). Quantifying mouse social behavior. Conference Abstract: Tenth International Congress of Neuroethology. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnbeh.2012.27.00051 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 02 May 2012; Published Online: 07 Jul 2012. * Correspondence: Dr. S. E. Roian Egnor, Howard Hughes Medical Institute - Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, United States, roian.egnor@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers S. E. Roian Egnor Shay Ohayon Pietro Perona Adam Taylor Google S. E. Roian Egnor Shay Ohayon Pietro Perona Adam Taylor Google Scholar S. E. Roian Egnor Shay Ohayon Pietro Perona Adam Taylor PubMed S. E. Roian Egnor Shay Ohayon Pietro Perona Adam Taylor Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Empathy as a mediator of the relations between parent and peer attachment and prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors in Mexican American college students

Attachment and social support theories are normative developmental approaches that postulate positive social behavioral outcomes for individuals who develop strong relationships to parents and peers; however, research on positive aspects of Latinos in the United States is scarce. One hundred and forty-five Mexican American college students ( M age = 23.05 years; 99 females) from state universities in the United States completed measures of parent and peer attachment, empathy, prosocial behaviors, and physical aggression. Structural equation models showed that both parent and peer attachments were associated with prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors. In general, empathy mediated the relations between peer attachment and both types of social behaviors but mostly for men and not women. Discussion focuses on the importance of attachment relationships and empathy in understanding prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors among Mexican American college students.

The relevance of group size on goats’ social dynamics in a production environment

The aim of the present experiment was to examine the effects of short-term experience with three different group sizes in an increasing and decreasing fashion on the frequency social interactions in goats. Two batches of 24 healthy, dehorned, 2–5 years old, lactating dairy goats ( Capra hircus) were used in the experiment. In the first order of treatment, the 24 goats were kept as one group in week 1, and then the group was divided into two groups of 12 goats in week 2, and then further split into four groups of six goats in week 3. In the second order of treatment, another 24 goats were divided into four groups of six animals in week 1, and then merged into two groups of 12 animals in week 2, to be finally merged into one group of 24 animals in week 3. The goats were video recorded for 8 h from 1000 h on day 1 and day 5 in each of the three experimental weeks. Most types of social behaviours, both positive and negative, declined in frequency with increasing group size, resulting in a lower level of social activity in the largest group size. Day of observation after grouping and order of experiencing different group sizes both interacted with the effects of group size for a number of the behaviours observed. The present results suggest a dynamic nature of the social behaviours in domestic goats, but the results have to be interpreted with caution due to the lack of true replicates in the largest group size.

SUBMISSIVE PANT-GRUNT GREETING OF FEMALE CHIMPANZEES IN MAHALE MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK, TANZANIA

One of the unique greeting behaviors of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ( ) is pant- grunt vocalization, which is given only by lower-ranking individuals toward a more dominant group member. It is a typical social behavior performed when adult females encounter adult males. Previous studies have proposed some social functions of pant-grunts, such as signaling submission, signaling appeasement, expressing support, and checking tolerance. To evaluate the social variables driving pant-grunts, I investigated pant-grunts by adult female chimpan- zees of the M group in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. I found that pant-grunts functioned as a submissive signal between adult males and females, but did not always occur during encounters of adult females with adult males. Whether the pant-grunt functions as an appeasement signal remains unclear, but adult females performed pant-grunts as a reaction to the aggression of other individuals. Adult females did not express their support for a particular male by pant-grunting during the study period, probably because the dominance rank among adult males was stable. Rather than checking tolerance at the time, maintaining relations with adult males by pant-grunting was more essential for adult females. Whether adult females performed pant-grunts during encounters with adult males depended on the individuals present, the social power balance, and the current social interactions.

Social interactions influence dopamine and octopamine homeostasis in the brain of the ant Formica japonica

In ants, including Formica japonica, trophallaxis and grooming are typical social behaviors shared among nestmates. After depriving ants of either food or nestmates and then providing them with either food or nestmates, a behavioral change in type and frequency of social interactions was observed. We hypothesized that starvation and isolation affected levels of brain biogenic amines including dopamine (DA) and octopamine (OA) - neuromediators modifying various insect behaviors - and tested the relationship between brain biogenic amines and social behaviors of stressed ants. Ants starved for 7 days contained lower brain DA levels and they did not perform trophallaxis toward nestmates. Feeding starved ants sucrose solution re-established trophallaxis but not brain DA levels. The performance of trophallaxis induced recovery of brain DA content to the level of untreated ants. Ants that were isolated for 2 days displayed markedly increased OA levels, which following nestmate interactions, returned to levels similar to those of control (non-isolated) ants and ants isolated for 1 h. We conclude that: (1) starvation reduced brain DA level but had no significant effect on brain OA (trophallaxis recovered the brain DA levels), and (2) isolation increased brain OA level but had no effect on brain DA (trophallaxis and grooming events recovered the brain OA levels). We suggest that social interactions with nestmates influenced brain biogenic amine homeostasis in stressed F. japonica.

Comparison of two neighbouring alkaline grasslands with different land uses: A conservation management perspective

We compared two neighbouring alkaline grasslands from a nature conservation point of view. The two grasslands are situated in different countries, resulting in different land uses. This study characterises the vegetation of the area in focus using the categories of the General National Habitat Classification System (A-NER) and compares the two sides based on naturalness categories, diversity ordering, social behaviour types, differential species and some supplementary information (e.g. waste dumps, landscape elements). Plant diversity is greater on the Romanian side, but this is mainly due to disturbance tolerants, weeds and ruderal competitors. Thus, we conclude that the grassland on the Romanian side is overgrazed. In addition, there are other undesirable processes on the Romanian side. In contrast, the Hungarian side is undergrazed. We suggest that adverse effects of grazing should be minimised using careful grazing techniques and traditional methods on the Romanian side, while grazing should be re-established on the Hungarian side. Intensive nature conservation efforts must be made if we are to protect the considerable conservation values of the grasslands, which should be protected legally.

Assessment of animal welfare through behavioural parameters in Iberian pigs in intensive and extensive conditions

Behaviour is a significant component of well-being and should be properly considered in a pig welfare assessment. However, interpretation of variations in behaviour is usually not straightforward, especially when dealing with animals housed and managed in a variety of systems. The fourth principle of the Welfare Quality ® project, labelled “Appropriate behaviour”, was assessed on 21 farms (11 extensive and 10 intensive) with a total of 25,856 Iberian pigs ( Sus scrofa). The methodology included scan samplings of social and exploratory behaviour, human–animal relationship tests and qualitative behaviour assessments (QBA). Changes in occurrence of behaviour and qualitative measures were evaluated and discussed when comparing Iberian pigs either in intensive or extensive rearing conditions. Negative as well as positive social behaviours were significantly ( P < 0.001) more frequent among intensive Iberian pigs compared to extensive animals. In intensive Iberian pigs, both types of social behaviours were highly correlated ( rs = +0.62). No significant differences were observed in the occurrence of exploratory behaviour and in the proportion of animals exhibiting a panic response to the presence of humans between intensive and extensive Iberian pigs. It is suggested that the high occurrences of social negative behaviours recorded in intensive conditions are clearly an indicator of poor welfare; but that interpretations of variations in “positive” social and explorative behaviour are not straightforward and may lead to misinterpretations. Despite its subjectivity, the qualitative behaviour assessment appears useful to discriminate farms.

Illír bükkös (Vicio oroboidi-Fagetum) erdőtársulás részletes cönológiai vizsgálata

The investigated illyrian beech forest is situated in SW Hungary. Its canopy is dominated by Tilia tomentosa and Fagus sylvatica. Statistics of phytosociological characters, flora elements, life forms and social behaviour types are given. The surveyed stands are near-natural characterised by following specialists: Ruscus hypoglossum, Lathyrus venetus, Aremonia agrimonioides, Staphylea pinnata, Galanthus nivalis, Isopyrum thalictroides, Listera ovata, Anemone nemorosa, Hepatica nobilis

Der schlechtere Weg ist das Ziel: Zum Leitbild des Philosophen in den Biographien des Eunapios

AbstractMany studies that deal with the Lives of the Philosophers and Sophists of Eunapius conclude that the Platonist philosophers portrayed in this collective biography avoided the general public and civic life of the cities. As a result, Eunapius is said to favour the philosophical retreat (anachoresis) from society and political activity. A close reading, however, shows that Eunapius quite subtly even criticizes this avoidance of the limelight. While acknowledging the central importance of contemplation, he argues that it is a crucial aspect of the pagan identity that philosophers use their teaching positions to reach out for potential future intellectuals and uneducated laymen alike. This almost missionary role of the philosopher in society is motivated by the growing importance of imperial Christianity on the one hand, and by an ethics of philanthropy on the other. It is the intention of Eunapius to substitute a tendency to escape from the world for a type of social behaviour that is reminiscent of Socrates.

Description and characterisation of a new rock sward association in the Villány Mountains (Festuco rupicolae-ArrhenatheretumErdős et Morschhauser, ass. nova)

A new closed rock sward association ( Festuco rupicolae-Arrhenatheretum Erdős et Morschhauser, ass. nova.) has been found and described in the Villány Mts (SW Hungary). This community lives in northern expositions, near the ridge or the plateau. Bedrock is limestone and dolomite. In the association dominated by the grasses Festuca rupicola and Arrhenatherum elatius , an unusual mixing of species can be encountered: species of the mesophilous forests, of the karst shrub-forests and of the xerophilous grasslands and rock swards occur together in this community. Description of the new community as a distinct association is supported by the PCoA ordination and the differential species. Ecological properties of the community were characterised by using ecological indicator values. This analysis also shows the dual character of the association. We analysed the new association by computing the spectra of the social behaviour types. The extraordinarily great amount of the disturbance tolerants is probably a consequence of the former grazing pressure or some other disturbance.

Effects of the frequency of grassland utilisation on the composition of vegetation in different grasslands

More than 11% of the area of Hungary (1.02 million ha) is under grassland management. A significant proportion of this area is occupied by extensively used fields where fodder is grown. Extensive grassland management does not necessarily exclude multiple harvests within one season. In our experiments, we tested the effect of cutting frequency on the species composition of grassland vegetation.Utilisation frequencies (2, 3, 4 cuttings annually) were simulated by the same method at two sites, without fertiliser applications. The utilisation frequency of 2 cuttings/year was represented by a late first cutting (third decade of June) and an autumn cutting. The utilisation frequency of 3 cuttings/year was represented by vegetation surveys performed in the third decade of May, at the end of July and at the beginning of October. The utilisation frequency of 4 cuttings/year meant surveys in May, at the end of June, the end of July and at the beginning of October.In Mende, on a planted, wet meadow, surveys on vegetation composition mostly yielded less than 10 species. In Bösztör, on a dry, natural pasture, the number of identified species varied between 35-40.From the relative ecological indicators (BORHIDI 1993), the distributions of relative temperature demand (TB), relative nitrogen demand (NB) and social behaviour types (SBT) were analysed.According to the results of the examined 2 years, we may conclude that from the 3 different utilisation frequencies, the treatment with 3 cuttings/year had the most significant beneficial effect on maintaining or establishing a near-natural vegetation. Further research is needed to confirm long time impacts.