Shoot Types Research Articles

Andrei Tarkovsky, Kazimierz Kutz and Federico Fellini: References and counterpoints

This article provides a detailed analysis of references to other films found in two of Andrei Tarkovsky’s works, thus highlighting the films’ intertextual and intermedial nature. More specifically the article examines several referential elements found in Tarkovsky’s Ivanovo detstvo (Ivan’s Childhood) () and , which, as scholars suggest, borrow elements from Kazimierz Kutz’s Krzyż Walecznych (Cross of Valour) () and Federico Fellini’s 8½ (), respectively. Through the theoretical analysis of filmmaking techniques as well as intertextual analysis, the article seeks to explain why and how Tarkovsky employs these references in his films. The article therefore examines the cinematography of the three directors in addition to their films’ visual stylistics and formal elements. By analysing mise en scènes, types of shots, lighting, editing and more, the article proves that the references Tarkovsky employs in his two films not only justify connections to his films’ main ideas but also serve as incontrovertible evidence that his films contain references and counterpoints to Kutz’s and Fellini’s works.

New training load metrics in field hockey using inertial measurement units

ABSTRACT Field hockey players are exposed to high biomechanical loads. These loads often cannot be adequately estimated with global navigational satellite systems (GNSS) since on-field displacements during these movements are often small. Therefore, this study aims to explore the potential of different proxies of biomechanical load in field hockey with use of a simple inertial measurement unit (IMU) system. Sixteen field hockey players performed a range of field hockey specific exercises, including running with stick on the ground, running upright, and different types of shots and passes. All exercises were performed at two different frequencies (i.e. number of actions per minute). A variety of proxies of biomechanical load (time spent with forward tilted pelvis, time spent in lunge position, time spent with flexed thighs, and Hip Load) were obtained using wearable IMUs. In addition, total distance was quantified using a GNSS system. Linear mixed models were constructed to determine the effects of the different exercises and action frequency on all quantified metrics. All metrics increased approximately proportional to the increase in action frequency. Total distance and Hip Load were greatest for the running exercises, but the different types of shots and passes had greater effects on specific on the times spent in the demanding body postures. This shows that these proxies of biomechanical load can be used to estimate field hockey-specific biomechanical loads. The use of these metrics may provide coaches and medical staff with a more complete view of the training load that field hockey players experience. Highlights New proxies of biomechanical load derived with inertial measurement units were used to quantify field hockey specific biomechanical loads. These new biomechanical metrics are complementary to metrics obtained with global navigation satellite systems and increased proportionally to a doubling of the exercise intensity. The presented biomechanical load metrics can help field hockey coaches to achieve a better balance between load and recovery for their players.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Zanthoxylum armatum Leaves in Response to Plant Age, Shoot Type and Leaf Position

Zanthoxylum armatum (Z. armatum) leaves represent more than 50% of by-products with promising potential applications, and there are still largely unknown variations in chemical composition and antioxidant activity in its leaves. In the present study, the changes in carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P), soluble protein (SP), amino acid (AA), soluble sugar (SS), total phenol (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) content as well as antioxidant capacity in Z. armatum leaves from two plant ages between two shoot types and three leaf positions were investigated. Our results showed that there are significant effects of plant age, shoot type and leaf position and their interactions on almost all the tested parameters. Shoot types were the main factor affecting the accumulation of chemical compositions and antioxidant capacity, followed by leaf positions and plant ages. Shoot type and leaf position had stronger effects than plant age. Statistical analysis revealed a series of correlations between antioxidant capacity, TP and chemical elements. Z. armatum leaves, an agricultural by-product, showed significant differences in chemical composition and antioxidant activity in response to plant age, shoot type and leaf position, which can be valuable to incentive its cultivation management strategy and its better utilization for economic and environmental benefits.

Seasonal dynamics of shoots growth in <i>Forsythia ovata</i> Nakai plants: Rhythmicity of apical and radial growth

The aim of the study was to establish the type (linear or non-linear) and shape (presence of extremes and trends) of the time dependences of apical and radial growth rates for shoots of two types (branching and formation) in woody plants. The object of the study was an introduced in the Middle Urals ornamental early-flowering shrub species Forsythia ovata Nakai. Seasonal dynamics of morphometric parameters of two types of shoots, which differ in intensity of growth and origin (developing from the apical or dormant buds of the skeletal branch respectively), was examined. Also, there was made an assessment of their relationship with air temperature and precipitation values. Apical and radial growth are accompanied by oscillations of increments. The duration of individual phases of oscillations is about 7 or more days, which makes it possible to attribute this phenomenon to infradian growth rhythms. The weak relationship between the characteristics of the observed oscillations and weather conditions indicates the predominantly endogenous nature of the observed morphogenetic processes. The growth of formation shoots begins 4 weeks later than branching shoots. This delay is apparently related to the time necessary for activation of dormant bud growth. Seasonal dynamics curves of rates and accelerations of the apical and radial shoot’s growth have the shape of previously unobserved oscillations with phases fading in amplitude and changing in duration. The growth ends 1–2 months before the environmental conditions become unfavorable. The oscillations of the growth rate of shoots are apparently associated with the action of two or more differently directed factors, which determine the increase in volume of different segments of the shoot. These factors include the different contribution of cell division and elongation to the change in the geometric dimensions of the apical meristem domains. The main differences in the seasonal dynamics of the apical and radial increments for both types of shoots are: the duration of growth (6–8 and 4 weeks, respectively), the number of extremes, the amplitude and the duration of individual phases of oscillations. Higher amplitudes of the growth rate oscillations in shoots formation compared with branching shoots, cause bigger values of the formation shoots total increments. The dynamic curves of the apical growth rates have two maxima, while those of the radial growth have only one. Each type of growth, despite the delay in the onset of the formation shoots, has the same total duration. The shapes of curves of seasonal changes in speeds and accelerations of shoot growth values are also similar for different types of shoots. These similarities indicate that shoots have the same “programs” of growth regulation, ultimately determined by the genotype. The rhythmic growth of both types of shoots during the season suggests the existence of the relationship in time between the rates of division and growth of cells located in functionally different groups of cells in the apical meristem zone.

Cricket Shots Analysis Using AI

Cricket is often described as a contest between bat and ball, and batting is considered one of its prime disciplines. While batting a batter tries to hit the ball with a different variety of shots to guide the ball in any specific direction of their wish. The types of shots include cover drive, straight drive, pull shot, reverse sweep, and many more. It is tedious task to classify shots manually and provide the insights for the batter. Our goal is to classify the shots using Support Vector Machine (SVM) and to provide an analysis of how well someone plays a particular shot using image processing technique. This can be achieved by collecting the required image data, extracting features, feeding to the machine learning or deep learning algorithms, and generating the classifier output. We have implemented the model using EfficientDet and SVM which works better with less data.

Bearing Habit of Sapindus mukorossi and the Relationship between the Shoot Characteristics of the Parent and Bearing Shoots and Yield

(1) Research Highlights: Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn has substantial economic and medicinal value as a high-quality raw material for energy, traditional Chinese medicine, and landscaping. However, few studies have focused on the bearing habit and shoot characteristics of S. mukorossi. (2) Background and Objectives: We aimed to investigate the bearing habit of “Yuanhua,” a selective breeding variety of S. mukorossi, and to identify the relationships among shoot characteristics, fruiting, and yield. (3) Materials and Methods: Ten healthy S. mukorossi trees were randomly selected to investigate the number of current-year shoots and bearing shoots. Eight-hundred-fifty current-year shoots of “Yuanhua” S. mukorossi were selected to investigate the number and position of the bearing and vegetative shoots. A total of 210 parent shoots and 145 bearing shoots of “Yuanhua” S. mukorossi were selected to investigate the characteristics. A generalized linear mixed model and a zero-inflated model were used for the analysis. (4) Results: (i) “Yuanhua” S. mukorossi has two types of current-year new shoots. After the new shoots produce leaves, if the growth points at the top continue to produce inflorescences that grow, bloom, and bear fruits, the new shoots are classified as bearing shoots. When the top growth points do not grow and do not produce inflorescences, the new shoots are termed vegetative shoots. The bearing shoots and vegetative shoots sprouted on the S. mukorossi parent shoots and developed into parent shoots in the following year, either developing from the bearing shoots or the vegetative shoots. (ii) The yield was affected by parent shoot characteristics. The type, length, diameter, and slenderness of parent shoots had significant effects on the number of current-year bearing shoots; the top diameter of the parent shoots and the number of current-year vegetative shoots had significant effects on parent shoot yield. (iii) The type of parent shoots, the length, and the top diameter of the current-year bearing shoots had significant effects on the single yield of a bearing shoot. (5) Conclusions: Selecting parent shoots with more bearing shoots and more fruit production according to the type, length, and thickness is a more efficient method for production management.

Co‐temporality and Sovremennost': Late Imperial and Early Soviet Photographs

Co‐temporality and <i>Sovremennost'</i>: Late Imperial and Early Soviet Photographs

First Report of Fire Blight Caused by Erwinia amylovora on Korean Mountain Ash (Sorbus alnifolia) in Korea

During the nationwide survey of fire blight, the typical shoot blight symptoms were found on Korean mountain ash (Sorbus alnifolia) which was located near an orchard that produced fire blight on pear trees in Eumseong, Korea, May 2021. To identify the causal agent, we progressed isolation from the symptomatic leaves and shoots. Two white and mucoid colonies were isolated into the pure culture. Two isolates were identified as Erwinia amylovora according to the colony–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with amsB primers and the phylogenetic tree using 16S rRNA sequences. To test of pathogenicity of two isolates, we inoculated immature pear fruits and understock of apple. We observed necrosis and oozes on immature pear fruits and shoot blight resulting in necrosis on apple shoots six days after inoculation. Colonies were recovered from the inoculated pears and apples, and identity was confirmed through colony PCR for amsB genes. To our knowledge, E. amylovora was first reported on Korean mountain ash native to South Korea.

First Report of Fire Blight Caused by Erwinia amylovora on Korean Mountain Ash (Sorbus alnifolia) in Korea

During the nationwide survey of fire blight, the typical shoot blight symptoms were found on Korean mountain ash (Sorbus alnifolia) which was located near an orchard that produced fire blight on pear trees in Eumseong, Korea, May 2021. To identify the causal agent, we progressed isolation from the symptomatic leaves and shoots. Two white and mucoid colonies were isolated into the pure culture. Two isolates were identified as Erwinia amylovora according to the colony–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with amsB primers and the phylogenetic tree using 16S rRNA sequences. To test of pathogenicity of two isolates, we inoculated immature pear fruits and understock of apple. We observed necrosis and oozes on immature pear fruits and shoot blight resulting in necrosis on apple shoots six days after inoculation. Colonies were recovered from the inoculated pears and apples, and identity was confirmed through colony PCR for amsB genes. To our knowledge, E. amylovora was first reported on Korean mountain ash native to South Korea.

Effects of using rigid tape with bandaging techniques on wrist joint motion during boxing shots in elite male athletes

ObjectivesTo investigate the effects of bandaging techniques on wrist motion on impact during different shot types in elite male boxers. DesignRepeated-measures study. SettingField Experiment ParticipantsTwo shot types, straight and bent arm, were assessed with 18 elite male boxers wearing either bandage only or bandage plus tape. Main Outcomes MeasuresWrist motions and time to peak wrist angles, on impact, were measured with an electromagnetic tracking system. ResultsWrist motion on impact occurred concurrently in flexion and ulnar deviation for both shot types. For both motions, significant (p < 0.001) effects for bandaging techniques (η2 = 0.580–0.729) and shot types (η2 = 0.165–0.280) were observed. For straight and bent arm shots, wrist motion on impact occurred within 50% and 40% respectively of total active wrist motion for bandage only compared to within 20% and 15% for bandage plus tape. Time to peak wrist angle on impact increased significantly (p < 0.001) for both shot types when adding tape to bandage. ConclusionsAdding tape provided an additional 25–30% reduction in wrist motion compared to bandage only, with a 1.2–1.4 increase in time to peak wrist angle, on impact for both shot types. This information could assist various individuals and organisations towards better hand-wrist protection.

Almond Tree Adaptation to Water Stress: Differences in Physiological Performance and Yield Responses among Four Cultivar Grown in Mediterranean Environment.

Maximizing water use efficiency, yield, and plant survival under drought is a relevant research issue for almond-tree-growing areas worldwide. The intraspecific diversity of this species may constitute a valuable resource to address the resilience and productivity challenges that climate change poses to crop sustainability. A comparative evaluation of physiological and productive performance of four almond varieties: 'Arrubia', 'Cossu', 'Texas', and 'Tuono', field-grown in Sardinia, Italy, was performed. A great variability in the plasticity to cope with soil water scarcity and a diverse capacity to adapt to drought and heat stresses during fruit development were highlighted. The two Sardinian varieties, Arrubia and Cossu, showed differences in water stress tolerance, photosynthetic and photochemical activity, and crop yield. 'Arrubia' and 'Texas' showed greater physiological acclimation to water stress while maintaining higher yields, as compared to the self-fertile 'Tuono'. The important role of crop load and specific anatomical traits affecting leaf hydraulic conductance and leaf gas exchanges efficiency (i.e., dominant shoot type, leaf size and roughness) was evidenced. The study highlights the importance of characterizing the relationships among almond cultivar traits that affect plant performance under drought in order to better assist planting choices and orchard irrigation management for given environmental contexts.

Hardening of long steel products by shot peening

The negative effect of surface defects and a decarburized layer on the cyclic resistance of steel products is shown. Information about the places of destruction of parts in operation and during bench tests are presented. The use of shot peening of long-length steel products of complex configuration in relation to the hardening of the surface layer of parts by methods of thermochemical treatment and high-frequency hardening is justified. The technology of work hardening of the surface layer of the truck front axle beam has been developed. After straightening long-length parts to eliminate warpage and achieve geometric accuracy, shot peening is performed. It is recommended to use DSLU &ndash; 2.2. steel shot for hardening. Information on the structure, grain composition and hardness of various types of shot are presented. Processing parts with shot is carried out for 20 minutes. An increase in the microhardness of the surface layer by 77HV in relation to the hardness of the base metal of the part was established. As a result of hardening of the surface layer, the cyclic resistance of the front axle beam exceeded 1 million 400 thousand cycles. A device for assessing the degree of hardening by shot of the truck front axle beam has been developed and implemented. The basis of the device is a beam on which Almen plates are installed in the recesses. The plates are located in different parts of the part and take into account the features of its configuration and the most loaded areas in operation.

Do Mass Shootings in Central and Eastern Europe Differ from U.S. Mass Shootings? Insights from the MSCEE Data Set

Since transitioning out of communist socio-political orders, more than a dozen Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries have experienced mass shootings. To date, scholars have yet to identify a sample of cases that occurred throughout these regions of the world. This study puts forward the first collection of data on attempted and completed mass shootings through introducing 76 cases that occurred in 15 countries from 1993 to 2021. Data comprise 24 variables including offender characteristics of age, sex, motivation, life experiences, mental illness history as well as case-level characteristics including shooting type, location, fatality and injury counts, along with motivational factors including fame seeking and extremism. These data are presented for public access and are encouraged to be used for research triangulation and cross-national social inquiry on mass murder.

Transcriptomics Analysis Reveals a Putative Role for Hormone Signaling and MADS-Box Genes in Mature Chestnut Shoots Rooting Recalcitrance.

Maturation imposes several changes in plants, which are particularly drastic in the case of trees. In recalcitrant woody species, such as chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), one of the major maturation-related shifts is the loss of the ability to form adventitious roots in response to auxin treatment as the plant ages. To analyze the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, an in vitro model system of two different lines of microshoots derived from the same field-grown tree was established. While juvenile-like shoots root readily when treated with exogenous auxin, microshoots established from the crown of the tree rarely form roots. In the present study, a transcriptomic analysis was developed to compare the gene expression patterns in both types of shoots 24 h after hormone and wounding treatment, matching the induction phase of the process. Our results support the hypothesis that the inability of adult chestnut tissues to respond to the inductive treatment relies in a deep change of gene expression imposed by maturation that results in a significant transcriptome modification. Differences in phytohormone signaling seem to be the main cause for the recalcitrant behavior of mature shoots, with abscisic acid and ethylene negatively influencing the rooting ability of the chestnut plants. We have identified a set of related MADS-box genes whose expression is modified but not suppressed by the inductive treatment in mature shoots, suggesting a putative link of their activity with the rooting-recalcitrant behavior of this material. Overall, distinct maturation-derived auxin sensibility and homeostasis, and the related modifications in the balance with other phytohormones, seem to govern the outcome of the process in each type of shoots.

Analisis Semiotika Pesan Dakwah dalam Film Pendek Nilep

This research is motivated by the development of increasingly sophisticated technology, making it easier to deliver dakwah messages through this technology. Currently, da'wah is not only carried out on the pulpit but has penetrated social media and cinema. This is what prompted the author to conduct research on the Nilep Short Movie produced by Ravacana Films. This study aims to determine how the meaning, connotations and myths contained in the Nilep Short Movie and to find out what da'wah messages are contained in the Nilep Short Movie. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. This research uses observation and documentation data collection techniques, by applying a data analysis technique, namely semiotic analysis using the Roland Barthes model. By using this semiotic analysis model of Roland Bartes, the writer can find out the meaning of denotation, connotation and myths, as well as the da'wah messages contained in the Nilep Short Movie. The result, the writer found that the object of semiotic analysis research are image/visual, shot type and sound/audio. The writer also finds denotative meanings, connotative meanings and myths contained in the Nilep Short Movie. The author also found several da'wah messages in the short movie, namely please help, be grateful, empathize, do not repay evil for evil as well, reject munkar, do not steal, hasten good deeds, check the truth of information, say and answer greetings, and ask for sorry and forgive. Finally, the writer recommends readers to watch and retrieve the da'wah messages contained in the Nilep Short Movie.

Adaptive Multiview Graph Difference Analysis for Video Summarization

Adapting detection to different shot types is a significant challenge for video summarization methods based on shot boundary detection. In our recent work, a new graph model was introduced in the feature modelling of frames and analysed for changes in graph structure to improve the detection of shot boundaries. In this paper, we further explore the potential of graph models and propose a more general framework for online, real-time automatic video summarization. The framework develops a novel adaptive multiview graph difference analysis method to improve the algorithm’s robustness in detecting different shot transitions. Previous fusion methods typically used a priori knowledge to assign weights to the various feature differences from videos. In contrast, our framework can weigh and fuse the resulting differences by learning the importance of various video features from the structural changes of the corresponding multiview graphs. Additionally, we propose a new threshold-based adaptive decision method which can dynamically select the most accurate shot boundary decision threshold by analysing a small number of historical frames and learning the tolerance factor in the current shot. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of precision and F-score on the VSUMM and YouTube datasets.

Post-Spring Frost Canopy Recovery, Vine Balance, and Fruit Composition in cv. Barbera Grapevines

Background and Aims. In viticulture, one of the effects of warming trends is the advance of budburst date and the consequent increased risk of spring frost-related damage. In 2021, severe frost events affected a large fraction of European viticulture. In a cv. Barbera vineyard, located in NW Italy, primary bud shoots (PBS), secondary bud shoots (SBS), and suckers (SK) were tagged after the occurrence of freezing temperatures in spring. The goal of the study was to clarify if SBS could partially restore yield loss and analyze their contribution to fruit composition. Methods and Results. The number of developing SBS and SK correlated with the number of killed PBS. While PBS bore 1.44 inflorescences per shoot, SBS had much lower fertility (0.4), with SK at intermediate levels (0.85). The vine yield was 40% of the previous season, with SBS bunches contributing just 17% of the total. SBS produced smaller and looser bunches, as compared with PBS (−28% mass and −27% compactness). At harvest, no difference was found in grape total soluble solids (TSS) among different shoot types. However, the TSS average was notably higher than that observed in the previous season (27.8°Brix vs. 23.3°Brix in 2020). Interestingly, while in PBS and SK, a direct correlation (linear and quadratic, respectively) existed between the leaf area to yield ratio (LA/Y) and grape TSS or total anthocyanins, this did not occur for SBS. Conclusions. In the case of spring frost damage, the number of PBS avoiding fatal injuries will drive agronomic results at harvest since SBS contribution to total yield is modest due to low shoot fruitfulness. The frost-induced increase in vine LA/Y leads to a dramatic rise in grape TSS and phenolics. Significance of the Study. When spring frosts kill a significant number of primary shoots, an altered grape composition at harvest should be expected due to changes in vine balance. Therefore, the vineyard management should be adjusted accordingly early in the season. Further studies are needed to test specific post-frost canopy management strategies ensuring yield, optimal fruit composition, and cane renewal.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ СТРУКТУРЫ КРОНЫ И СТРОЕНИЯ ПОБЕГОВ ПИХТЫ СИБИРСКОЙ РАЗНОЙ СЕКСУАЛИЗАЦИИ

One of the main effects influencing the structure and functioning of terrestrial organisms is gravity. Siberian fir turned out to be extremely sensitive to the action of gravity - the crown of adult trees is differentiated according to the type of sexual shoots along the “top-down” axis, the length of the sexual tiers along the tree axis varies significantly. The research was conducted in the territory of the National Park "Krasnoyarskie Stolby", located on the northwestern spurs of the Eastern Sayan, on the Kuysum (Krasnoyarsk) Ridge, the territory belongs to the Eastern Sayan mountain taiga region of pine-cedar fir forests. The study has shown differences in the structural and functional parameters of fir shoots of different "sex". Changes in the biometric parameters of generative and vegetative shoots and needles are due to the peculiarities of their anatomical structure. Determination of anatomical and morphological parameters of shoots and needles was performed on model trees with average taxonomic characteristics and without visual signs of damage. It is assumed that the peculiarities of shoots structure of different sexualization are caused by their functional role. More powerful generative shoots at the tree top already in the first year of development (formation of generative buds) provide the maximum inflow of nutrients to reproductive organs. The role of the physical imprint in the structural features of individuals of the species at the cellular and tissue levels is discussed.

Proleptic and Sylleptic Shoot Formation Is Affected by Rootstock Genotype in Two-Year-Old Branches of Almond Trees

The implementation of new planting systems in almond (Prunus amygdalus (L.) Batsch, syn P. dulcis (Mill.)) orchards for more sustainable practices has made tree architecture increasingly relevant as an important selection trait in plant breeding. Multiple features define the three-dimensional structure of the tree, with shoot production being the most important. Shoots can develop after a period of rest (proleptic shoots) or immediately (sylleptic shoots), at the same time as the extension of the parent shoot. Scion/rootstock interactions may change the proportion of proleptic and sylleptic shoots and thus alter tree architecture. To study this effect, we analyzed shoot formation on three almond scion cultivars grafted onto five interspecific hybrid rootstocks. The type of shoot (proleptic or sylleptic) and internode number per shoot were collected for two-year-old branches on three-year-old unpruned trees. We found that rootstock genotypes can alter the pattern of shoot production, especially the number of sylleptic shoots formed. More information on the molecular response is needed to comprehend the biological processes behind these differential phenotypes, which appear to be modulated by both apical dominance and apical control.

Biomechanical Assessment of Throwing Gesture and Performance in Female Water-Polo Players

Water-polo is an aquatic sport based on the high level of coordination of several body movements, frequent changes in positions, speeds, and directions. Considering technical and tactical aspects, the power, the force, and the shot accuracy have been identified as important skills and specific training programs can be scheduled with the attempt to improve them. Moreover, the biomechanical investigation of kinematic parameters during the shot can contribute to the evaluation of player’s throwing performance and to the description of gesture. The principal aim of the current study is the comparative analysis of throwing kinematics in three different types of shots. Eleven female players were evaluated before and after 45 days of a specific water-polo training. In the experimental tests, three types of shots were performed, shoulder and elbow angles and throwing velocity were analyzed. In addition, power and precision parameters were estimated to describe players’ throwing performance. During the passing-feint shot, a significant lower maximum velocity (before: 14.7 m/s; after: 13.9 m/s; p-value = 0.005) and a higher shoulder angle (before: 56.7°; after: 63.9°; p-value = 0.003) were observed. During the passing-spontaneous shot, players’ precision showed a tendency to increase after the training (score before: 9.0; score after: 11.0 score; p-value = 0.05). This study proved the feasibility of an objective biomechanical assessment of the throwing kinematics and throwing performance of water-polo players, in ecological conditions.