Separate Types Research Articles

Herding unmasked: Insights into cryptocurrencies, stocks and US ETFs.

Herding behavior has become a familiar phenomenon to investors, with potential dangers of both undervaluing and overvaluing assets, while also threatening market stability. This study contributes to the literature on herding behavior by using a recent dataset, covering the most impactful events of recent years. To our knowledge, this is the first study examining herding behavior across three different types of investment vehicle and also the first study observing herding at a community (subset) level. Specifically, we first explore this phenomenon in each separate type of investment vehicle, namely stocks, US ETFs and cryptocurrencies, using the Cross-Sectional Absolute Deviation model. We find mostly similar herding patterns for stocks and US ETFs. Subsequently, the same experiment is implemented on a combination of all three investment vehicles. For a deeper investigation, we adopt graph-based techniques including the Minimum Spanning Tree and Louvain community detection to partition the combination into smaller subsets to detect herding behavior for each subset. We find that herding behavior exists at all times across all types of investment vehicle at a subset level, although perhaps not at the superset level, and that this herding behavior tends to stem from specific events that solely impact that subset of assets. Lastly, we explore herding by examining the financial contagion effects between these types of investment vehicle. Results show that US ETFs not only have a tendency to propagate similar trading behaviors in stocks and especially cryptocurrencies but also show self-reinforcing herding behavior, acting as drivers of their own trends.

A workflow to assess the recoverability of secondary raw materials via physical separation.

Printed circuit boards represent an extraordinarily challenging fraction for the recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment. Due to the closely interlinked structure of the composing materials, the selective recycling of copper and closely associated precious metals from this composite material is compromised by losses during mechanical pre-processing. This problem could partially be overcome by a better understanding of the influence of particle size and shape on the recovery of finely comminuted and well-liberated metal particles during mechanical separation. Here, we propose a workflow to quantify the role of the size and shape of such particles in various separation processes. As a case study, we compare an analytical heavy liquid separation to a new type of eddy current separator. Using X-ray computed tomography, we were able to distinguish metallic and non-metallic phases and determine the size and 3D microstructure of individual particles. For both separation processes, we trained a particle-based separation model that predicts the probability of individual particles to end up in the processing products. In particular, elongated particles were found to display a negative correlation between particle size and sphericity of metallic particles. In line with this correlation, the predicted metal recoveries are positively correlated with particle size but negatively correlated with sphericity in both separation processes. The suggested workflow is easily transferred to other recycling material systems. It allows to quantify the role of 3D geometrical particle properties in separation processes and provide robust predictions for the recoverability of different raw materials in complex recycling streams.

Shortwave infrared fusion for snow surface traversability mapping

Estimating the mechanical properties of snow from imagery is an essential part of over-snow vehicle autonomy. However, snow surfaces that differ widely in strength, traction, and motion resistance tend to appear a uniform bright white in visible or broadband infrared imagery, and it is difficult to determine where an oversnow vehicle should operate from imagery alone. In this work we determine the optimal fusion of filtered broadband shortwave infrared (SWIR) imagery to separate snow types with different mechanical properties by appearance. We demonstrate vastly increased discrimination skill in distinguishing snow types using a small number of SWIR cameras in both field and laboratory settings, and also identify sources of environmental context that can improve lookahead sensing for oversnow vehicles. Overall, we show that a small set of inexpensive SWIR filters is a powerful tool for over-snow autonomy and motion planning.

Model prediction and numerical calculation of critical breakage volumes of pendant droplets

There is an inherent link between droplet volume (V) and the diameter of the dropper influencing its creation. This research study calculates the fundamental profile of a pendant droplet created by a dropper. We confirm that the internal force N applied during the crucial rupture phase of the droplet, equal to the sum of the Laplace pressure Plap, the atmospheric pressure Patm, and the gravitational force ρlVg (ρl is the density of the liquid) is vital. Further, by applying the Bashforth–Adams curve (B-A curve), determining the curvature radius b for droplets of different volumes, identifying the shape factor β at the critical point, and simultaneously determining the essential pipe diameter, two separate types of droplet rupture were found to exist based on the crucial pipe diameter: (1) at the convex section and (2) at the neck's thinnest area. For both droplet cases of the droplets, consistently adjust β′s size and graph the B-A curve to evaluate droplet rupture shapes under different diameters, examine the force scenarios, and confirm that the variance between the anticipated and actual droplet volumes is within a feasible range. At this point, β is crucial for determining the shape of droplets. The study's findings are in line with the experimental data on the varying tensions and densities of droplets, as determined by the micro-scale fluid dynamics in managing droplets.

Evaluation and comparison of separated precipitation types from multi-sources data in the Chinese Tianshan mountainous region

Evaluation and comparison of separated precipitation types from multi-sources data in the Chinese Tianshan mountainous region

Legal awareness as a factor in preventing illegal (deviant) behavior

This article examines the problem of deviant behavior of individuals in society through their consciousness, namely through one of its types - legal consciousness. The purpose of the research is to establish the relationship between a person's deviant behavior and the appropriate level of his legal awareness. A significant number of methods were used in the study. One of these methods was: the method of analysis, which helped to examine the views existing in science on the main parts of the problem and to draw a conclusion about their mutual influence; the method of deduction helped to determine the ways of solving the problem of deviant behavior proposed in the article by establishing a connection between the components of the problem. With the help of these approaches, the essence of consciousness, the concept of legal consciousness, as a separate type, was determined. The ontology and types of deviant behavior were analyzed, one of which is illegal behavior. The connection between legal consciousness and illegal behavior was determined. Ways to eliminate illegal behavior through changing the legal consciousness of individuals were proposed. The result of the study was the identification of ways to overcome deviant behavior through increasing the level of legal awareness.

Ситуационно-фрустрационный дискурс как объект лингвистического исследования (на материале русского и азербайджанского языков)

The purpose of the study is to scientifically substantiate the identification of situational-frustrating discourse as a separate type of discourse with its own criteria and discursive markers. This type of discourse is a special type of communication that occurs in situations where its participants experience frustration – an obstacle or difficulty in achieving their communicative goals. The article presents some approaches and definitions of the concept of "discourse", as well as aspects of its study. Situational-frustrating discourse is described on the basis of Russian and Azerbaijani expressive collocations, representing the emotional states of a person in speech. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the theoretical substantiation of the existence of situational-frustrating discourse as a separate type, distinguished by certain parameters. As a result of the study, it was found that situational-frustrating discourse is inherent in oral speech and arises in the process of communication between the speaker and the listener in a specific situation, which is based on frustration – a psychological state caused by failure to satisfy a need or desire and characterized by emotional manifestations of aggression, anger, rejection, anxiety, disappointment, etc.

On a certain local version of the Rothberger property

\begin{abstract} We study a local variant of the Rothberger property, namely the locally Rothberger property. A space $X$ is said to have the Rothberger property at $x\in X$ if there is an open set $U$ and a Rothberger subspace $Y$ of $X$ such that $x\in U\subseteq Y$. A space $X$ has the locally Rothberger property (or, $X$ is locally Rothberger) if $X$ is Rothberger at every point of $X$. The following results are obtained. \begin{enumerate} \item $\non(\text{locally Rothberger})=\cov(\mathcal{M})$. \item Every locally Rothberger Hausdorff $P$-space can be densely embedded in a Rothberger Hausdorff $P$-space. \item For a locally Rothberger Hausdorff $P$-space $X$, $w(X)\leq nw(X)^\omega$. \item If a Hausdorff $P$-space $X$ is Rothberger at $x\in X$, then the character $\chi(x,X)$ of $x$ is the smallest cardinal number of the form $|\mathcal{B}|^\omega$, where $\mathcal{B}$ is a family of open subsets of $X$ such that $\cap\mathcal{B}=\{x\}$. \end{enumerate} Besides, few separation type properties are obtained and preservation under ceratin topological operations are also investigated. Finally we present certain observations on remainders of the local variant of the Rothberger property. \end{abstract}

What is the impact of lateral nasal wall osteotomy depth on pterygomaxillary separation during a Le Fort I downfracture?

The study aimed to investigate the effect of customized lateral nasal wall osteotomy (LNO) on the lateral nasal wall (LNW) and pterygomaxillary junction (PMJ) separation during Le Fort I. We hypothesized that customized LNO on the LNW affect the PMJ separation type. This prospective, controlled, randomized study included forty-three patients were randomly assigned to either the conventional or customized (study) osteotomy groups. In the study group, LNW depth was measured before surgery in the axial section of the CT scan, and LNO was performed at a depth of 2 mm less than the measured distance. In the conventional osteotomy group, LNO was performed at 30 mm for females and 35 mm for males. Patients with cleft lip and palate, previous orthognathic surgery, or rhinoplasty were excluded. Separation types were classified as follows: LNW types; Type1-from the osteotomy line; Type2- 2-4 mm above the osteotomy line; Type3- 4 mm or more above the osteotomy line. PMJ types; Type1-including the tuber maxilla; Type2-from the pterygomaxillary junction; Type3-including the pterygoid plates. Chi-square tests were conducted to determine whether there was a significant correlation between groups and LNW separation types, groups and PMJ separation types and groups, and LNW separation type and PMJ separation type. A P value of < .05 was considered statistically significant. In both the conventional (P=0.052) and the study groups (p=0.828), there was no significant difference between LNW depth. Type 1 (P=0.0003) and Type 2 (P=0.0051) LNW separation types presented a significant difference between groups. A chi-square test showed a significant correlation between the surgical groups and PMJ separation patterns (P<0.05). Customized LNO optimizes the LNW and PMJ separation. Facilitates the Le Fort I surgery and decrease unintentional fracture of the PMJ.

Angular hypertrophied epiphysis of the thumb distal phalanx in radial polydactyly.

In a series of 271 consecutive duplicated thumbs, an angular, hypertrophied epiphysis was detected in 13 thumbs. We propose a revised version of the radial polydactyly classification that includes this pattern as a separate type from triphalangeal thumb.

Recent Development in Hydantoins, Thiohydantoins, and Selenohydantoins as Anticancer Agents: Structure-activity Relationship and Design Strategies.

Hydantoin, a five-membered heterocyclic scaffold, is regarded as a crucial scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Hydantoins have been useful in synthesizing medicines like nilutamide, enzalutamide, and apalutamide. Thiohydantoin and selenohydantoin have been discovered as two separate types of hydantoin. There are two hydrogen bond donors, two hydrogen bond acceptors, and four substitution sites. These characteristics have led to the design, synthesis, and expansion of hydantoin derivatives' biological and pharmacological effects against numerous types of malignancies. This study reviews the recent contributions of hydantoin and its isosteric variants to medicinal chemistry. To emphasize their significance, certain significant compounds based on hydantoins and their structure activity relationships (SAR) are briefly discussed. We thoroughly analyzed each scaffolds' structural characteristics and SAR, and these scaffolds may one day show potential anticancer activities.

Aerodynamic investigation of a three-stage transonic axial compressor

In high-loaded multistage axial compressors, shock waves are introduced into rotor designs to increase pressure ratio per stage, and shock structures should be organized differently to exploit inflow with varied Mach numbers. In this paper, aerodynamic performances under shock effects are investigated numerically in a three-stage axial compressor, and the compressor is tested to verify the numerical results. Compared with previous studies in transonic rotors, this paper focuses on the transonic flow in a multistage condition, and the analysis at design speed is achieved by combining through-flow and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations. Grid sensitivities and turbulence models in numerical methods are discussed, allowing accurate numerical predictions of the compressor with less than 1% errors in mass flow rate and efficiency. Flow problems are then identified based on comprehensive analysis of the meridional and three-dimensional flow fields. It is shown that most through-flow and CFD results agree well with each other and the test data, while a few problems still exist in flow details concerning about shock/boundary-layer interactions and off-design conditions. Two types of shock-induced separations on suction surfaces of transonic rotors are discovered at design speed, which leads to excessive loss correlated to different sources based on the strength comparison between passage shock and subsonic diffusion. Another problem is located in the stator of the third stage (S3), where the hub endwall flow presents evident failure tendency at near-choke and near-stall points of design speed. The analysis above lays solid fundamental for optimization design in future studies.

The problem of defining an interactive film: game or cinema

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of defining and classifying interactive cinema as a special media format in the modern digital space. The relevance of the research is conditioned by the rapid development of hybrid forms of media content, blurring the traditional boundaries between cinema and video games, as well as the lack of clear criteria for their theoretical classification. The research methodology is based on a comparative analysis of the characteristics of video games and cinema using M. McLuhan's theoretical concepts of ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ media, the ludological approach and narratological analysis. Interactive projects of Quantic Dream studio – ‘Fahrenheit’ and ‘Heavy Rain’, as well as examples of experimental formats in traditional cinema were used as the research material. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the attempt to distinguish interactive cinema as a separate type of media content; in the proposal of the concept of “hybrid media”, which combines the principles of visual narrative cinematography and interactivity, which allows us to classify new formats more precisely and to understand their features and possibilities more deeply. As a result of the research: the essential differences of interactive cinema from both traditional video games (the absence of classical game mechanics and progression systems) and cinematography (the presence of active user participation and variability of plot development) were revealed; the definition of a new category of “hybrid media” characterized by the combination of cinematic principles of visual narrative with elements of interactive interaction was proposed and substantiated; the specific position of the user in interactive cinema was analyzed, The results of the study contribute to the development of the theory of modern digital media and can be used for further study of hybrid forms of media content.

Screening methods for fetuses and newborns who are at increased risk due to the probability of IUGR disease

In Part I of their two-part study, the authors presented the MDN method (Maturity, Development, Nourishment), which allows for the simultaneous examination and classification of the weight and length development as well as the nourishment status of neonates. To accomplish this, a 64-cell MDN percentile matrix was developed, which can be used to depict and examine all combinations of weight and length development, as well as nourishment status. The data of 1,244,918 Hungarian neonates born during 2000-2012 was added to this matrix, after which the occurrence rates of stillbirth (SB), infant mortality (IM) and Total Perinatal Mortality (SB + IM) were calculated for each cell. Using these results, the authors distinguished 5 separate types of IUGR. This method was considered to be suitable for the identification and screening of high-risk IUGR fetuses and neonates. In Part II, the author present the screening methods that can be used during pregnancy and after birth to identify high-risk IUGR phenotype fetuses and neonates who might suffer from an IUGR condition. Fetuses and neonates with an IUGR condition identified through these screenings require immediate obstetric and neonatal diagnostic and differential diagnostic examinations and therapy in order to save their lives.

Shadow economy in agriculture and specifics of its measurement

Despite the extensive list of works devoted to the analysis of the shadow economy, the issue of determining its scale at the regional level and a separate type of activity (according to the All-Russian Classifier OKVED 2. has not been resolved. This work aims at filling this gap by showing existing methods of accounting for the shadow economy in agriculture. The aim is to identify the scale of the shadow economy in agriculture at the regional level in Russia. The novelty lies in the development and application of a methodology for assessing the shadow economy in agriculture in the Russian regions. The paper uses economic and statistical, calculation, cartographic methods. The paper forms empirical basis on the official statistical data. As a result of using the authors’ methodology, the study finds that in the absolute majority of regions there is a moderate level of shadow transactions of legal entities in section A according to the All-Russian Classifier. Moreover, the level of differentiation is low. Only in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Chelyabinsk, Bryansk, Lipetsk regions, Mari El Republic there is a higher level of shadow transactions. In general, in 2017–2022 there is a trend towards a reduction in the share of shadow transactions of legal entities in the gross value added (GVA) of section A “Agriculture, forestry, hunting, fishing and fish farming” in the regions of Russia. It is largely achieved thanks to the introduction of federal government information systems that make shadow turnover difficult. At the same time, when interpreting the results, it is important to make an adjustment for that our methodology may underestimate the scale of the shadow economy, since it does not consider agricultural organizations that are small business entities, as well as peasant farms and individual entrepreneurs.

VGLL-fusions define a new class of intraparenchymal CNS schwannoma.

Intracerebral schwannomas are rare tumors resembling their peripheral nerve sheath counterparts but localized in the CNS. They are not classified as a separate tumor type in the 2021 WHO classification. This study aimed to compile and characterize these rare neoplasms morphologically and molecularly. We analyzed 20 tumor samples by histology, RNA Next-Generation Sequencing, DNA-methylation profiling, copy number analyses, and single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq). Clinical data, including age, sex, and disease progression, were collected. MRI series were included when available. All cases with tissue available for histology review (n=13) were morphologically consistent with intracerebral schwannoma, but differed in their extent of GFAP staining. All (n=20) shared DNA-methylation profiles distinct from other CNS tumors, as well as from VGLL-altered peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Most cases (n=14/17) harbored fusions of either VGLL3 or VGLL1 (CHD7::VGLL3 (n=9/17) and EWSR1::VGLL1 (n=5/17)). In two cases the presence of a VGLL3 fusion was also confirmed by CNA analyses (n=2/17). MRI (n=4) showed well-defined, nodular tumors with strong, homogeneous enhancement and no diffusion restriction. Tumors were located throughout the neuroaxis [supratentorial (n=15), infratentorial (n=4), and spinal (n=1)]. snRNA-seq of a VGLL1-fused tumor indicated VGLL1 upregulation in 28.6% of tumor cells (n=1). During median follow-up of 1.8 years (range 3 months-9 years), none of the tumors recurred (n=10). We identify and define a new benign tumor class, designated VGLL-altered intraparenchymal CNS schwannomas. These tumors feature VGLL alterations and a specific DNA-methylation profile, with schwannoma-like histopathology and CNS localization, akin to previously classified intracerebral schwannomas.

Practices of Curriculum Differentiation in Community Schools of Nepal

The curriculum differentiation practice implies a separate type of design used to secure social justice and inclusion in the school. It has different dimensions i.e. content, methods and strategies, environment, output, and teacher. Nepalese community schools have some practice of integrated curriculum approach except the well-defined practice of differentiated curriculum. This study explores the status of the usage of differentiated practices of the curriculum in the deaf and community secondary schools along with the challenges and the coping strategies. Qualitative design and case study approach entail in this study in which the deaf and community secondary schools are selected purposively and similar numbers of teachers. The respondents along with the observation checklist are the information generation tools. Thematic analysis and the theoretical backup support to justify the information and its validation. There are no well-defined and mentioned differentiated curriculum practices in community schools except the integrated approach. Lacking a defined practice and the proper training for the teachers are some challenges of its practices and to cope with the challenges the well-defined design of curriculum differentiation should be stated by the authorized body along with the proper training for the sign language teachers and the normal language teachers. If there would be adding technology to the defined practice of differentiation, it would be easier to ensure social justice, inclusion, and 21st-century skills in the learners.

Экономические модели расчета, планирования и принятия решений в хмелеводстве

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to study the main global instruments that create broad opportunities for planning and decision-making in hop growing by structuring and systematizing them. The advantages of the models are taken into account when developing the structure of our own economic model for calculating planning and decision-making in hop growing. Research methods are a monographic study and analysis of financial and economic indicators of hop growing in different countries based on a study of foreign models for calculating the efficiency of the industry, namely: 1) Pennsylvania State University (USA); 2) Washington State University (USA); 3) a joint model of Michigan State University and the University of Vermont (USA) and 4) a model from the Slovenian Institute for Hop and Brewing Research. Based on the research, a schematic representation of the algorithms for the operation of the models was formed. Block diagrams of the main processes of the Russian model for planning and decision-making in domestic hop growing developed by the authors are presented. Scientific novelty. The economic model of planning and decision-making in hop growing through modeling presented by the authors will be the first such model in Russia. For comparison, in Europe a similar model for hop growers was developed back in the 90s of XX century, in the USA, models exist in various variations and are formed for different scales of activity and areas of hop plantings: from 2 to 250 hectares. Results. The inclusion of double calculation in the developed model radically distinguishes the created Russian model from all the approaches analyzed above and is a fundamental advantage, since it makes it possible to conduct a separate assessment of both cash flows, including capital investments, and the economic results of the efficiency of the activity of an economic entity – a hop grower. At the same time, two separate types of calculations are presented in a single model, which will provide a complete picture of the company’s financial condition for both external users and the business owner.

Canine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Reduce Cell Viability and Migration of Metastatic Canine Oral Melanoma Cell Lines In Vitro.

Canine oral melanoma (COM) is a promising target for immunomodulatory therapies aimed at enhancing the immune system's antitumor response. Given that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties through cytokine release, we hypothesized that co-culturing Ad-MSCs and canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) could stimulate interleukin (IL) production against melanoma cell lines (MCCLs) and help identify therapeutic targets. This study evaluated IL-2, IL-8, and IL-12 expressions in co-culture with MCCL, Ad-MSCs, and PBMCs and assessed the relationship between gene expression, cell viability, and migration. Using four experimental groups in a Transwell insert system to separate cell types, we found that Ad-MSCs can reduce MCCL migration and viability, though the effect may vary depending on each cell line's susceptibility. Furthermore, Ad-MSCs modified IL expression profiles in co-cultured cells. Our findings suggest that Ad-MSCs could have therapeutic potential for COM by inhibiting cell migration and reducing viability. However, deeper insights into Ad-MSC interactions with the tumor microenvironment and melanoma-specific factors will be essential to optimize therapeutic efficacy.

On the information sovereignty

Indicators of ensuring sovereignty cannot be aggregated and estimates should be given for a separate area or type of activity under consideration. Therefore, sovereignty can be considered systematically and structurally, depending on the industry or field of activity, which will allow us to focus on improving the effectiveness of the legal regulation mechanism. Increasing threats in the information sphere have actualized the task of ensuring sovereignty. The technical, technological and social components of the information sphere are the factors of its provision. The term “technological sovereignty” is often used, which affects the information sphere, but is not limited to it. On the other hand, not all the subject area of technological sovereignty solves the issues of the information sphere. “Digital” or network sovereignty shifts the emphasis in favor of the digital space created and mastered on the basis of digital technologies in the information and telecommunications network of the Internet. However, the assessment of sovereignty in the information sphere from the perspective of digital technologies only significantly narrows the scope of both scientific research and the possibilities of legal regulation, since in addition to digital, analog and quantum types of information technologies are distinguished, acting as a guarantee of national security and ensuring state sovereignty. It is the term “information sovereignty” that covers all the priority areas of the national state policy in the information sphere. Information sovereignty is the ability of a state to independently form an information policy and the ability to ensure security in the information sphere regardless of external influence.